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PNR PUBLICATIONS
TELANGANAHISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE
Best book for:Group - I, II, III, IV, S.I - Constables, D.L, J.L, Forest Department, A.E, AEE, PCB, TRT, TET, Panchayatiraj Secretaries, Gurukula Board and all other Competitive exams
Author: Naveen Reddy Pailla M.Sc., Ph.D. (OU)
i TELANGANAHISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE
First Edition: July - 2018Second Edition: July - 2018Third Edition: March - 2019Updated Third Edition: January - 2021
Price: Rs. 480/-
Special thanks to translators:G. TaruniM. KeerthiP. Anusha
For copies contact:PNR Publications,Cell: 955 000 86 80E-mail: [emailprotected]
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Disclaimer: No part of PNR Publications may be transmitted (or) reproduced in any form (or) any means i.e., recording, photocopying, electronic (or) otherwise without the information of the above mentioned publishr of the book. Information contained in this book has been obtained by author from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither publishers nor its author bear any responsibility for any error, omission or damages arising out of use of this information.
ii FOREWORD
All the notifications released by Telangana recruitment agencies are givinghigh priority and weightage to the Telangana Literature & Culture and History &Movement.
Aspirants must be attentive and realize that, there is a huge competition forany competitive exam in the current scenario. On an average for every 1000 posts, 8lakhs aspirats are competing in Telangana. Half of the aspirants are convenient andaffordable to get the coaching from renowned institutes across the state, but at theend only 1000 aspirants can only be successful. Out of the 1000 many are successfulwithout any coaching. This can only be possible with a right choice of material and asystematic plan of preparation.
So aspirants are advised not to waste the time in reading the books which areout of syllabus. Aspirants must choose the standard books/material and should reviseas many times as possible.
This book has been compiled from pre-satavahana age to the TelanganaFormation Day i.e., 2nd June 2014 by referring all the authentic sources informationto cater the needs of different competitive exams.
A complete and detailed explanation is given about the dynasties of Telangana,writers, literature, architecture and culture. This book enables the aspirants to copeup to face all kinds of questionnaire in the exam.
Success is always recognized by the achievement not by the efforts. This bookhas been brought by a Job Achieving strategy by a winner of multiple competitiveexams. And certainly it helps you to be successful if you can work systematically andstrategically.
– PNR Publications
iii About myself (Author) At present I am working as Deputy Tahsildar in Revenue Department.I have been successful in different competitive exams like TSPSC Group-II,selected as a Deputy Tahsildar, Telangana State Level Police RecruitmentBoard (TSLPRB), Selected as a Sub Inspector of police. Also was the31st ranker of the Nationwide CSIR (Council of Scientific & IndustrialResearch) JRF (junior research fellowship) and successfully completed thePh.D in Chemistry from Osmania University.
All of these have been achieved by self-preparation by choosing theright choice of books and by preparing self-running-notes and without anycoaching.
At the time of my preparation, as the syllabus was new related toTelangana Literature & Culture and History & Movement, there were no exactbooks found relevant to the syllabus. So I have referred and gone throughmultiple Literature & Culture and History & Movement books written bydifferent eminent historians and writers of Telangana and prepared my ownnotes according to the syllabus.
Now as the time is less to the aspirants to refer multiple books, I’vecome up with latest publication of Telangana Literature & Culture and History& Movement by adding detailed and complete information to my existingnotes to contain every element of syllabus.
This book will certainly help the aspirants to complete the syllabuswithin a short span of time by covering every element of syllabus.
Wishing you all the best.
Yours Naveen Reddy Pailla
iv INDEX Chapter Page No.
I. Cultural History of Telangana1. Era / Period before Satavahanas 12. Satavahanas 63. Ikshvakus 204. Vishnukundina’s 265. Vemulawada Chalukyas 326. Mudigonda Chalukyas 367. Kakatiya Dynasty 398. Period After Kakatiya’s 60 i) Musunuri Nayakas ii) Padma Nayakas (Velama Nayakas)9. Qutubshahi’s Dynasty 6810. Mughal Rule in Telangana 82 i) Sardar Sarvai Papanna11. Asaf Jahis (Nizam Kingdom) 84 i) Reforms of Salarjung – I12. Important Organizations / Parties emerged during Nizam Period 111 i) Majlis-e-Ittahad-ul-Muslameen (MIM) ii) Hyderabad State Congress iii) Vandemataram Movement in Osmania University iv) National Movements in Hyderabad Province13. Samsthanas in Nizam Kingdom 120
v 14. Structure of Telangana Feudal System 12215. Prominent Gadi’s (Fortresses) in Telangana 12516. Telangana’s Vetti and Baghela System 12617. Socio – Cultural Revival / Renaissance in Telangana 127 i) Arya Samaj ii) Brahma Samaj iii) Theosophical Society iv) Other Organizations v) Students Organizations vi) Women Organizations vii) Labour Unions viii) Caste Associations18. Telangana Adi-Hindu Movement 13219. Andhra Mahasabha 13620. Literary, Library Movement and Newspapers 139 i) Library Movement ii) Telangana Literary Organizations iii) News Papers21. Literary Researchers and important poets who did work for development of literature in Telangana and their writings 14722. Telangana Peasants and Tribal Rebellion 15223. Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle 15624. Operation Polo – End of Nizam Rule 162 i) J. N. Chaudhari Military Rule ii) M. K. Vellodi Civil Government
vi II. History of Telangana Movement and State Formation The Idea of Telangana (1948 – 1970)1. Telangana Society, Arts & Crafts 169 i) Unique Culture of Telangana in Hyderabad State 169 ii) Telangana State Geography and other factors 169 iii) Religions & Caste’s in Telangana 172 iv) dependent Caste’s in Telangana 175 v) Scheduled Tribes in Telangana 177 vi) Telangana Festivals 180 vii) Telangana Jataras (Fairs) 188 viii) Telangana Handicrafts and Specialty 194 ix) Folk Dances of Telangana 198 x) Telangana Folk Art Forms 202 xi) Important Tourist Places, Heritage Sites in Telangana (District Wise) 208 xii) Forts in Telangana 220 xiii) Buddhist & Jain Centers in Telangana 221 xiv) Social Evils in Telangana – Position of Women 2212. Mulki Movement and Emergence of Mulki and Non-Mulki 224 i) Employment and Civil Services Rules under Mir Osman Ali Khan, 7th Nizam’s Farmana of 1919 and Definition of Mulki ii) Violation of Mulki Rules from 1948-52 during Military and Vellodi Rule
vii 3. Hyderabad State in Independent India 233 i) The formation of cabinet under the leadership of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao ii) Bhoodan Movement iii) 1952 Gair Mulki Movement, City College Incident & Formation of Jaganmohan Reddy Committee 242 iv) 1953 – Demand for Separate Telangana State, early discussions and formation of State Reorganization Commission (SRC) 246 v) B. R. Ambedkar’s View on SRC and Formation of Small States 251 vi) Responses of various leaders on SRC Recommendations 2524. Formation of Andhra Pradesh – 1956 254 i) Gentlemen’s Agreement 258 ii) Telangana Regional Committee 2615. Violations of Telangana Safeguards between 1956-1969 2656. 1969 Telangana Movement 273 i) Reasons for the movement ii) The beginning and the Progress of the movement iii) Results of the Movement iv) Important dates in 1969 movement v) The major events of the 1969 movement which happened for the first time vi) Women who participated in 1969 movement vii) Martyr’s Stupa inauguration and its specialties7. Major Events took place in 1970 and later period 318 i) Telangana Praja Samithi as Political Party ii) Lok Sabha Elections (1971)
viii Mobilisational Phase (1971 – 1990)8. Court Judgements on Mulki Rules 325
9. Jai Andhra Movement 330
10. 6 Points Formula Program 335
11. Article 371 – D, Presidential orders 336
12. Officers Committee (Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee) Report - 1948 338
13. G. O. 610 339
14. J. M. Girglani Commission 340
15. Naxalite Movement in Telangana, Anti-Landlord Struggle in Jagityala – Siricilla, North Telangana 342 i) Alienation of Tribal and Adivasi Lands16. Rise of Regional Parties in 1980’s and changes in the Political, Socio – Economic & Cultural Fabric in Telangana, Suppression of Telangana Identity 361 i) World Telugu Conferences (Prapancha Telugu Maha Sabhas) ii) Establishment of Telugu Desham Party iii) Measures taken by N.T. R to suppress Telangana existence iv) Regional Parties – its Founding Members v) Expansion of New Economic Policies in Hyderabad and other Telangana Regions17. Economic Reforms in 1990 and their Consequences & Regional Disparities 373
ix 18. Quest for Telangana Identity – Intellectual discussions & debates – Political Ideological efforts 381 i) Himayath Nagar By-Elections – 1983 ii) Telangana Party iii) Telangana Jana Sabha iv) Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha Commission on Telangana v) Telangana Supporters March (Padayatra) to Delhi vi) Telangana Porata Samithi vii) Velichala Jagapathi Rao efforts for creating awareness on Telangana viii) Telangana Legislative Forum ix) O.U Forum for Telangana (1987) x) Telangana Sangarshana Samithi (1989) xi) Prolonged Discussions on Telangana in Assembly Meetings (1992) xii) Discrimination and Under development of Telangana
Towards Formation of Telangana State (1991-2014)19. Public Awakening & Intellectual reaction against discrimination – formation of Civil Society Organization, Articulation of Separate Telangana Identity 385 i) Telangana Information Trust 385 ii) Telangana Liberation Students Organization (TLSO) 386 iii) Telangana Mukti Morcha 387 iv) Telangana Praja Samithi Conference 387
x v) Resignation of Legislative Assembly Member Pranay Bhaskar 387vi) Dev Gowda’s Uttarakhand declaration 388vii) Nizamabad Advocates Meeting 388viii) Warangal Meeting 388ix) Manjeera Writers Association Meeting 388x) Mallepally Rajam Trust Meeting 388xi) Hyderabad Forum for Freedom of Expression 389xii) Prolonged Discussion on Telangana in State Assembly 389xiii) Bhuvanagiri Sabha 389xiv) Centre for Telangana Studies 391xv) Telangana Pragathi Vedika 391xvi) Telangana Mahasabha – Suryapet 392xvii) Jai Telangana Party 393xviii)Telangana United Front 393xix) Warangal Declaration 395xx) Telangana Jana Sabha 396xxi) Telangana Students Front 397xxii) Telangana Studies Forum 397xxiii) Telangana Jana Sanghatana 397xxiv)Essays written in Newspapers on the Discrimination in the Irrigation Sector 397xxv) Efforts of Telangana Congress and B.J.P to highlight the issue of Telangana 398
xi 20. Establishment of Telangana Rashtra Samithi in 2001, Political Realignment 400 i) Alliance for 2004 elections, Later stage of Telangana Movement 404 ii) Pranab Mukherjee Committee 406 iii) 2009 elections – Alliances – Telangana in election Manifestos 410 iv) The Agitation against Hyderabad as Free-Zone 413 v) Fast Unto death by K. Chandra Shekar Rao with the demand of Separate State 415 vi) Formation of Telangana Joint Action Committee 420 vii) All – Party Meeting (5th January, 2010) 422 viii) Formation of Sri Krishna Committee 423
21. Role of Political Parties in Later Phase 427 of Telangana Movement i) Public Protests – Suicides for the cause of Telangana
22. Cultural Revivalism in Telangana, Other Symbolic Expressions in Telangana, Literary forms – Performing arts and other cultural expressions 438
23. Role of Various groups and cultural organizations in changing the struggle into a public movement 440 i) Telangana Samskruthika Vedika (Cultural Forum) ii) Telangana Writers Forum iii) Telangana History Society
xii iv) Telangana Cultural Federation v) Telangana History Congress vi) Telangana Singidi Writer’s Association vii) Writers, Poets & Singers in Telangana Movement viii) Role of Intellectuals in Telangana Movement ix) Role of Students in Telangana Movement x) Role of Journalists in Telangana Movement xi) Role of Employees in Telangana Movement xii) Role of Advocates in Telangana Movement xiii) Role of Doctors in Telangana Movement xiv) Role of NRI’s in Telangana Movement xv) Women in the Telangana Movement xvi) Role of Civil Society groups, Organized & Unorganized sectors, Castes and Communities in Telangana Movement24. Intensification of Telangana Movement, Forms of Protest and Major events 47825. Parliamentary Process for the formation of Telangana State, First Government of Telangana 49026. Andhra Pradesh Re-organization Act, 2014 49627. Committees formed in Telangana Region during different occasions 504
xiii III. Telangana Additional Information1. Telangana State Official Symbols 5082. Popular Films on Telangana Backdrop 5083. Important Persons of Telangana 513 i) In Film Industry ii) Popular Painters of Telangana iii) Prominent Sports persons from Telangana iv) Noted Personalities in Other Fields4. Literary Genres Born in Telangana 5245. Prominent Persons of Telangana – their Awards 5266. Telangana Poets – their Pen Names 5277. Telangana Prominent Persons – Original Names 5288. Titles 5299. Telangana Dialects 530
IV. Previous Papers1. Sub-Inspector mains Paper (21-04-2019) 5342. Constable Mains Paper (28-04-2019) 5383. Sub-Inspector Prelims (26-08-2018) 5414. Constable Prelims (30-09-2018) 5445. TSPSC VRO (16-09-2018) 5496. TSPSC Group-IV (07-10-2018) 551
xiv Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
I. Cultural History of Telangana12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Era / Period before Satavahanas1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• Study of past through literature is known as telugu people lived is described as “Trilinga “History”. desham”.• Study of past through Material remains is • The important source of water to Telangana known as “Archaeology”. is Godavari river, it is an Perinnial river.• Ancient history can be studied based on two • Godavari river is described as “Thelivaha” things: in ancient period.1) Literary evidences: • The people who lived in surroundings of this• The books written by different poets during Thelivaha river were known as “Trilingulu” different periods, will tell us about the living later this changed as Trilinga desham and conditions of different kings, social situations finally into “Telangana” and the administration of the state. • Starting from king Indra varma’s “Purli2) Archaeological evidences: inscription” of ganga dynasty till different• Important sources are inscriptions, coins, kings of Kakatiya dynasty used the words monuments, pictures and sculptures. “Trilinga”, Tilinga and Telinga as• Engraving text or Pictures on hard rocks is synonyms. called inscription. • The credit of making the word “Telangana”• In Archaeology study of inscriptions is known popular goes to different poets after the as “Epigraphy”. Kakatiya period.• In Archaeology study of coins is known as • According to P. Sri Rama Sharma, the word “Numismatics”. “Telangana” came into usage between the• These inscriptions and coins will tell us about period of “Amir Khusroo to Abul Fazal” the victories and governance of kings. (i.e., between the period of Alauddin Khilji to• 1st inscription and coins related to Telangana akbar). history are found at “Kotilingala” of Velagaturu mandal in Jagityal district. Inscriptions with the word• The names of Kings found on the coins in “Telangana” Kotilingala are Gobada, Siri Kamvaya, Siri 1. “Thellapur inscription” (B.C.1417) in vayu, Siri Narana and Sama Gopa. Sangareddy district : in which “Telangana• Script found on the inscription of Kotilingala puram” is mentioned. is “Brahmi Script”. 2. Velicharla inscription of Pratapa Rudra Origin of Word Telangana Gajapati (A.D.1510).• Word Telangana is an most ancient word. 3. “Tirumala” & “Chinakanchi” inscriptions of Sri Krishna Devaraya.• According to the Archaeologist “Parabrahma Sastry”, the place where PNR Publications 1 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During kakatiya’s period ,some section of • K.Thimma Reddy, Professor in Telugu Brahmins were called as “Telagaanyulu” it University of Srisailam have brought Pre- means they belong to Telangana. historic sites (which are present on the left side• The Telangana word “Aanemu” means of Krishna river) into lime light. country. According to Suravaram Pratap • Raja Ram Singh have identified many sites Reddy, the usage of Telangana language was in Northern Telangana from Basar to prominent during Golconda rule also based Bhadrachalam in the Godavari valley. on the word “Aanemu”. • Raja Ram Singh proved that Telangana has• According to the available sources , evidences from the first phase of evolution of history is divided into 3 parts. Man kind.1. Pre- historic period : No written literature is • In recent times, Dyanavalli Satyanarayana available during this period. have identified ten pre-historic sites.2. Proto historic period: Written literature of • The book named “Research on the land of this period is available but it cannot be Telugu”, which was written by deciphered. Ex: indus valley civilization. B.Subramaniyam is the basis for the study3. Historic period: Written literature is available of pre-historic period in Telangana. and can be deciphered. • Pre-historic period is divided on the basis of tools used by the humans, they are Pre-Historic period 1) Paleolithic age : (old stone age)• The study of pre-historic period in Telangana (From B.C. 2,00,000 to B.C 8,500) was done by Sir Robert Brucefoot in the 2) Mesolithic age : ( Middle stone age) mid-nineteenth century in Nalgonda district (From 8,500 B.C to 3,000 B.C) “Valigonda”(presently in Yadadri district) in the tombs of Megalithic period. 3) Neolithic age : ( New stone age) (From 3,000 B.C to 1,500 B.C)• Hyderabad State Archaeological department which was established in the year 4) Megalithic age : 1914 have scientifically identified different pre- (From 1,500 B.C to 300 A.D) historical sites. 1) Paleolithic Age:• In the year 1953, Hyderabad state • The paleolithic weapons were found in archaeological department have published a Telangana are similar to the ones which were book “Antiquarian remains in Hyderabad found in Africa’s Acheuleon. state”, which named 118 places as • The tools used in this period are stone tools protected places. such as small scrapes, choppers, stone hammers etc. Note: Salvage Archaeology or Rescue Archaeology is the study of Ancient 2) Mesolithic Age: excavations in the places which are in the • This is also known as Microlithic Age. danger of imminent destruction. • In this period small stone tools i.e; microliths• The retired secretory of archaeological were used. department V.V.Krishna Murthy have • During this period , humans started drawing identified different pre-historic sites, and painting on the rocks. especially the places where paintings & • First generation pictures of Mesolithic pictures are present. age were found in the caves of 2 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Mahabubnagar district “Sanganoni • The megalithic burial ground which was Palli”. The important pictures in this were excavated in the premises of Hyderabad “deers”. Central University was the 1st in the3) Neolithic Age: country. The food grains present in this, dated• In this period, human started to do cultivation back to 4,250 years. by setting at one place. • The burial grounds were divided into 4 types• Tools and weapons were made up of based on its construction. Bones. 1. Pit burials 2. Cyst burials• From this period, humans started using 3. Dolmen 4. Rock cut burials Copper & Bronze tools. 1) Pit burials:• They started cultivating millets like Jowar , The dead body was kept in the burial box Ragi and legumes like horse gram and black which was made up of mud or granite, then this gram. box is kept in a pit and covered. Big rocks were• Piles of ash which belonged to Neolithic period kept around this burial ground in circular form. was found at “Utnoor”mandal of 2) Cyst burials: Telangana. The stone burial box was not completely• Ash is produced by burning the dung of buried, but some part is kept open above the animals. So by this we can know that cattle ground surface. rearing was done during this period. 3) Dolmen:• In this period, the dead bodies were buried A dolmen is a type of single chamber megalithic by keeping their head towards North. tomb, consisting of two or more vertical• Two infants were buried in a pot evidences megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal were found in Nagarjuna Konda. capstone or table4) Megalithic Age: 4) Rock cut burials:• In this period from B.C 1500 to A.D 300, Caves were cut from the rocks and the dead Telangana people used to bury the dead body bodies were buried in this. in the mud burial box or they used to bury in a • Food grains, iron tools, red & black cave like structure. Big stones were kept in pottery, gold ornaments and beads were circular form surrounding this burial ground found in this burials called as megaliths. known as Megaliths. Hence this period is • In Eleshwaram of Nalgonda district, a known as megalithic age. burial box in the shape of elephant was• These Megaliths were known by locals as found. Along with this 4 burial boxes were Pandavula Gullu,Veerlapadulu. found.• The people used to bury food grains, • At one burial site Eleshwaram, a man’s agricultural tools and ornaments along with the skeleton is found on top of women’s dead person. By this articles we can say that skeleton. people were civilized. • Thousands of grave yards were found in• In Telangana , the civilization of people started Narkatpally of Nalgonda during the with megalithic age. excavations made by Meadows Taylor.• In this period, iron tools were used for the • The red & black pottery were found in first time, hence it is also called as “Iron Age” Utnoor tombs. PNR Publications 3 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• At Moula Ali of Hyderabad, the bangles • A buddhist monk “Bhavari” of asmaka made up of clay and golden beads were kongdome has introduced Buddhism in seen in the grave yard. These grave yards were Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. present in 30 to 40 acres of land. • A king “Mahapadma Nanda” of Nanda• Horse skeleton was found in the grave yard dynasty have won over Asmaka kingdom. He of Pochampadu. was the 1st king to win over southern india in• Beads made up of bones were found in the history of india. Hasmatpet, outskirts of Hyderabad. • After Mahapadma Nanda, the Mauryan kings Historic Period of Maghada made Andhra Pradesh and Telangana as their feudatory states.• The period in which written literature is present and which can be deciphered is known as • Later, Sri Mukha have founded Satavahana historic period. dynasty and ruled over Anhra Pradesh and Telangana.• In India, this period started from Aryans but in Telangana it started from 6th Century B.C. • Eventually Telangana became a merging• Arayan culture which was present in north point for North and South India. india introduced in Eastern india by • The word “Telangana” came into usage from “Vaideha”. the period of Delhi sultanates. Amir• “Agastya” introduced Aryan culture in Khusroo used the word “Telangana”. Southern india. • During Delhi sultanates period, the places of• In 6th century B.C, Buddhism, Jainism and like Telangana, Andhra, Tamilnadu were all wise 62 other religions started against the together known as Telangana. domination of Brahmins. • Later during Golconda Qutub Shahis period,• Buddhist scriptures are known as Tripitakas. the present day Telangana along with coastal They are: Andhra was known as Telangana. 1. Sutta pitaka • From Nizam’s period, the telugu places in 2. Vinaya pitaka and Hyderabad state were known as Telangana. 3. Abhidhamma pitaka • Buddhist Jataka stories (B.C 600 to 400):• The 16 mahajanapadas formed in the 6th the place between Godavari and Krishna rivers century B.C, were for the 1st time mentioned was known as Andha padam & Andha ka in the buddhist scripture “Anguttara Rattam (Andhra Rashtram). Nikaya”. • Aitareya Brahmana of Rig-veda have• Out of these 16 mahajanapadas, only one mentioned First time about the people of mahajanapada “Asmaka” is present in Andhra. Telangana region. Remaining 15 are present in Northern india. • According to Suttanipata of sutta pitaka, Asmaka kingdom and Mulaka kingdome• “Asmaka Mahajanapada” was present in today’s Nizamabad, Karimnagar and were present on both the sides of Godavari Adilabad. river. These were known as “Andhaka Ratta” (Andhra State).• The capital of Asmaka was pottana or Podhan (present day Bodhan) in Nizamabad • Capital of Mulaka kingdom- district. Prathistanapuram (paithan). 4 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureChronology of prominent dynasties ruledover Telangana region from Ancientperiod to Modern period: Satavahanas – (220 B.C to 225 A.D) Ikshvakus (220 A.D to 300 A. D) Vishnukundins (358 A.D to 569 A.D) Vemulawada Chalukyas – (750 A.D to 973 A.D) (parts of North-West Telangana ) Mudigonda Chalukyas – (850 A.D to 1200 A.D) (parts of Khammam & Warangal) Kakatiyas – as feudatory Kakatiyas (956 A.D to 1162 A.D) – Independent Kakatiyas (1163 A.D to 1323 A.D) Musunuri Nayakas – (1325 A.D to 1368 A.D) (parts of Khammam district) Velama Nayakas – (1325 A.D to 1475 A.D) (Parts of Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar) Qutubshahis – (1518 A.D to 1687 A.D) Asafjahi’s – (1724 A.D to 1948 A.D)
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• Satavahanas were the first dynasty which Origin of Satavahanas: had established vast kingdom in Telangana and • According to B.S.L.Hanumanth Rao, south india. satavahanas are Aryans.• The places ruled by them: • According to R.S. Sharma, satavahanas are Telangana Andhra Pradesh Dravidans. Karnataka Maharashtra Varna of satavahanas:• According to “K.M.Phanikkar”, Sathava- hanas have played important role in cultural • According to the ancient texts (puranas), the integration between south india and Aryavarta founder of dynasty Srimukha was described (ancient name of Northern and Central india). as Sudra (Vishala)• Various names of satavahanas are • According to ancient literature Pracheena Shalivahanas, Andhra-Bhritya, Andhras Vajmayam they are sudras. and Satakarni. • According to “Kathasaritsagara” written• Progenitor of Satavahana dynasty is by Somadeva suri, satavahanas are born to “Satavahana”. yaksha by name shatha and to a brahmin lady. Hence satavahanas belong to yaksha class.• Satavahana means the one who have vehicle. • According to Nasik inscription of Goutami• In Kannada, Satavahana means “farmer”. Balasri, she described herself as• In ancient texts, Satavahanas were described Rajarshipatni Kshatriapatni, hence some as “Andhra-Bhrityas”. historians describe them as kshatriyas. Satavahanas ruled between 220 B.C to 225 • In Nasik inscription of Gautami balasri , the A.D approximately. Gautamiputra satakarni was described as to a men of Naga sect , so they belong to Naga Satavahanas sect. • 1st Capital: Kotilingala (Jagitial district, • According to a book Dvatrimsika erstwhile Karimnagar district) puttalika, satavahanas are born to male • 2nd Capital : Pratishtana puram (Paitan) brahmin and to a female of Naga sect. • 3rd Capital : Dhanyakatakam (Amaravati) Dispute regarding birthplace of • Progenitor : Satavahana satavahanas: • Founder of dynasty : Simuka (Sri Mukha) • There is difference of opinion regarding the • Official language : Prakrit birthplace of satavahanas. • Ruling language : Prakrit (The language in • Different historians have given different places. which instructions were given to public) • Karnataka : According to V.S.Sukthankar, • Emblem : Sun the birth place of satavahanas is bellary in • Greatest king : Gautamiputra satakarni Karnataka. • Foreign traveller : Megasthenes
6 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Reason: Myakadhoni inscription of lakh army, two thousand cavalry and one Pulomavi 3 and Hirahadagali inscription of thousand elephantry. pallava shiva skanda varma are found in Few fortified cities of Telangana out of 30 Bellary. cities which were mentioned in• Vidarba: According to V.V.Mirashi, Megasthenes Indica are: Bodhan, satavahanas belong to Vidarba of Kotilingala, Dhulikatta, Pedda Bhankuru, Maharashtra. Kondapur, Phanigiri, Gajulabhanda and• Maharashtra: P.T.Srinivas Iyengar , K. Indrapuri. Gopalachary and D.P.Sarkar. according to In natural history book of pliny and these, the birthplace and capital of satavahanas periplus of the erythraean sea of unknown is Pratishtana Puram. writer the foreign trade of satavahanas was• Coastal Andhra : R.G. Bhandarkar, V.A. explained. Smith and I.J. Rapson have described Native / Regional books: “Andhra” as the first birthplace of • Puranas, Jataka stories of buddha and jain satavahanas. books. According to them, capital is Dhanyakatakam 2) Inscriptions:• Telangana : The following historians, • 24 inscriptions related to satavahanas are have decided “Telangana” as the available. birthplace of satavahanas. • Inscriptions are written in prakrit language1. According to P.V. Parabrahma Sastry, and brahmi script was used in it. Satavahanas have started ruling from Telangana. 3. Coins: • Coins are issued in prakrit and desi2. Kambampati Satyanarayana: Satavahanas languages. have started ruling from Telangana and expanded into West, North and Southern • According to historians, Telugu language directions. has evolved from desi language.3. According to Dhame Raja Reddy, the coins 4) Excavations: and inscriptions of simukha are found in Kondapur – Sangareddy district (Erstwhile Kotilingala so thier 1st capital is Kotilingala.Medak district)4. G. Rambabu, B.N. Shastri, Mallampalli • In 3rd Century B.C only, Kondapur was Somasekher Sharma , Sri Ram Sharma have developed as a city. described Telangana as the birthplace of • Approximately 4000 coins related to satavahanas. Sathavahanas are found in Kondapur. Evidences Related to History of • Mallampally Somasekher Sharma have Satavahanas described Kondapur as “Mint city of satavahanas”.1) Literary Sources: • Before satavahanas only , Kondapur was theForeign books: capital for the “Ashika kingdom” (Ranga• The Greek Ambassador Megasthenes in his Reddy, Hyderabad and Medak districts). book Indica (in Greek) have stated that king • In the South, Kondapur was the main of Andhra’s tribe have 30 fortified cities , one centre for trade with the Roman empire. PNR Publications 7 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Necklace made up of Roman scptaria with • According to Vayu Purana, there were 17 the symbol of Tiberius Caesar (emperor) kings who ruled over 272 years. was found in Kondapur. Important Satavahana rulers:Kotilingala – Jagityal district (Erstwhile Srimukha/ Simukha:Karimnagar district): He is the founder of the satavahana kingdom/• It is present at the meeting point of Godavari dynasty and contemporary to Ashoka. and Peddavagu. • In inscriptions, he was called as Chimukha• It is the first capital for satavahana kingdom. and Sindhuka.• The pillar made up of sandstone was found • Vayupurana – Sindhuka here on which the words “Nagagopinikaya” • Matsya purana – Balipuchaka, Bali. in brahmiscript were written. • Simukha’s 8 coins were found at Kotilingala.• On Munulagutta near kotilingala Jains • In Nanaghat inscription of Devi Naganika , “shilachchadalu” were founded. there is a mention about the king Simukha that• Viddanki coins and coins of srimukha , early “Raya Simukha satavahana Sirimatho”. satavahanas and of rulers before satavahanas • Earlier he patronised Jainism, later he turned were found in kotilingala. to Brahmanism (Vedic religion).Peddabankur – Peddapalli district (Erstwhile • Important jains tourist site during his period –Karimnagar district): Munulagutta (Karimnagar)• It is present on the banks of Hussain miya • The name on the coins issued by Srimukha- water stream. Ranagobhadra, Rana Goswamy.• In Peddabankur one pot was found in farmer’s • The 13 Rock edict of Ashoka mentions that th field which contained 22 thousand satavahana Simukha as feudatory of Mauryans. coins. • Ashoka has given title “Raya” to Simukha.• 22 fresh water wells which were built with • Ashoka has named Satavahanas as bricks and one well which was made with clay “Satyaputra” in his inscriptions. bangles is found here. • Srimukha has defeated the leader of “Rathika”• The coins of Roman emperors Augustus, clan i.e., Maharathi Tranakayiro and Caesar and Tiberius found here. married his daughter “Naganika” to Simukha’sDhulikatta – Peddapalli district (Erstwhile son Satakarni-1Karimnagar district) • According to jain texts, people revolted• V.V.Krishna Shastri has found out the against him due to his cruel administration. buddhist stupa which belonged to Satavahanas • Later, Krishna brother of Simukha became the time. king. Satavahanas Political History Kanha / Krishna• Historians have different opinions regarding theIn inscriptions, he was named as “Kanha”. number of kings who ruled over Satavahanas • He was the first Satavahana king to issue kingdom and their time period. inscription – Kanheri inscription.• According to Matsya purana, there were • He engraved Nasik and Kanheri caves for 30 kings who ruled for 456 years. the Buddhist monks. 8 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He appointed special officers “Dharma Kalinga (Orissa) : Kharavela Mahamatya” for the welfare of the buddhist Northwest India: Demetrius (Indo- monks. Greek King)• Kanha patronized “Bhagavatha religion” • As a mark of victory against Pushyamitra during his period Bhagavatha religion has Shunga , Satakarni-1 have issued coins with spread from North India to Deccan. the symbol of “Ujjaini Town”.Satakarni-1 • The kalinga king who invaded the Musika city• He is the son of Simukha. of Satavahanas during Satakarni-1 was “Kharavela”. This was revealed from• His wife Naganika has issued Nanaghat kharavela’s Hathigumpha inscription. inscription ( it is decorative inscription). It is in “Prakrit”. • According to Hathigumpha inscription , Kharavela have destroyed the city of Pithunda• Titles given to Satakarni-1 in Nanaghat with donkeys and he won Mushika city and inscription are: gained title “Mushikadhipati”. Dakshina padapati Ekaveera • Historians opine that the Mushika city is the Apratihita chakra Shura present day Kondapur in Sangareddy district• Naganika’s father – and Pithunda city is present day “Guntupalli”. Maharathi Tranakayiro • But according to Chulla Kalinga Jatakam,• Naganika describes herself as “Yajna hutana Satakarni-1 have defeated Kalinga king sugandhaya digavuta sindaya” in Nanaghat “Kharavela” and expanded his kingdom inscription. towards east.• Nanaghat inscription has revealed the idols of Note: According to the inscription found in following persons., Srimukha, Satakarni-1, May 2011 in the outskirts of Mukkatrav Maharathi Tranakayiro, Naganika, Vedaksha peta village of Kotilingala, “Huku Sri” Satakarni , Shatasri (sons of Satakarni-1). Satavahana is the son of Naganika and• According to puranas, the titles of Satakarni-1 Satakarni-1. Mahan • After the death of Satakarni-1, his wife Mallakarna (Matsya Purana) Naganika took up the responsibility of administration till her son attained adulthood.• According to Nanaghat inscription Satakarni- 1 has performed two Ashwamedha yagas and Skandasthambi : one Rajasuyayagam and other 20 rituals. • Invasions of Greek were started during his• According to Nanaghat inscription Satakarni- period. 1 has donated many Horses, Cows, Elephants and villages to Brahmins he was the first to Satakarni-II: donate lands in india. • He built a gateway to the southern side of• He issued Ashwamedha coins, his coins Sanchi Stupa. contained the symbols of elephant and Ujjain • Amongst Satavahanas, Satakarni-II have city. ruled for longest period of 56 years.• Contemporaries of Satakarni-1 are: • During his period, Satavahana kingdom Magadha : Pushyamitra shunga expanded towards north india.
PNR Publications 9 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• According to Gargi Samhita, he annexed 1) Somadeva Suri – Kathasaritsagaram Vidisha which was the second capital of 2) Kshemendra – Brihat Katha Manjari Shungas. 3) Hari sena – Brihat Katha Kosham• He conquered Magadha capital 4) Varahamihira – Brihat Samhita “Pataliputra” in the Northern India. • Gunadhya’s Brihat Katha was translated into• From his period, Saka-Satavahana conflict Sanskrit by king Durvinita of Ganga started. dynasty.• His court artist was Vashishta putra Ananda. • Based on Brihat katha, Vishnu sharma wroteKuntala Satakarni Panchatantram.• He was the 13th ruler. • According to Somadeva Suri’s Kathasarit- sagaram, there were differences between• He changed the official language as Sharva Varma and Gunadhya. Sanskrit in the place of Prakrit. • According to Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra,• His title was Vikramarka. Kuntala Satakarni caused the death of his wife• Court poets and their work during his Malayavathi due to the sexual position named period: “ Karirtha” Gunadhya – Brihat Katha • Kamasutra was translated into telugu by (Paisachi Prakrit language) Aadi Narayana Shastri Sarva Varma – Katantra Vyakarnam Pulomavi-I Vatsyayana – • He was the 15th ruler of Satavahanas. Kamasutra, Nyaya Bhashyam • He invaded Magadha in North India and• Kuntala Satakarni married princess of North defeated Kanva king Susharma and annexed India – Malayawati. his kingdom.• Kuntala satakarni learned Sanskrit language • Coins of Pulomavi-I are found in “Kuhrama through Sarvavarma because he felt / Kuharam” near pataliputra (Bihar). embarressed before his queen who knew Sanskrit. Gaurav Krishna• Sarva Varma wrote Katantra Vyakarnam • he was responsible for the disintegration of which was a grammatic book in Sanskrit. the Andhra kingdom. So he was degraded and Through this book Kuntala Satakarni learnt named as “Aristakarma”, “Vai Krishna”, Sanskrit. “Rikta varnudu” in puranas.• Gunadhya wanted his literary work Brihat Hala Katha to be dedicated to the king but king • He was the 17th king of Satavahanas. He ruled refused. So, Gunadhya has burnt his book. only for 5 years. At present only one chapter of Brihat Katha • He was the Telangana’s first written great is available. poet among kings.• The main character in brihat katha was • His period was described as the Golden era “Kubera / labbika”. for prakrit.• Based on Brihat katha, 4 Sanskrit literary • Hala was the author of “Gatha Saptashati” works were done in 10th & 11th century. in Maharashtri prakrit language. 10 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This book contains 700 romantic love • The only king who followed Shalivahana Saka stories which reveals the rural social was “Yadava Ramachandra Deva” (king conditions of that period. This book describes of devagiri) the importance of marriage traditions, betel • Gautamiputra Satakarni was the first king to leaves and parani (which is applied by women use mother’s name in front of his name. on their feet during marriage) and also • His mother Gautami Balasri have issued describes about festival Holi. Nasik inscription. This inscription was issued• Gatha Saptashati is similar to the book after the death of Gautamiputra Satakarni “vajjalagga” written by Svetambara jain during the 19th Regnal year of his son Monk “Jayavallabha”. Vaashistaputra Pulomavi.• Bana in his book Harshacharita have • In Nasik inscription Gautami Balasri describes mentioned that Hala has written Gatha herself as “Satyavachanadana Ahimsa Saptashati. Nirathaya” and “Rajarshi Vadhuvu”.• Hala had titles “Kavi Vatsala” and “Kavi Titles of Gautami putra Satakarni according Raja”. to Nasik inscription:• In Kutuhala’s “Leelavati Parinayam”, it was Eka brahmana Aagama Nilaya mentioned that Hala has invaded Simhala Dvijakula Vardana Eka Shura (Srilanka) and married Simhala Princess Chaturvarna Shankara Leelavati. According to this book, they were married in Bhimeshwara temple near Kshatriya Darpamana Vardhana Sapta-Godavari. Varna Saankarya Nirodaka• According to Dr. Sanganabhatla Narsaiah, Eka Dhanurdara this place is Bhimeshwara temple on the banks Sakayavana Pahlava Nighadhana of Godavari near Vempalli Venkat Rao peta Bhenakataka Swamy in Jagityal district. Trisamudra toya peetavahana (one• Hala felicitated the poets – “Kumarila” and whose horses drunk the water of 3 oceans) “ Sripalitha”. The sovereign title “Rajoran”• The important army commander of Hala was Kshaharata Vamsha Niravaseshakara. “ Vijayanada”. Jogalthambi War:Gautamiputra Satakarni • In this war, Gautami putra satakarni have• He was the 23rd king of Satavahanas according defeated “Nahapana” who was an important to Puranas. ruler of Kshatrapas. After this war,• He was the greatest king among Satavahanas, Gautamiputra Satakarni gained the title he revived the political Glory of Satavahanas. “Destroyer of Kshatrapas” (Kshaharata• When he ascended the throne in 78 A.D, Vamsha Nirvaseshakara). “Shalivahana Saka” was started. • After victory in this war, Gautamiputra• From 1957, Indian Government has Satakarni have re-issued the coins of recognised 78 A.D as the beginning of Nahapana with his name. Shalivahana Era / Saka. • These re-issued coins were found at Jogal thambi in Maharashtra.
PNR Publications 11 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Gautamiputra Satakarni have annexed many • Bana in his book “Harsha Charita” have kingdoms and changed the capital of mentioned Yagna sree as “Trisamudradipati”. Satavahan’s from Dhanyakatakam to • In Silappadikaram book, the Yagna Sri was Pratishtanapuram. described “Paasanda Sathan”, means the• Gautamiputra Satakarni have built a city by one who opposes the rituals of Yagnam / Yaga. name “Bhenakatakam”. • He was the contemporary of Acharya• His coins were found at Cuddalore in Nagarjuna. Tamilnadu. • Yajna sree have built Parvata Vihara or• He donated 100 nivartana land to Buddhist Mahachaitya Vihara at Nagarjuna Konda monks. for Acharya Nagarjuna.Vashistiputra Pulomavi (VPP) / • According to Chinese traveller Fahien, this Vihara had 5 floors and 1500 rooms.Pulomavi II• In Nasik inscription , he was awarded the title Pulomavi III “Dakshinapadeshwara”. • He was the last ruler of Satavahanas.• During his period, Amaravati Stupa was built. • The inscription which tells about fall of• 1st inscription of Satavahana in Andhra Satavahanas Kingdom and Pulomavi III was Pradesh was Dharani Kota inscription Myakadhoni inscription (Near Bellary – issued by VPP. Karnataka ).• Rudradaman of Western Kshatrapas (Kardamaka) dynasty has defeated Administration Vashistiputra pulomavi. • Satavahana’s have followed Maurya’s• Due to the fear of Rudradaman ,VPP have administrative system. changed the capital from Pratishtanapuram • Kingdom was passed from father to son i.e; it to Dhanyakatakam. This is evident from was hereditary. Girnar inscription or Junagadh inscription • “Monarchy system abide by Dharma of Rudradaman. Shastra” is the source of Satavahana state• The title of VPP : Navanagara Swamy. system: • Junaghad inscription tells us aboutVashistiputra Shiva sri Satakarni administration and the Ministers of• His title was Kshatrapa. Satavahanas.• He was the 1st Satavahana king to issue coins • There were four main ministers for giving in two languages i.e; in Prakrit and Tamil. advice to the king. They were known asYajna Sri / Yagna Sree Satakarni “Amatyas”. Amatya’s are not hereditary.• Yagnya sree inscription was Chinna Ganjam. Vishwasamatya – Prime Minister, Loyal to king , internal Advicer to king.• His coins contained the symbols of boat. Due to this , it is evident that foreign trade took Rajamatya – the one who implements the place with Roman empire during his period. orders of the king.• Historians opine that “Matsya Purana” was Mahamatya – Finance Minister written in his period. Mahatalvari – Commander General of Army 12 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Along with them, different officers were Town Administration appointed. • Administration of Town / Cities is looked after Important Officers: by the “Nigama Sabha”. • The members of Nigama Sabha were • Hiranika – Treasurer (the one who collects taxes) Gahapati. They were the community heads. • There was reference about the administration • Bhandagarika – Royal goods stores in- charge of cities during Satavahanas in the “Bhattiprolu Nigama Sabha inscription”. • Mahatalvara – Bodyguard This inscription was issued by “Kubera”. • Pratihara – Sentry • Megasthene’s Indica also has the reference (a soldier to control access to a palace) of Nigama Sabhas. • Rajjagahaka – the person who does land • “Rajakamket” is the place where the surveys and collects taxes. administration is under the direct control of • Rajuka – judge king. • Mahadharmika – person who looks after education and resolves religious conflicts. Military force • Maha aryaka – • Hathigumpa inscription of Kharavela Person who looks after legal affairs mentions about four military forces of • Pattaka Pala – Satavahanas. Registrar of land documents • The army was composed of four arms • Rajavija – Doctor for the court (Chaturanga) – infantry, cavalry, elephantry and chariots.• During Satavahanas, the lands were donated • Temporary military camp was called permanently by the condition “Akshayanivi”. Skandhagara. Division of Kingdom Administrators • Permanent military camp was called Kataka Kingdom – King (present day cantonment). Aharas – Amatyas Economic Condition / (Governors) Economic System Vishaya – Vishayapati • The main occupation of the people was Grama (Villages) – Gramika, Gramini “Agriculture”.Local Body Administration - Village • The land where crops were grown is known• Smallest division of the kingdom – Village as “Sitakshetram” and the head of this was• Head of the village administration was known as “Sitaadyakshya”. Gramika or Gramini. • Unit of land Measurement was• Mahakaryaka was the officer to resolve the “Nivarthana”. problems of villagers. 1 Nivarthana = 1.5 Acres (Approx)• A group of villages were called Gulmi. Head • Main source of income was “Land Tax” of Gulmi was “Gulmika”. • Land tax was known as Bhaga / Dheyameya.• According to Myakedoni inscription, Gulmika Dheya – Land tax was collected in the also acted as army chiefs in boundaries of villages. form of money. PNR Publications 13 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Meya – Land tax was collected in the form • These shreni’s eventually formed into castes. of produce. • According to inscriptions, there were 18• Generally land tax was collected as 1/6th of different types of Shreni’s or guilds. the crop produce. 1. Kolika – Weavers• Tax collected from Artisans was “Kurukara”. 2. Halika – Farmers• Shulka – tax on water. 3. Thilapistika – Oil Millers• Kara – tax on Vegetables and fruit crops. 4. Kularika – Potterman• The land donated to brahmins and buddhist monks was exempted from tax. 5. Udhaya Yantrika – Man who operates water machines.• The scientific expert team was appointed by the kings to invent new tools for agriculture. 6. Vadhaka – Carpenter This team was known as “Odhayantrika”. 7. Gandhika – Perfume MakersThe inventions of odhayantrika are: 8. Kasakara – Brass workers• Udhaga yantram – for ploughing the land 9. Thesakara – Stone polishers (Machine) 10. Kamaras – Blacksmith• Gati yantram – for pulling water to up 11. Malakara – Flower merchants• Garika yantram – for separation of 12. Lohavaniya – Iron merchants seeds from raw cotton 13. Suvanakara – Gold smith• Rihatta Gadiya – tool for fetchinhg water 14. Selavadhakas – ArchitectsWater Resources / Irrigation 15. Avesina – Artisans• Upadhana – wells 16. Lekakas – Writers• Thadaga – lake / tank 17. Chammakaras – Leather works• Rahata Gadiya – Lift irrigation 18. Pasakaras – Medhari varu• Paniya Gaharika – Irrigation officer • These shreni’s worked as banks in those daysFarmers are of two types: i.e; they accepted deposits and have given1. Halika- Small scale farmers loans. In those days interest was 12% per2. Gahapati / Samsarin – Large scale farmers annum. or Zamindars. • According to Rishabadatta’s NasikImportant crops during Satavahanas: inscription, Rishabadatta took a loan of 2000• Paddy, Turmeric, Sugarcane, Cotton, Wheat, Karshapanas from Kolika shreni of Govardhan Jute. Mandal at 12% interest rate. Later• Coconut (in the 1 st Century A.D it was Rishabadatta have re-paid the loan to Kolika exported from Maliyadesam to South India). shreni and in turn Kolika shreni have donated the money to Buddhist Monks.Shreni / Professional Associations • During Satavahanas, a type of Iron named• During Satavahanas, each profession had its “Vooj” was manufactured.the evidence of this own association known as Shreni. The head is found in Kondapur of Medak district. of the Shreni was “Shresti” (Shetty).
14 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The tools of goldsmith were found at The important literary sources which tell us Kotilingala. about Port cities & trade in Satavahana• The strongest shreni / guild was Kolika shreni period: (Padmashali’s), Economically Satavahana 1. Periplus of the Erythraean sea by kingdom was strongest because of Kolikula unknown author: This book mentioned that shreni (Padmashali’s). Arikamedu (near Puduch*erry) was named as the international sea port.• During Vashistiputra pulomavi period, a man 2. Ptolemy’s “the Guide to Geography”. “Rakkasi lotai” have invented a machine to separate seeds from cotton. This machine was 3. Pliny’s Natural history. known as “Giraka”. According to Pliny Roman women imported thinnest cloth from India and in• Because of this “Giraka” machines, the seeds return they gave 5 crores of sterling Roman were separated easily and clothes were gold coins. manufactured within less time and they were exported. Important port cities in West coast during Satavahanas:• During this period, the clothes were exported to Roman Empire. Bharukacha (Barigaja) – Present day Bharuch (Gujarat)• Historian Pliny opine that in Roman Empire Kalyan – Karnataka the men were attracted to women who wore Sopara – Maharashtra the soft muslin clothes which were exported from India to Roman Empire, Because of this Important port in East coast: attraction of men towards women, the moral Maisolia (Motupalli) values of roman empire are coming down. Important places during Satavahanas:Trade Gudur – Famous for soft / thin clothes• Barter system was followed. Machilipatnam – Famous for muslin• Trade unions issued “Punch marked coins” Palanadu – Diamond industry Vinukonda – Metal industry• There was domestic and foreign trade during Konasamudram (Karimnagar) – this period. Best quality iron• Domestic traders were known as “Sedhi” Exports of Satavahana’s:• Main mode of transportation was bullock cart. • Soft clothes, Muslin
• The business men when travelling to long • Toys and things made up of elephant trunk. distances they formed a union known as • Spices, Sandal wood, Forest herbs. “Bidaras” to fight against thieves. • Golden chairs, gems, pearls.• The important trade centres were Kotilingala, • Sugar , oil, ghee. Dhulikatta and Kondapur. • Luxury goods. • Female slaves.• The men who did foreign trade were known Imports of Satavahana’s: as “Sarthavahas” • Gold, silver, pearls, silk, camphor.
PNR Publications 15 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureCoins • But there was Polygyny and practice of Sati• Roman coins were found in Andhra, during Satavahanas (Strabo named about Telangana due to trade with Roman Empire. practice of Sati during this period).• In Peddabhankur, the coins with the pictures • There were no Widow marriages. Prostitutes of Augustus &Tiberias were found. were also given respect.• The coins of emperor Claudius were found in • Dancers used to apply “Aradalam” as make- Gutiparti of Nalgonda. up. Women used to wear Uttariya (Kabari Bandhalu) instead of blouse.• Gold and Silver coins were found in Gutiparti, Yeleswaram and Akkinapally of Nalgonda • Men and women used to wear headgear / district. turban known as “Ushniya”.• Golden coins of Roman empire were found at • Slavery was prevalent during this period. Nagavarappadu of Khammam district and • Vatsayana’s Kamasutra have mentioned the Arikamedu, Tamilnadu (Near Puduch*erry). following festivals. Arikamedu was Roman Trade Centre Madanostavam Koumudi yagam• Satavahanas minted coins in metals like Ghata Nibandhana Udyanavana Copper, lead, tin, silver and gold, potin alloy. Halaka• Gold coins were called Suvarnas • The Musical instruments used were Veena,• Silver coins were called Karshapana Flute, Mridangam and Shankam.• One gold coin is equal to 35 Karshapanas Religious Conditions• Lead coins were minted on large scale. • Satavahanas followed Vedic religion Social Conditions (Brahmanism). • Buddhism, Jainism and Vedic religion• There was a composite culture during were prominent. Satavahanas. It is a mixture of Dravida culture and Aryan culture. 1) Vedic Religion:• Four-fold caste system was followed but it • In Nanaghat inscription, there is a mention was not so strong. about the dieties Indra, Agni and Varuna. This• As the caste system was not strong, inter- inscription starts with a prayer to God Indra. caste marriages were prevalent. • Hala’s Gatha Saptashati starts with a prayer• Brahmins were given highest regard in the to Lord Shiva and ends with Gowri Stotram. society. Shaivism:• Caste system emerged from Shrenis or guilds, • The sect of Shaivism which was prominent was But there is no Caste discrimination. Pashupata Shaivism. The founder of this sect• Patriarchal system was followed. There was was “Lakulisa”. This was the 1st sect of Jiont family system. Shaivism. They worshipped “Pashupati”.• Women were given freedom. • This sect of Shaivism prohibited sacrifices.• Women were given property rights and they They gave importance for peace. are free to patronize any religion. • The oldest temple of Shaivism in Andhra• Women used to participate in Yaga’s / Rituals Pradesh is at Gudimallam (Chittoor). In this along with male. 16 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture temple, there is 14 feet height Shiva lingam. • Buddha gave preachings at Amaravati, This belongs to 2nd Century B.C and was according to the belief of Tibetan Buddhists. worshipped by Satavahanas. • Even though Satavahana kings patronized2) Jainism: Vedic religion, they also encouraged• Digambara Jainism is Prominent in Andhra. Buddhism, but Satavahana queens• According to Jina Prabhasuri’s book patronized Buddhism. “Kalpa Pradeepa”, 52 army chiefs of • Gautami Balasree have donated Nasik caves Satavahanas have built 52 jain temples on their in Maharashtra to the sect of “Badraniya names. Buddhism”.• Ashoka’s grandson Samprati have embraced • The Buddhism Sect which started in Andhra Jainism and sent persons to Andhra to was “Chaityaka Vadham”. propagate Jainism. • The founder of chaityaka vadham was• The 10th Jain Teerthankara Sheetalanatha’s Mahadeva Bikshuvu. birth place was Bhadrachalam (Badalpuri) • Important Buddhist Philosopher during in Khammam district. Satavahanas was Acharya Nagarjuna.• Sri Mukha first patronized Jainism, this is Acharya Nagarjuna: evident from the Coins found at • Titles: Munulagutta in Karimnagar. Second Buddha (Second Tathagatha)Kondakundacharya: Indian Martin Luther• He was the prominent digambara jain monk Indian Einstein during Satavahanas. Founder of Madhyamika path.• He propagated two Jain Philosophies: • The book which gives information about Shadvadam Nagarjuna was Lankavatara Sutra Anekantha vadam (Maitreya nadha).• He divided Digambara sect into 2 sub-sects. • According to this book, he was born in the Balatkara Gachcham village “Vedali” (is in Telangana according Vakra gachcham to historians).• Literary works of Kondakundacharya: • He established “Nagarjuna University” on Sri Samayasara Pravachanasara Parvatham, this was 2nd University in India Panchastikayasara (1st Taxsila).• Important Jain centres were: Potla • Acharya Nagarjuna was expanded Mahayana Cheruvu (Patancheruvu), Munula gutta Buddhism in Andhra Desham. (Karimnagar), Kolanupaka and Vemulavada. • He built stone arcade to Mahachaitya at3) Buddhism: Amaravati and Shilamantapa at Srisailam.• Buddhism spread to Andhra and Telangana in • Acharya Nagarjuna has written 24 books in the 6th Century B.C during the life time of Sanskrit. The important books are: Gautama Buddha. 1) Suhrullekha:• On the request of Shambhala king • This book is the summary of the conversations Subendran, Gautama Buddha visited between Acharya Nagarjuna and Yajna Sri Amaravati. Satakarni. PNR Publications 17 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• According to Chinese traveller I-tsing, in that Khammam – Nelakondapalli period every student used to by-heart this book. (Bronze Buddha’s statue and White stone2) Ratnavali: stupa was found)• This book discuss about “welfare state Warangal District – Jeelakarragudem concept”. • Nagarjuna Konda was well known for• Nagarjuna explains about the administrative Mahayana Buddhism, Aparashaila policies in this book. Chaitaka Philosophy.3) Pragnaparamita Shastram: • Nagarjuna konda is the great Island Museum• It means Perfection of wisdom. in India.• It is an important book for Mahayana Art & Architecture Buddhism. • The Architecture was known as “AmaravatiOther books of Acharya Nagarjuna: School of Art”. Aarogya Manjari Rasavadham (on physics) Amaravati Stupa: Shunyata Saptathi • situated in Guntur district on the banks of Madhyamika Karika. Krishna River. Rasa Ratnakaram (on Chemistry) • It was identified by Colonel Colin Pragna Paramita Mackenzie (First Director General of Survey of India) in the year 1797.• Nagarjuna started two new philosophies in Mahayana Buddhism. • The perimeter of Amaravati stupa is 435 feet and 20 meters height. 1. Madhyamika School • It was built during the period Pulomavi-II. 2. Sunyata (emptiness) • The symbols related to Buddha’s life are• Acharya Nagarjuna is regarded as “Indian shown on the plate of white stone known as Einstein”. Because his Sunyata Philosophy “Ayakapatakam”. contains “Theory of Relativity” which is similar to Einstein’s concepts. 1) Buddha’s Birth – Lotus• Disciple of Nagarjuna – Aryadeva 2) Mahabhinishkramana – Horse• Aryadeva book was Chittasuddi 3) Enlightenment (Nirvana) – prakaranam. Bodhi / Peepal tree• Aryadeva became the head of Nagarjuna 4) Dharma chakra Parivartan – wheel University after the death of Acharya 5) Mahapariniryana (Death) – Stupa. Nagarjuna. • The Ayakapatakam also has the pictures of• Important Buddhist place / centres in Purna Khumbham and Vinayaka. Satavahana period: • Ferguson have described Amaravati Peddapally District – Dhulikatta Sculptures as Epitome of Indian Nalgonda District – Architecture. Nandikonda, Gajula Banda Stupa’s in Telangana: Suryapet District – Phanigiri • The stupa’s in Dhulikatta and Pashigam in(Here Buddha’s foot & Dharma chakra are found). Telangana are older than Amaravati stupa. 18 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Dhulikatta stupa was built in 2nd century B.C. Aramam: this has the picture of footprints of Buddha. • Aramam is the place where Stupa, Vihara,• On one Plaque of Dhulikatta stupa Chaitya are at one place. Nagamuchilinda’s Sculpture along with 5 • Example of Aramam in Cave: Guntupalli. heads was engraved (on top of footprints of Gauthama Buddha). Paintings• Satavahana’s built Chaitys,Viharas and • The Paintings in 9th and 10th caves in Ajanta Stupas. belong to Satavahanas period. • The Shweta Gaja Jataka / ShaddanthaStupa: Jataka Katha Paintings in the 10th cave of• They are built on the Mortal remains of Ajanta also belong to Satavahana Period. Gauthama Buddha or his associates. • For the 1st time “Completely Evolved• Oldest Stupa in Andhra Pradesh – Painting” was visible in Ajanta. Bhattiprolu. • Ajanta caves are in Aurangabad• The other Stupas are in rock -cut caves, they (Maharashtra). are Guntupalli Stupa (West Godhavari) & • The best sculpture of Satavahana period was Shankaram Stupa. of Lord Shiva with Trishula in Gudimallam.• Stupas are of 3 types: 1) Relics Stupa: contains the Physical Evolution of Telugu Language remains of Buddha and his disciples. • Telugu language evolved during Satavahanas 2) Object Stupa: contains objects which are period. used by Buddha and his disciples. • 1st word in Telugu was Nagabu (Present on 3) Symbolic Stupa: it represents aspects of Amaravati Inscription). Buddhist teachings. • Telugu word in Myakadoni Inscription :• Largest Stupa in the world: Borobudur Stupa Vepuru. in Indonesia. • 1st Chandorupam inTelugu – Kandam.• Largest Stupa in India: Sanchi Stupa. • Telugu words in Hala’s Gatha Saptashati :Vihara: Atta, Addam, Potta, Tuppu, Padi, Pandi, Pilla.• Vihara refers to a Monastery for Buddhist monks.• In Sanskrit Vihara means Dwelling or House.• They are square shaped.
Chaityas:• Prayer halls of Buddhist monks.• These are Rectangular in shape.• Oldest chaitya in Andhra Pradesh – Guntupally• Largest cave chaitya in India – Karle chaitya in Caves (Maharashtra). It was built by Satavahanas. PNR Publications 19 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 Ikshvakus 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 (A.D.220-300) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
• After the decline of Satavahanas, Ikshvakus Birth place of Ikshvakus declared Independence in Coastal Andhra & • There is a difference of opinion regarding the Telangana. birth place of Ikshvakus.• Ikshvakus made “Vijayapuri” as capital and • Kannada Region – Hegel, Stenko ruled the areas present on both the sides of • Tamilnadu – Dr. K. Gopalchary Krishna River. • Natives of Andhra Region – Bishop Caldwell• The other name for Vijayapuri was Sri • North India – Buller, Rapson Parvata, so Ikshvakus are also known as Sri • According to Vishnu Purana, Ikshvakus are Parvateyas (Mentioned in Puranas). from North India.• The Mountain ranges from Nagarjuna Konda • A Portugal Religious Preacher “Bishap to Srisailam are known as “Sri Parvata”. Caldwell” have analyzed the relation between• Old name of Sri Parvata is “Nallamalluru”. Telugu and Dravida languages.• They worshipped the symbol “Ikshu”. In • He wrote a book: “A Comparative Sanskrit, Ikshu means Sugar Cane. Grammar to Dravidian Languages”. • In Nagarjuna konda inscription, Ikshvakus• As per Alluri Inscription, Ikshvakus are claim themselves as the descendants of Sri feudatories to Satavahanas. Rama Chandra (Ikshvaka clan) and Buddha• Alluri inscription was issued by Veera (Sakya Muni). Purusha Datta. • According to Dr. R.G. Bhandarkar, Ikshvakus are Kshatriyas. Ikshvakus • According to P. Subramanyam kshvakus Founder of Dynasty : Sri Shantamula belongs to Chenchu race Capital : Vijayapuri Historical Sources Official Language : Prakrit • Inscriptions of Ikshvakus are found at Symbol / Emblem : Lion Nagarjuna Konda, Jaggayapeta, Ram Religion : Vedic Religion, Reddy Palli, Phanigiri. Buddhism • These inscrptions are in Prakrit language and Brahmi Script. Prominent Sculpture : Mandatha Sculpture • From the period of Ehuvala Santamula, the inscriptions were issued in Sanskrit (Amaravati School language. of Art) • The following were found during the Greatest Ruler : Veera Purusha excavations at Nagarjuna Konda which were Datta of Ikshvakus period (A.D.3rd Cenury).
20 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Fort, Buddha Stupas, Chaitys, Viharas, He donated lakhs of gold coins. He Temples, Bath Tanks. encouraged Professional guilds/ Sreni’s by• First time The remains of Nagarjuna Konda name “Negimalu”. were found by Telugu Assistant Prof. A. He reconstructed the entrance of Srisailam Ranganath Saraswati who worked in at Eleeshwaram (North east direction). Archaeological Department in the year 1926. He cleared forests and brought land under• The Practise of writing Mother’s name in front cultivation. of kings name was taken from Satavahanas He donated lakhs of Cows, Ploughs, and this Practise ended with Ikshvakus. Lands and Gold coins for the development• The book “Dharmamruta” written by of Agriculture. Nayasena reveals the facts of Sri Parvata. • His titles:• Ashwagosha’s Buddha charita reveals Shathasahasra Halaka about the Birth Antecedents of Ikshavakus. Goshathasahasra Mahadhanapati Ikshavaku Rulers Dakshinapadhapati• As per Ikshavakus inscriptions, there are 4 Apratihatha Shasana rulers. • He performed Ashwamedha, Vajapayea, Rajasuya, Agnishotma and Agnihotra1) Vashistaputra Sri Santhamula Yagas. (A.D 220-233): 2) Matariputra Sri Veera Purusha• Founder of Ikshavaku dynasty. Datta(A.D 233-253):• His inscriptions were found at Rentala, He was greatest of all Ikshavaka rulers. • Kesana palli and Dachepally. • His titles are Dakshina Ashoka and• He expanded his kingdom through Ikshavaka Ashoka. Matrimonial Alliances. • Initially he patronized Vedic religion but due• He has two sisters- Shanta Sri, Harmya Sri. to the influence of his aunt Shanta Sri he• Shanta Sri married Skanda Sri of Pugiya embraced Buddhism. He was the only ruler Clan. in Ikshavakus who Patronized Buddhism.• His son Veera Purusha Datta married • His period was known as “Golden Era in Rudra Battarika, daughter of Rudradaman the history of Mahayana Buddhism” (King of Ujjain). • During his period, Nagarjuna Konda became• He patronized Vedic/Vaidika religion. popular as “Southern Gaya”.• He was the devotee of “Kartikeya”. He also • He established Sri Parvata University, 1st worshipped Mahasena Virupaksha Buddhist University in India. Subramaniya Swamy. • His aunt Shanta Sri had built “Maha chaitya”• He extended his support to Brahmins by (on the Mortal remains of Buddha) at donating villages(Agraharas) and lands. Nagarjuna konda.• He issued Rentala and Dachepally (Prakrit) • As per Nagarjuna Konda Inscription, Shanta inscriptions. These inscription mentions about Sri did many donations for Brahmins and poor him as follows: people, sramanas. PNR Publications 21 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Veera Purusha Datta married 4 daughters of 7 Viharas at Papila and 3 Viharas at Shanta Sri. From his Period, the practice of Erumuthuva. Marrying aunt’s daughter has started. Bhava Viveka:• There is a picture of Veera Purusha Datta • He was a Buddhist preacher who lived at hitting Shivalinga with his legs at Nagarjuna Nagarjuna Konda during Veera Purusha Konda. By this it is evident that he hated Datta. He started two Traditions in Buddhism. Shaivism. Svatantra Madhyamika Tradition• Many Buddhist sculptures of Ikshavaku’s period were excavated at Nagarjuna Konda. Nyaya Prayoga Tradition These are known as “Manaviya • His literary works were Sculptures”. Tarkajvala Prajna Pradeepa• Inscriptions of Veera Purusha Datta: Karathala Ratna Alluri Inscription • Chinese Traveller Hiuentsang mentioned Jaggaiah peta Inscription about Bhava Viveka. Nagarjuna Konda Inscription 3) Ehubala Santamula Amaravati Inscription (A.D. 253-277): Uppugunduru Inscription • Other names of Ehubala Santamula were:Upasika Bodhisri: Vashistiputra Bahubala Santamula• She was a Buddhist patron and she did Santamula-II tremendous work for the spread of Buddhism. Vashmibatta Ehubala Santamula• She was niece of Bodhi Sharma who was • The practice of adopting Grandfather’s Treasurer during the Veera Purusha Datta names started with Ikshvakus. Period. • During his period, Prakrit was replaced by• She was the daughter of Revantha of Sri Sanskrit as official Language, the usage Parvata. of Sanskrit Language in inscriptions started.• Her “Upasika Inscription” at Amaravati tells • In south India, 1st Sanskrit Inscription was us about her efforts for Buddhism. issued by Ehubala Santamula, at Nagarjuna• She built Buddhist monastery at Konda – Gummadi Gurru Inscription. Chuladammagiri on Nagarjuna Konda. • He patronised Vedic Religion, Buddhism• She constructed a platform for Bodhi tree at and Hinduism developed during his period. Simhala Vihara. • He was the 1st ruler to built Hindu templesOther constructions of Upasika: in South India. Constructed Shila Mantapam in front of • He built Pushpa Bhadra Swamy temple at Paruvata Vihara. Nagarjuna Konda. Mantapashala at Purvashila. Other temples were constructed at Nagarjuna Prayer hall at Devagiri. Konda during his period: Chaitya at Kuhala Vihara. Kartikeya temple Vihara on top of Mahadammagiri. Pushpa Bhadra Swamy temple
22 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Nodagiri swamy temple Administration and Trade Harathi temple • Ikshvakus have followed Satavahana’s Kubera Swamy temple administrative system with little difference. Navagraha temple • Ikshvakus have divided kingdom into states.• During that period, women used to offer • Alluri and Amaravati Inscription mentions bangles at saptamatruka of Harathi temple for about States. Progeny. During that period, 5 villages put together were• His army chief : Yelisri. Yelisri built a city • known as “Eleeshwaram”. known as “Gram Panchak”, head of village was “Talavara”.• Yelisri built a Shiva temple by name “Sarva Devalayam”. • Main Occupation was Agriculture.• During Ehubala Santamula’s period, King • Main source of income to state was Land Tax Vasu Sena of Abhira Dynasty invaded on (Revenue Tax). Ikshvaku’s Kingdom. • Land Tax was known as “Bhaga” and it was• According to Nagarjuna konda inscription, 1/6th part of crop produce. king Vasu Sena of Abhira dynasty have • Tax collected in the form of money was Dheya ruled Vijayapuri for 5 years. / Hiranya, tax in the form of produce was• The army chief of Vasu Sena was Shiva Sena, Meya. Shiva Sena built Astabhuja Swamy temple • Ghantasala was the main port city during the at Nagarjuna Konda, it was 1st Vishnu period. temple in South India. • Vishavatti Inscription tells us about the4) Rudra Purusha Datta artisans during Ikshvakus period. (A.D. 283-301): • Artisans formed into Shreni’s or Guilds for• Last ruler of Ikshvakus. doing Business.• Pallava King “Simha Varma” defeated Pusika Shreni – Dealt with Sweets Rudra Purusha Datta and annexed kingdom Parnika Shreni – of Ikshvakus. This is revealed from Dealt with Betel Leaves Manchikallu Inscription. • During Ikshvakus, the trade with Roman• Manchikallu inscription was issued by empire was at its Peaks. Pallava king “Veera Kurcha Varma”. • Roman’s gold coins were found at Nagarjuna• Ancient Pallava’s were responsible for the Konda and Jaggaiah Peta. downfall of Ikshvakus. This information was • The trade unions were known as “Negimas”. found on Maidavolu Inscription which was • After the downfall of Satavahanas, the village issued by Shiva Skanda Varma. way of living was increased and villages• After the decline of Ikshvakus, their thrived for Self-Sufficiency, Urban way of Feudatories “Brihatpalayanas” declared living was decreased. Independence.
PNR Publications 23 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Cultural Conditions Architecture• During Ikshvakus, there is a development in • Nagarjuna Konda became main centre for many fields like Art, Architecture and Amaravati School of Art. Literature. • Mahayana Buddhism was followed in the• Except Veera Purusha Datta, other 3 rulers Architectural work. Patronized Vedic Religion. • Practise of Sati was first found in Amaravati• Official religion of Ikshvakus was Shaivism. Sculptures.• But they also Patronized Buddhism. Mandhata Sculpture:• During the period of Veera Purusha Datta, • Important Sculpture during Ikshvakus Period, Buddhism spread into Andhra. this is present in Jaggaiah pet.• Adavi Shanta Sri donated Buddhist • This revealed the pictures of Kings for the 1st Monastries and Viharas for Buddhist monks time. at Nagarjuna Konda. • The Practise of writing the names of• Veera Purusha Datta’s daughter sculptors on sculptures and Temples “Kodabalisiri” constructed Buddhist Vihara started during Ikshvakus period. The Practice at Nagarjuna Konda. of writing date, year and tidhi on inscriptions• Amaravati was a Main centre for Purva also started during this period. Shaili’s sect of Buddhism and Nagarjuna • The name of sculpture “Badhanthacharya” Konda was a Main centre for Apara shaili’s is seen on Vihara at Nagarjuna Konda. sect of Buddhism. • The Universities in Amaravati and• For the 1st time, the Nikayas in Buddhist Nagarjuna Konda have gained popularity. Scriptures were read in the form of “Mantras”. • The Nagarjuna Konda became Prominent• The construction of consecration Pillars also Buddhist arama in 2nd Century A.D. started. These were Constructed in Buddhist • The important construction in Nagarjuna Stupas after the desires were fulfilled. Konda was acoustic centre. Note: In 2015 January, during the excavations • Important stupa which was built during at Phanigiri Buddhist site in Suryapet Ikshvakus was at Nelakondapally. District, the Vessel made up of copper and glass was found near Mahastupa which • The Copper statue of Buddha and 9 statues belonged 3rd century A.D.. of Budda engraved on white marble stone of Ikshvakus period were found during• The statue of Buddha with 4 heads was excavations at Nelakondapally. excavated in 2015 January at Singa Rayaloddi in Karimnagar. • One Buddha stupa and two lion toys made with white stone were found at Gajula Banda.• Acharya Nagarjuna’s disciple Aryadeva wrote a book “Chittasuddhi Prakaranam”. Other Constructions:• Sanskrit language Developed during Sarvadevalayam in Eleeshwaram. Ikshvakus period, even though their Court Sapta Matrukala Statues at Chejarla. language is Prakrit. 24 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Veerapuram Temple. Konidena, Peddamudiyam Sculptures.• “Viragal” is the Practice of installing the statues of Martyr. This started from Ikshvakus period.
Notable Buddhists1. Buddha Ghosa (5th Century)• He preached Hinayana Buddhism.• He lived at “Simhala Vihara” in Nagarjuna Konda.• He wrote commentaries on Tripitakas known as “Vibasha or Visuddimaga”.
2. Buddha Palita (5th & 6th century):• He was the founder of Prasangika Madhyamika School.
3. Maitreya Natha:• He started Yogakara school of Buddhism.
4. Dignaga (5th Century):• He was known as “Father of Logic in India”.• His books were: Pramana Samuchchaya Nyaya Pravesha Hethu Chakra Damaru
5. Dharma keerti (6th & 7th Century):• He was known as “Kant of India”.• His works are Pramana Vartika, Nyaya Bindu and Hetu Bindu.
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• 1 st Capital of Vishnukundins was Vishnukundinas Amarapuram / Indrapuram / Founder of : Indra Varma (Maha Indrapalanagaram. Dynasty Rajendra Varma) • Amarapuram is the Amrabad mandal Capital Cities : Indrapala Nagaram, headquarters in Mahabubnagar. Keesara, Amarapuram, Denduloor. • Presently Indrapalanagaram is in the outskirts of Tummalagudem of Valigonda Religion : Vedic Religion. Mandal in today’s Yadadri District. Official Language : Sanskrit • 2nd Capital : Denduloor (West Godavari Official emblem : Lion with raised Paw district). Last ruler : Manchana Bhattaraka • Vishnukundina were awarded a title Presiding Deity : Sri Parvata Swamy “Trikutamalaya” by the Kandara kings. (Srisaila Mallikarjuna) • Information regarding Vishnukundin’s is in Greatest Ruler : Madhava Varma -II “Tummalagudem Inscription”. Special Character: Encouraged Human • 1st Tummalagudem inscription was given by Sacrifice Govinda Varma-I. Architecture : Cave Temples (Undavalli) • 2nd Tummlagudem inscription was given by• They described themselves as “Amara Vikramendra Bhattaraka. pureesha’s” and disciples of Sri Parvata • The kingdom of Vishnukundin’s is compared Swamy Coins had the symbol of “Nandi”. with the Kaustubha (Divine Jewel or Ratnam)• Historians opine that the native place of of Lord Vishnu. Vishnukundinas is Amarabad mandal • They brought luster to Brahmins & Kshtriyas (today’s Munnuru) in Mahabubnagar district. by performing “Hiranyagarbha” yagam. They extended their kingdom from this place. • According to historian Keel horn,• Near to this place, there is famous Piligrimage Vishnukundi word is the Sanskritised version place “Uma maheshwaram”. This place is of Vinukonda. Vishnukundina’s were the famous for a specific bees Mango tree, the feudatories of Vakatakas. Bees comes out from the fruits of this tree when they are opened. Historical Sources• As a part of Sanskritization, they changed the Literary Sources: Name of capital from Mamidipuram to Janashraya Chandovicchiti Amarapuram. In Sanskrit, Mango is known Setubandu as “Amram”. 26 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureInscriptions: Inscription Place 1. Tummalagudem Copper Inscriptions-2 Valigonda Mandal, Yadadri District. 2. Chaitanyapuri Rock Inscription Hyderabad 3. Keesaragutta Rock Inscription Rangareddy 4. Saleshwara Rock Inscription Amrabad, Nagarkurnool 5. Velupuru Rock Inscription Guntur 6. Eepuru Copper Inscriptions-2 Guntur 7. Ramatirtha Copper Inscription Vishakapatnam 8. Chikkulla Copper Inscription Thuni, East Godavari 9. Tumdi Copper Inscription Thuni, East Godavari 10. Palamuru Copper Inscription East Godavari 11. Khanapur Copper Inscription Satara (Maharashtra)
Vishnukundina Rulers • He issued Tummalagudem Inscription and Indrapalanagaram Inscription.Indra Varma (Maha Rajendra • Indrapalanagaram Bronze Inscription wasVarma) (A.D 358-370) the 1 st Sanskrit Inscription found in Telangana.• His title was “Priya Putra”. • He built “Govinda vihara” on his name on• He was the 1st Vishnukundina Ruler. the banks of Musi river in Chaitanyapuri• He issued Ramatirtha Inscription. (Hyderabad) and issued Chaitanyapuri• He made Indrapalanagaram (Tummala- Inscription in Prakrit. gudem) as his capital and ruled from there. • 1 st Prakrit Inscription in Telangana:Madhava Varma -I (A.D. 370-398) Chaitanyapuri Inscription. • He was the only ruler in the of Vishnukundin’s• His title was “Vikra Mahendra”. who patronized Buddhism.• He changed the capital from Vinukonda to • His wife “Parama Bhattarika” built Maha Keesara. vihara for Buddhist monks at Indrapala-• He Engraved the caves at Undavalli, nagaram. King Govinda Varma donated Bhairava kona and Moghal rajapuram. “Penkapara” (Enmadala) village for this• He married princes of Vakatakas. Maha vihara.• He brought “Rushika Mandal” into his • Penkapara is a village in present day control. In those days Telangana was known Mothkur mandal of Yadadri district. as “Rushika Mandal”. • Later Vikramendra Bhattaraka Varma,• The areas under Rushika Mandal were donated the village “Irundera” for the Maha Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Khammam and vihara built by Parama Bhattarika. Rangareddy districts. • He defeated Pallavas and expanded hisGovinda Varma-I kingdom till “Gundlakamma” river.• Capital: Indrapalanagaram. • He declared himself as “Swanaya Bujalotsaha Prabavanuragavyapti• He was greatest of early Vishnukundin’s. Swarjyena” PNR Publications 27 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureMadhava Varma -II (A.D. 435-470) Titles of Madhav Varma -II:• • “Janaasraya” He was the greatest and most powerful ruler.• His period was known as “Golden era”. • “Trivarnagara Bhavanagata Sundari• He changed capital from Indrapalanagaram to Hrudaya Spandana” Denduloor. • “Pragdhikshinapadamboonidhireva• His Inscriptions describe him as a “Literate, Saritsalilavalaya”. brave and reasonable, fair ruler • Madhav Varma-II as mark of his victories, (Balasatva dairya vidya vinaya fixed “Shivalingas” at Keesaragutta. Sampanna). • He constructed “Ramalingeshwara” temple• He expanded his kingdom by invading at every place where he won the war. neighbouring Kingdoms. • Copper edict of Madhav Varma-II found• He defeated Shalankayas and Anandagotri’s at Khanapoor Villagre of Maharashtra. and annexed “Vengi”. • He issued following inscription:• He defeated Pallavas and Vakatakas also. Eepuru inscription-I• He performed “Ashwamedha yagas, Purusha Khanapur inscription (Satara district,MH) Medha and 1000 other rituals as a mark of Velpuru inscription his victory. • According to Velpuru Inscription, he• He was the 1st to perform Naramedha yaga installed / fixed the statue of Lord Ganapati. (Human Sacrifice). This was only dynasty • Some Historians opine that Janaashraya in Andhra to perfom this type of sacrifice. Chandovicchiti was written by Madhav• He Patronized Vedic religion. Varma-II (but some say that it was written• During his period, the buddhist caves at by Gunaswamy), It was the 1st Sanskrit Moghalrajapuram & Undavalli were Lakshanagrandha in Telangana. changed into Hindu Temples. • Lakshanagrandhas Provide the framework• He demolished Buddha statue at Undavalli and relating to Classical music & dance. carved a statue of Lord Vishnu in that place. The statue of Lord Vishnu is in Sleeping Vikramendra Varma position. This is Present day Anantha • According to Indrapalanagar Inscription, the padmanaba Swamy temple. titles of Vikramendra Varma are:• He carved Purna Kumba at Undavalli caves. ParamasogathsyaTemples built by Madhav Varma-II (Intellectual as Gautama Buddha) Keesara – Ramalingeshwara Temple. Maha kavi. Cheruvughattu (Nalgonda) – • He was also known as “Vishnukundina, Jadala Ramalingeshwara Temple Vakataka Vamshadwayalankara Janma” Shadnagar (Ranga Reddy) – Ramalingeshwara Temple Madhav Varma-3 Indrapalanagaram – Amareshwara temple • His titles were Trikuta Malayadipati and Mallikarjuna temple Alisitha Vividadivya. Rameshwara temple • He destroyed Kandara dynasty (Ananda Puligilla (Valigonda) – Gotrika) and gained the title Trikuta Ramalingeshwara temple Malayadipati. 28 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureVikramendra Bhattaraka Varma Phaladhara – the one who estimates the(Vikramendra Varma-II) quantity of crop produce to be given to the state.• His titles were: Setti – officer incharge of crop produce Sakala Bhuvana Measurement given to the state. Rakshabaranaikashraya and Akshapataladhikari – Head of archives Uttama Ashraya / He protects government Documents.• He issued inscriptions namely: Tummallagudem inscription -2 Economic Conditions & Trade: Tundi inscription • During Vishnukundin’s, Self Sufficient rural Chikkuluru inscription economy was prevailed.• He donated “Tundi” Village to Brahmins. • They implemented different methods for development of agriculture.Madhava Varma-4 • During this period, trade took place with Rome• He issued polamuru-2 & Eepuru-2 and Greece along with East Asian countries. inscriptions. • The importance of international trade is evident from the title “Trisamudradipathi” given toIndra Bhattaraka Varma Madhav Varma -2.• He Established Ghatkeshwaram (Ghatika centres) near Keesara. Coins:• During his period, Ghatika’s were Established • The coins were made up of Copper and Iron. which were Hindu educational centres. • The coins were minted with the words “Sri Parvata” and had symbols of Lion andMancha Bhattaraka Varma Shankha (Cone).• He was the last ruler of Vishnukundins. • According to Chinese traveller Fa-hein, the• According to “Tandivada” inscription, shells were also used as Currency during Prudhvi Mularaju defeated Mancha Vishnukundin’s period. Bhattaraka Varma and annexed • Other Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang had Vishnukundin’s Kingdom. mentioned that there were golden Buddha Cultural Conditions idols statues on Sri Parvata. But at present, these are present at Amaravati.• Vishnukundin’s have divided Kingdom into • Based on this, we can say that goldsmith were States and Vishayas for administration. good at their work.• During Vishnukundin’s period, there were • A sniff box of 7 centimetres size ( made of army chiefs for different wings of army. cast iron, was in mango shape) was found at Hastikosha – Head of Elephantry Keesara Gutta is another evidence. Veerakosha – Head of Infantry • During excavation in Kudali• Other officers were: Sangameshwaram near Alampur, the golden Rajjuka – Land Surveyor, the one who coins of Roman emperor Constantine (A.D. Measures the land using thread and decides 306-337) were found. ayacut (the area by an Irrigation project). PNR Publications 29 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureSocial Conditions: Religious Conditions:• During their period, caste system was Vedic Religion: Strengthened. • Vishnukundin’s followed Vedic religion.• Madhav Varma used to bow down and • Their family presiding diety was “Sri Parvata touch the feet of his parents regularly, by this Swamy”. we can tell that people used to respect their • By their names we can know that they parents and elders. patronized vedic religion.• In their inscriptions it is mentioned that “ • They were the 1st to built Hindu cave Vishnu Kundinulu Danamanadula che temples in south india. Anuraktamagu Varnashrama Swajana • Ikshvakus were 1st to built Hindu temples. Parijanulu”. • The Uma Maheshwaram temple (at Amrabad) in Sri Parvatam was known as theJudiciary: Northern Gateway for Srisailam.• Vishnukundin’s were known for their Judiciary. • Being the followers of Vedic religion also, they• Madhav Varma–2 had invented Judicial did not hate other religions. Proceedings Known as “Divya’s”. Jainism:• Madhav Varma had punished his son with • During Vishnukundin’s period, Srisailam was death sentence as he drown the cart and a great jain centre later it became great crushed a son of Tamarind merchant to death. Shaiva centre. • This was mentioned in “Dharma Literature - Religion Amarutham” written by Jain poet Nyaya• Vishnukundin’s were the first to make Sena. “Sanskrit” as official Language. Buddhism:• In Chikkulla Copper inscription given by • Jainism was degraded due to “kapalika” sect King Vikramendra Bhattaraka Varma, the of Jainism. telugu word “Vijayarajya • The Prominent Buddhist Guru during Samvastharambul” was found. Vishnukundin’s was Dignaga. His famous• A true telugu word “Tolchuvandlu” was Sanskrit literary work was “Pramana inscripted on a big rock at Keesara gutta. Samucchaya”.• Title of Indra Bhattaraka Varma : • Dignaga taught “Yogachara” methods. “GhatikaVastha Punya Sanchaya”, • Dignaga was the last Buddhist Guru in Telugu• Title of Madhav Varma -2: “Vidya Dvijaguda states. Vistha Vruda Tapasvi Janashraya”. • He debated with “Eshwar Krishna”, a poet• Govinda Varma was known as of Vengi. “Shadabignya”. • Duggipalli Duggena of Vishnukundin’s period• By all the above titles, we can say that kings wrote “Nachiketopakyanam”. of Vishnukundin’s were great poets and • Great Buddhist place during Vishnukundin’s Patrones of Poets. was “Bojjana Konda”.
30 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Symbolic stupa during their period was • Uma Maheshwaram has become the “Lingala Mettu”. Northern gateway for Srisailam.• Vishnukundin’s were the last rulers, who • The Shiva Linga designed by Pallavas and patronised Buddhism. Nagara Bheri which was made by• During 5th century A.D, a new Buddhist sect Vishnukundin’s are still present at Uma “Vajrayana” entered Amaravati and Maheshwaram temple. Nagarjuna Konda. • On the walls of Saleshwaram cave temples• Buddhism lost its sanctity because the following words “Vishvesha kakkalasa” “Vajrayana” sect have allowed are inscribed in Brahmi script. This was found women,alcohol and encouraged black magic. by Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana.• Due to Vajrayana sect finally Buddism Caves During Vishnukundins: destroyed and lost people’s faith.• Later, the Brahmins changed the minds of Moghal rajapuram Caves (Krishna people by saying that “Buddha” was the 9th district): incarnation of Vishnu and changed all the • Total 5 caves are there in Moghalrajapuram. Buddhist centres into Vaishnava temples / • 5th cave is the largest. It contains the statue of centres. “Arthanarishvara”. This cave is known as “Shiva Tandava” cave. Art – Architecture • Astabhuja Narayana Swamy and• The special features in the temples built by Trivikramavatara statues are present. Vishnukundin’s were Garbagriha, Mukha Undavalli Caves (Krishna district): Mandapam and Artha Mandapam. • It has 3 caves. The middle one is the largest.• The official emblem of Vishnukundinas Ananta Padmanabhaswamy temple is roaring lions statues at Bhuvanagiri fort are present in the caves. the evidences to say that Bhuvanagiri fort was first built by Vishnukundinas. • This caves contain inscription as “Utpathi Pidugu”.• Buddhist centres during Vishnukundin’s period were Phanigiri and Nelakondapally. • “Purna Kumbha” is present on this caves.
• The Buddhist stupa at Nelakondapally was Akkanna – Madanna caves: known as “Virat Stupa”, later it came to be • These caves are constructed by known as throne of “Virata Raja”. Vishnukundin’s.• Chaitya decorations (Buddhist Aramas) are • These are present near Kanaka Durga temple seen on the caves of Gouri Gundam in Vijayawada. waterfalls and L. Madugu near Manthani city of Peddapalli District.• Komati caves near L. Madugu belongs to the contemporary Jaina aramas.• The Great Shaiva-shakti temples Uma Maheshwaram, Saleshwaram caves and Alampur are near by Amaravati, which is the birth place of Vishnukundin’s. PNR Publications 31 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 Vemulawada Chalukyas 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 (A.D.750-973) 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
Vemulawada Chalukyas: Literary Sources: • Progenitor: Satya Shraya rana Vikrama Pampa Kavi – Vikramarjuna Vijayam • Founder of the Kingdom: Somadeva Suri – Vinayaditya Yuddha Malla Yashastilaka champu Kavyam, • Capital: Bodhan, Vemulawada Nitivakyamrita • Greatest ruler: Arakesari-II Malliya Rechana – Kavijanashrayam• Vemulawada Chalukyas were the Feudatories • Nelaturi Venkataramanaiah did research of Rashtrakutas. regarding the present available (political• According to historian B.N.Shastri, History) information related to Vemulawada Vemulawada Chalukyas being the Feudatories Chalukyas. of Rashtrakutas ruled Sapadalaksha region (Present Karimnagar, Nizamabad regions) by Vemulawada Chalukyas - making Bodhan and Vemulawada as their Capitals. Rulers• “Sapadalaksha” means a kingdom with one Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla: lakh 25 thousand villages. • He was founder of the kingdom• They ruled over North-western region of “Vemulawada Chalukyas”. Telangana. • He was an Army chief of Rashtrakuta king• Vemulawadaa Chalukyas: 1st capital – Bodhan Dantidurga. Being an army chief fought many 2nd capital – Vemulawada wars and battles and conquered “Chitrakuta• Main sources of history are inscriptions and Fort”. Impressed by this Dantidurga gave literature. “Sapadalaksha” Kingdom to Vikramaditya Yuddhamalla.Inscriptions: • According to Mallinada Suri, Chitrakutam• Arikesari I: Kollipara Copper inscription is the present day Ramagiri in Karimnagar.• Arikesari II: • During their period, Karimnagar & Nizamabad Vemulawada Copper inscription were known as Asmanta Sabbinadu. Chennur inscription (A.D. 941) • According to book “Vikramarjuna Karimnagar inscription (A.D. 946) Vijayam”, the ruler Vinayaditya had largest• Arikesari III: Parbhani Copper inscription number of elephantry. (A.D. 966) • According to Kollipara inscription, he• Beeragruha: Kuravagattu Rock inscription defeated kings of Turkish, Magadha, Kalinga (Mahabub nagar)• Jina vallabha: Kurkkyala inscription etc and those kings performed “Paada (A.D.940) Pooja” of Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla. 32 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureArikesari-I: • On the instructions of Indra -III, he waged• He changed the capital from Bodhan to war against Laata, Sapta Malava kingdoms Vemulawada. of Northern region and also collected “Kappam” from them.• He issued Kollipara inscription. • According to Vemulawada inscription, he built• He donated “Belmoga” village to the Shaiva Victory pillar at Kalapriya (today’s Kalfi), Guru “Mugdha Shivacharya” for after defeating Gurjara Pratihara king educational Purpose. “Mahipala” at Kanyakubjam.• According to Kollipara inscription, • During his time, Jain structures (Jain Arikesari-I was well educated and well versed choumukhalu) were built at Vemulawada. in Archery and Ayruveda. Arikesari -2 (A.D. 930-955):Titles of Arikesri – I: • He was the greatest of the Vemulawada Samastha Lokashraya Chalukyas, he encouraged Kannada literature. Raja Trinethra • His court poet Pampa Kavi has written Tribhuvana Malla Vikramarjuna vijayam. In this,he equated Sahasarayadi Arikesari 2 with Arjuna.• Contemporary Rashtrakuta kings were • Arikesari-2 donated Dharmapuri village in Dhruva and Govinda-II. jagityal taluka as Agrahara to Pampa Kavi. • He gave “Kavita Gunaranava” title toBaddega-I (A.D. 850 – 895): Pampa Kavi.• Baddega-I title: Soladaganda (means a • Arikesari-2 built Jain temple on his name at warrior who won 42 wars). Bodhan, i.e., Arikesari Jinalayam• He built a temple called Baddegeswara • Arikesari-2 defeated Rashtrakuta king temple, which was later recognised as Govinda-IV and made his step brother Bhimeswara temple of Vemulawada. Baddega (3rd Amoghavarsha) as a ruler in• “Kolleru War” was fought between place of Govinda-IV. Baddega-I and Vengi ruler Chalukya Bhima-I. • According to the Badega inscription which• After winning the Kolleru war, Baddega-I tied was found in Agastheswara temple near Chalukya Bhima as Crocadile in Kolleru lake Chennur, Arikesari-2 extended the kingdom house. This is mentioned in Parbhani from Bodhan to Chennur. inscription. • Arikesari -II married “Revakanirmadi”,• Eastern Chalukya Gunaga Vijayaditya was daughter of Rashtrakuta king Indra-III and also also defeated by Baddega-I. married Lokambika, a Rashtrakuta Princess.• Kusumayudha of Mudigonda Chalukya • He issued Vemulawada Rock inscription defeated Baddega-I. in Sanskrit. • His Army chief Peddanaryudu built AdityaNarasimha-2 (A.D. 915-930): temple at Vemulawada. Arikesari-II donated• He was the feudatory king of Indra-III of the 100 Nivarthana’s of land for this temple on Rashtrakuta dynasty. Sankranti festival.
PNR Publications 33 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureTitles of Arikesari-II: Arikesari – III (A.D.965-973): Gunarnava Samanta Chudamani • He was the last ruler of Vemulawada Pambarankusha Tribhuvanamalla Chalukyas. Gunanidhi Udaatta Narayana • He issued two copper plate inscriptions. Ammanaganda Varna They are Vajrapinjara Saranagatha 1) Parbhani inscription 2) Karimnagar copper inscription.Vegaraju (A.D. 955-960): • He made Vemulawada as his capital and• He was the feudatory king of Rashtrakuta ruled. ruler Krishna-III. • He donated “Repaka” village to Subhadama• Vegaraju made “Gangadhara” city as his Jinalaya built by Baddega-II for Somadeva capital. Suri. This is now located in Siricilla taluk.• Somadeva Suri mentioned in his book • His titles are: “Yashastilaka Champu Kavya”, that he Pambaramkusha finished this book when Vegaraju was along Vidyadhara with Krishna-III at Yelpadi (Chittoor) in Samantha Chudamani A.D. 959. VikramarjunaBaddega – II / Bhadradeva Adminstration -(A.D. 960 – 965):• Bhadradeva had built a jainist Math with the Economic Conditions name “Subhadama Jinalaya” at • King is the supreme authority. Vemulawada. This was built for his guru • The important officers were Mahasandhi “Somadeva Suri”. Vigraha, Tantrapala and Satradipala.• “Bommalagattu Region” flourished as a • Village was under the control of 12 officers. centre of Jainism during his rule. • Gaunda, Goud, Patel and Reddy were theSomadeva Suri: officers.• He was a Jain Preacher. He wrote following • The Professions during this period were books. Bronze-making, Weavers and Charmakar’s (cobbler’s). Yashastilaka Champu Kavya (Yashodara Charitha) • The land tax was 1/6 of the total crop produce, is main source of income. Neeti Kavyamruta • Apart from the tax Payable by individual, the Yukta Chintamani whole village used to pay tax yearly once. This Sannavati Prakaranam was known as “Gramawar Method”.• Titles of Somadeva Suri were: Shadwadha chala simha Judiciary: Tarkikachakravarthy • King is the supreme Judicial authority. Vakkallola Payonidhi • In states, Rashtradipati was judge and in Vadhiba Sanchanana Vishayas, Vishayadipati was Judge.
34 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During this period, the special judges by name Kolanupaka: “Pradvivaka” were appointed. • This is present in Yadadri district (Previously• “Mithakshara” book of Vignaneshwara Nalgonda). This was the great Jain centre. and Neeti kavyamruta of Somadeva Suri Initially it was a Shaiva centre. were considered as Dharma Shastra books • Digambara statue of Vardhamana is present during their period. here.Religious Conditions: Constructions:• Jainism was Prominent during their Period. • Hundred Pillar Indra Narayana temple• Vemulawada Chalukyas built many jaina present in Bodhan was built during temples by Patronizing Jainism. Vemulawada Chalukya’s period. This temple• The capitals of Vemulawada Chalukyas, was changed as Daval Masjid during “Vemulawada” and Podhanapuram Aurangazeb Period. (Bodhan) were the Jain centres. • Rajarajeswara temple in Vemulawada was built in 11th Century by Mahamandaleshwara• Pottla Cheruvu (Patancheru) had 500 Jain Rajaditya (feudatory king of Vikramaditya- homes. IV). This was initially jain temple later changed• Popular Jain Monk during this Period was into Shiva temple. Somadeva Suri. • According to Vemulawada inscription of• Baddega-II built “Subhadama jinalaya” for Arikesari-II, the 4 main temples in Somadeva Suri in Vemulawada. For this Vemulawada and their dieties. Arikesari -III had donated “Vanikatupalli” Temples Sthanadipati village. Rajarajeswara temple Mallikarjuna• Pampa Kavi’s brother Jina vallabha was Jain Aditya Gruham Vyakatilinga follower. Nagareshwara temple Vyakyana Bhattarika• Jina vallabha issued “kurkyala inscription” Baddegeshwara temple Vidyarani in Karimnagar and built “Chakreshwara” temple near Kurkyala (Jain diety).• The inscription on Bommala Varmagutta in Literature which the 1st Telugu kanda poem was visible. • Vemulawada Chalukya’s encouraged telugu and kannada literature.• The Jain’s education starts with the sutra “Om • Court poets of Arakesari-II were Pampa Namo Sidhamnamo”. Kavi,• The important Jain centres at the time of • Malliya Rechana and Padma Kavi (Telugu Vemulawada Chalukya’s were: Poets). Vemulawada Malliya Rachana’s “Kavijanasrayam” is Anumakonda (Hanumakonda) the earliest work of Telugu Prosody (basic Kolanupaka rhythm of verses in Telugu poetry). Bodhan • Padma kavi wrote “Jinendra Puranam” in telugu. Pottla Cherruvu (Patancheru)
PNR Publications 35 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePampa kavi: • The 1st three Kannada poets are known as “Kannada Trayam” (three gems of Kannada• His titles: Kannada Aadi kavi and “ poetry) – Jain poets. Kavitha Gunarnava”. Pampa Kavi• He belongs to “Vangiparru” village in Guntur. Ponna – book Shantipuranam• He is first in kannada, Aadi kavi of kannada Ranna – book Ajithanatha Puranam literature. Vemulavada Bhimakavi:• Literary works of Pampa Kavi • Literary works: Aadi Puranam (on Rishaba nadha) Raghava Pandeeveeyam Pampa Bharatham (Translation of Shathakandara Ramayanam Mahabharatha in Kannada), it is also known as Vikramarjuna Vijayam. Jina Vallabha:• Pampa kavi’s Grave is present in Bodhan fort • Book: Mahaveera swamy Stotram. wall. • Titles: Sakala Kalapraveena, Gunapaksha pathi, Bhavyaratnakara. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 Mudigonda Chalukyas 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
• Mudigonda Chalukya’s ruled • Mudigonda Chalukya’s were the feudatories “Manchikondanadu” by making Mudigonda of Vengi (Eastern) Chalukyas. (Khammam) as their capital. Mudigonda is • They ruled feudatories of eastern chalukyas in Koravi Seema of Telangana. from A.D. 850 to Kakatiya’s Rudradeva’s• The Khammam and Warangal regions are period for about 3 and half centuries. called as Koravi Seema.• The eastern region of koravi Seema was called Historical Sources: as Manchikondanadu. Moghali Cheruvu inscription,• Other name for Koravi seema is Koravi Copper Inscription (A.D.935), “Visurunadu”. Guduru inscription of Viryala ( A.D.1124), Mudigonda Chalukya’s: Krivvaka (Kukkanuru) inscription of The founder of the clan : Gonagudu. Kusumayudha. The founder of the kingdom: Kokkiraju. • The Moghali Cheruvu inscription issued by the Kokkiraja describes about the dynasty Progenitor : Ranamarda. of Mudigonda Chalukyas. Capital: Mudigonda (Khammam) • According to this Moghali Cheruvu inscription, Official emblem: Necklace (Kantaka Haram) Kokkoraja and Ranamardha both were Brothers. They Established their kingdom by Greatest ruler : Kusumayudha – I making mudigonda as capital. Last ruler : Nagathi Raju.
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Rulers / Political History Sankranthi festival. This inscription which explain donation had ithihasa poems.Kokkiraju: • Koravi inscription explains about political• Titles: Pravardhamana, Vijaya. condition and administration.• Founder of the dynasty. Kusumayudha–IV:Ranamardha • According to Moghali cheruvu inscription, he• He was the “Progenitor” of the dynasty. donated Moghalicheruvu village to a• According to Moghalicheruvu inscription, he Brahmin called “Gonaya”. was described as second Rama. Betaraja – I (A.D. 1075-1100):• He defeated Chiyya king and got “Garuda • Betharaju-1 came to power after his father Dvaja Sthambam”. Kusumayudha -IV death.• He was having great “Vetala Dvajam” which • From that time, conflicts started in the was with Ravanasura in those days. kingdom.• Ranamardha wore necklace known as • Kakartya Gundana defeated Betaraja and “Kantiya” and it was his official emblem. occupied the Koravi region.Kusumayudha-I (A.D. 870 – 895): • Later, Betaraja-I took the help of the ruler of• He was the contemporary of Chalukya Viriyala and regained his Kingdom. Bhima-I of Eastern Chalukyas. Kusumayudha – V:According to Koravi inscription: • Title – Muttenegalla.• He was the feudatory king to 1 Chalukya st
Bhima of Vengi Chalukya. Kusumayudha – VI: • Title – Marbala Kesari.• He played important role in Vengi Chalukya – Manyakheta conflicts. • his contemporary was “Rudradeva” of Kakatiya dynasty.• This inscription explains about his victories. According to Krivvaka inscription,• Chalukya Bhima donated a Village called • Rudradeva defeated him. After this defeat , “Kukiparru” to a Brahmin named Kusumayudha – VI was in exile for 12 years. Potamayya on the request of Kusumayudha-I. • After 1 years, he regained his kingdom with• He played Prominent role in defeating the help of his ministers and appointed them Rashtrakuta’s and throwing them away from as Mahamandaleswara (Grand Chiefs). Koravi Seema.Kusumayudha – II (A.D. 935 -960): Nagathi Raja:• He had a title namely “Vineeta Janasraya”. • His title was “Viveka Narayana”.• There was peace in the Kingdom during his • During his period Kakatiya ruler Ganapati time. Kusumayudha – II exempted all the tax deva defeated Nagati Raja and annexed in the village “moghali cheruvu” and donated Mudigonda Chalukya’s Kingdom. it to a Brahmin namely “Dhoniya sharma”( of • The decline of Mudigonda Chalukya’s is Kuthsitha Gotra), this was donated on a explained in “Palampeta” inscription issued PNR Publications 37 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture by Recharla Rudra who was the army chief of Kamadeva: kakatiyas. • Most Prominent God during those days. He is in the form of “Nirguna Deva”. Social and Economic • Till today, tribes worship Kamadeva in North Conditions Telangana.• Inscriptions tells us that Mudigonda Festivals: Chalukya’s belong to “Manavyasa Gotra”. 1) Makara Sankranti: Good fortune will be• Initially they were Sudras, later they were bestowed if donations are done on this day. Brahminized. 2) Peramani Poornima: it is believed that it is• According to Moghalicheruvu inscription, good to pay taxes / produce voluntarily to the people lived in village and tribal huts. government.• The rulers were concerned about the Welfare 3) Gowri Festival : this is today’s and Poverty of the people. “Bathukamma” festival.• It is believed that if some one gives Produce (Eragadanyam) to government on peramani Poornima day, good fortune will be bestowed upon them.• By this, we can say that there was no pressure for the payment of taxes. Public used to pay taxes Voluntarily.• This tax money was used for Agricuiltural developments and for construction of Canals and to dug tanks.
Religion• They followed Vedic, Shaiva, Vaishnava and Sakteya religions.
Shakti Devata:• Mudigonda Chalukya’treated themselves as “Harati Putras” & ruled with Sapta matrukas.• Betaraja’s wife Sri Mahadevi was known as “Abhinava Gowri”.
Vaishnavam:• Their inscriptions contain Bhagwan Narayana, Varaha and Garuda Dvajam, by this we can tell that they were the follower of Vaishnavism. 38 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Kakatiya Dynasty 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
Kakatiya’s Kannada region – Hoyasalas Progenitor : Venna Bhupati. Marata region – Yadavas Founder of the kingdom : Betaraju – I Tamil region – Pandyas 1st independent Ruler : Rudradeva North India – Delhi Sultans. Capital : Orugallu Official language : Sanskrit Historical Sources Religion : Shaivism (Initially Jainism) Magallu inscription (A.D. 956): Official emblem : Varaha (pig) • This was issued by Vengi Chalukya ruler Varna : Shudras Danarnava. Vamsha : Durjaya (According to • This is the 1st inscription which mentioned Bayyaram tank Inscription) about Kakatiyas. Greatest Ruler : Ganapati Deva, • According to this inscription, the Progenitor Last Ruler: Pratapa Rudra – II, of Kakatiya’s was Kakartya Gundana. Foreign traveller : Marco polo (during • This inscription mentions that Kakatiya’s Rudrama Devi’s Period). belong to Saamanta Vitti Vamsa.• Kakati means “Gummadi / Kushmandam”. Bayyaram Tank inscription• After Satavahanas, Kakatiyas ruled over all (A.D. 1219): Andhra Pradesh. • It was issued by Mailamba (sister of Ganapati• According to Prataparudra Yasho Deva). This explains about the lineage of the Bhushanam of Vidyanadha, Kakatiya’s name Kakatiya dynasty. arrived because they worshiped local diety by • According to this inscription, the Progenitoris name “Kakati”. Venna Bhupathi of Durjaya clan.• Some historians opine that the name Kakatiyas According to this inscription Kakatiya’s is from the place Kakatiya puram where they Durjaya’s Shudra Clan. lived.• Being the feudatories of Rashtrakutas in Rulers 10th to 12th centuries they used “Garuda” Sub-ordinate / Feudatory as their official symbol. But later when they Kakatiya Kings (Early Kakatiyas): became feudatories of Kalyani Chalukyas they used “Varaha” as their official symbol. Betaraju–I (A.D. 995-1050):• They ruled independently between 12th to 14th • He is the son of Kakartya Gundana. centuries. • According to Khazipet inscription, Betaraju–• Contemporaries of Kakatiyas from 10th I was the feudatory king of western century to 13th century. (Kalyani) Chalukyas. PNR Publications 39 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Guduru inscription says that he occupied his • Titles: Tribhuvana Malla and Chalamartiganda. kingdom with the help of Viriyala rulers.• His titles: Kakati Puradhinatha and Prolaraju–II (A.D. 1115-1157): Chodakshmapala (after the victory on Cholas). • He was the last ruler among feudatory Kakatiyas. He was important ruler among• He issued Shanigara inscription, this was early Kakatiyas. written by Narayanayya. • He issued Shanigaram inscription and• His minister Narayanayya renovated Padmakshi temple inscription. Yuddamalla Jina temple at Shanigaram. • He constructed following temples inProlaraju – I ( A.D.1050 – 1075 ): Hanmakonda.• He dug many tanks namely Kesa samudram Siddeshwara temple (Kesari Tank) in Hanumakonda, Jagat Swayambhu temple Kesari Samudram Padmakshi temple• His titles were Kakati vallabha, Arigaja • During his period only, construction of Kesari and Samadhigatha Pancha Orugallu fort started it was completed by Mahasabda. Rudradeva.• Prolaraju accompanied Kalyani Chalukya ruler • Prolaraju-II took various measures for Vikramaditya-VI in his invasions and earned development of agriculture and to alleviate the the title Samadhigatha Pancha Mahasabda. poverty by this he earned the title• His victories are explained in Khazipet, “Daaridraya Vidravana”. Pillalamarri and Palampeta inscriptions. • His titles: Mahamandaleswara, Maha Ahanka Lankeshwara, Nishank Pradhana Prabhanda.Betaraju – II (A.D. 1075–1108): • His Minister Betanamatya was a Jain follower:• He built “Shivapuram” city in Hanumakonda • Mailama wife of Betanamatya constructed and constructed “Beteswara temple” in it. Kadalalaya jain choultry in Hanumakonda.• He donated Shivapuram to his spiritual guru • Rudradeva son of Prolaraju-II ascended the “Rameshwara Pandit”. throne after him, according to the• Betaraju-II took “Shiva diksha” from his draksharama inscription (A.D. 1158) guru. issued by Inangala Brahmi Reddy, Minister• He issued Khazipet inscription ( A.D. 1090), of Prolaraju-II according to this inscription, his titles are: Vikrama Chakriya Tribhuvana malla. Independent Kakatiya’s• His minister Vaijandadeesha was a great Rudradeva (Pratapa Rudra-I) Politician & wise strategist. He assisted • He ruled between 1158 – 1195 A.D. Vikramaditya–VI (of Kalyani Chalukyas) in • He issued thousand pillar temple his invasions and got thousand villages in inscription (A.D. 1163) in Hanumakonda. Sabbi mandalam as a gift. • This Hanumakonda Prashasti (inscription) was written by poet Achitendra.Durgaraju : • According to this inscription Rudradeva was• Eldest son of Betaraju – II. He issued a feudatory king from 1158 – 1162 A.D and Khazipet Durga inscription.
40 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture he ruled independently from 1163 to 1195 Charuku Dynasty, Rudradeva gave the A.D. forest area of Srisailam to Charuku Dynasty.• He declared independence in the year 1163 • Thousand pillar inscription explains about the and became the 1st independent ruler of military victories of Rudra deva. Kakatiya’s. • Rudra deva supported Nalagama Raju in• He issued another inscription namely Palnadu battle. “Ganapampa Ganapavaram inscription”. • Rudra deva died in the battle with Yadava king• “Draksharama inscription” describes Jaitugi in the year 1195 A.D. This is mentioned Rudradeva as “Vinaya Bhushana”, this in the book “Vrata Kanda” written by inscription was issued by Inangala Brahmi Hemadri. Reddy. • According to this book, Jaitugi (Jaitrapala)• According to Pillalamarri Narayana Reddy inscription (1196 A.D.), Rudradeva invaded Kakatiya kingdom killed Rudradeva himself was a poet and he adorned poets and and took his adopted son “Ganapatideva” as was like “Kalpataru” ( a wish granting tree) captive. for poets and educationalists. • Rudra deva’s important army chief was• Rudradeva wrote “Neetisaram” book in Vellanki Gangadhara. Sanskrit Language. • Gangadhara is the follower of Vaishnavism and• His titles: constructed Prasanna Kesava temple in Vidyabhushana Hanumakonda. Daaya Gaja Kesari Mahadeva (A.D. 1195-99):• Rudradeva completed the construction of Orugallu fort (Warangal fort) and shifted capital • He is the brother of Rudra deva. Inscription from Hanumakonda to Warangal. related to Mahadeva ‘s time period are• In the year 1163 A.D. Rudradeva constructed Sundella Grama inscription (A.D. thousand pillar temple in Hanumakonda. 1197) in Peddapalli district. For the maintenance of this temple, he donated Broken inscription found in Warangal fort. “Maddi cheruvu” village. • His guru was Dhruveshwara Pandit.• His first invasion was on “Dhomma • He continuously fought with the ruler’s of Rajyam”. Yadava dynasty and finally died in the hands• According to Draksharama inscription of Jaitrapala. Rudradeva conquered Godavari region. • At that time, Political disturbances started in• According to Tripurantakam inscription Rudradeva extended his kingdom till the Kakatiya kingdom. This Political unrest Tripurantakam. was solved by Army chief of Mahadeva namely “Recharla Rudra Reddy”• Rudradeva gave a title “Kota Gelpata” to his army Chief Malya katiya for conquering • By this Recharla Rudra Reddy was given a Dharani fort. title “Kakatiya Rajyabharadhoureeya”.• According to Jammaluru inscription • Recharla Rudra Reddy made efforts to release (A.D.1202) issued by Bhollayya ruler of Ganapati Deva.
PNR Publications 41 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureGanapati Deva (A.D.1199-1262): • Defeated Nidadavole Chalukya ruler Veerabhadra and made him as a feudatory• Ganapati deva is a son of Mahadeva. king.• Jaitugi, a ruler of Yadava kingdom killed Rudra • He got the title “Chodakataka Churakara” deva and took Ganapati deva as captive. Later after winning over Katak. Ganapati deva was released by “Singanna” of yadava kingdom. • Defeated Gangaiah Sawhney of Kayastha dynasty in Kadapa region and made as a• By this Singanna got title feudatory king to Ganapati deva. Andhra Raya Sathapanocharya • Telugu Chouda’s of Nellore region became Telungaraya Shirahkamatothpatana feudatories of Ganapati deva.• Ganapati deva united all the telugu speaking • He conquered Natavadi region and married people to one place and ruled today’s his sister “Mailamba” to Rudra king of Telangana – Andhra region for a long period Natavadi. of 63 years (1199–1262 A.D). • The wars fought by Ganapati deva and his• 1st inscription related to the administration of victories are written on Iragavaram pillar Ganapati deva – Manthena inscription in inscription. Karimnagar related to Dec 26, 1199 A.D. • The inscriptions which tells about the Southern• During Ganapati deva’s time period : victories of Ganapati deva are Senani (Army Chief) – Recharla Rudra Chebrol inscription (1228 A.D.) – Chief of Elephantry – Jayappa Senani Recharla Rudra Chief of Chariot – Gangayya Sawhney Ganapeshwara inscription (1231 A.D.) – by Jayapa SenaniVictories of Ganapti Deva’s Army: • Ganapati deva’s title is Raya Gajakesari.• Ganapati deva is the greatest ruler and • He issued Motupalli inscription (1244 indomitable king. A.D.) for the relief of foreign trades. This is• Ganapati deva defeated “Pinna Chouda” of known as Motupalli Abhaya Shasana. For Ayya dynasty in Diviseema and made him as implementation of this, he appointed Siddaya feudatory king. deva.• Ganapati deva married Narama, Perama • Other name for Motupalli was Deshiya daughters of Pinna Chouda. Pinna Chouda’s Kondapuram. son Jayappa Senani appointed Gaja Shahini • Four stone structures were constructed on in Kakatiya Army. four sides of Orugallu fort by Ganapati deva.• Ganapati deva has presented his army chief He also built “Sahasralingalayam” in “Malayala Chouda” with the titles, those Orugallu. were “Dweepiluntaka”, “Divichurakara” • During his period, the tax collected from on winning Diviseema war. beggars & Prostitutes was known as• Ganapati deva caused the death of “Ganachary tax”. Pridhveeshwara, ruler of Velanati and got • During his period Panditaradhya, the title “Pridhveeshwara Shirah Kanduka Palakurthi Somanatha had spread Veera Kridavinoda”. Shaivam. Ganapati deva’s spiritual Guru was Vishweswara Sambu. 42 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He maintained friendly relations with his • She is the first lady to rule Andhra Pradesh. neighbouring Yadava ruler Singama and his • Titles of Rudrama devi : Rayagajakesari, descendants. Rudradeva Maharaju and Platodruthi• Ganapati deva issued Jamalapuram (According to Durgi inscription). inscription in 1202 A.D. • Rudrama devi inscriptions:Muthukur Battle (A.D. 1262 ): Malkapuram inscriptions• Madura (Pandya) emperor Jatavarma Bidar fort inscription Sundara Pandya invaded Nellore. • Harihara deva, Murari deva step brothers of• Ganapati deva supported Nellore Telugu Rudrama devi, waged a rebellion against her. Chounda king Manumasiddi – II and fought She suppressed them with the help of her against Jatavarma. Ministers.• Jatavarma Sundara Pandya defeated • Rudrama devi’s Coronation Ceremony was Ganapati Deva. explained in Durgi inscription. This• The only battle which Ganapati deva lost was inscription was issued by Kayastha Jenniga Muttukur battle. deva.• After losing the Muttukur battle, Ganapati • Yadava king Mahadeva conspired to conquer deva retired and gave the power to his Kakatiya’s kingdom. During that time, the daughter Rudrama Devi. responsibility of Protecting the kingdom was given to Recharla Prasaditya.Important Persons during Ganapati • Titles of Recharla Prasaditya:deva’s Period: Kakatiya Rajya SthapanacharyaGangaiah Sawhney: Raja Pithamahanka• He was appointed by Ganapati deva as • The neighbouring kingdoms during Rudrama “Bahattara Niyogadipati”. devi’s time were Eastern Gangas, Yadava’s• His titles: Mandalika Brahmarakshasa, and Pandyas. Rakkesa Ganga and Gandapendera. • When Yadava king “Mahadeva” invaded onProlabhima Nayaka : Kakatiyas, Rudramadevi defeated them and• He was the great minister of Ganapati deva. shunted out the enemies upto Devagiri fort.• His titles are Aaruvela doo*shaka (Six • In this battle the important role was played by thousand doo*shaka), Kanchi Choorakara. Sinda bhairava, who was the Army chief of Rudrama devi.Jayappa Senani: • The Bidar fort inscription of Rudramadevi• He worked as the head of elephantry. describes about this victory.• His title : Vyrigodhar Paruttu. • According to Ekamranatha’s “PrataparudraRudrama Devi (A.D. 1262 – 89): Charita” and Malkapuram inscription, Rudrama devi got the title• Rudrama devi is the daughter of Ganapati deva “Rayagajakesari” (Lion for the enemies and Somamba. kings elephants) after defeating Mahadeva of• She was the great Woman ruler in South India Yadavas. during Medieval period. PNR Publications 43 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureImportant Army chiefs who supported • He brought ammendments in administrationRudrama devi in her administration: after his accession to the throne. Kayastha Jennigadeva • He strengthened Nayankara system. Recharla Prasaditya • During Pratapa Rudra – II period, “Singama Gona Ganna Reddy Nayaka” established independent Kayastha Tripura “Anegondi” kingdom on the banks of Malyala Gundiya Nayaka Tungabhadra river.
• “Chandupatla inscription” of • Capital of Anegondi was “Kampili”. Puvvalamummadi explains about the death • Pratapa Rudra – II invaded Anegondi and of Rudrama devi. made Singama Nayaka as his feudatory king.• According to Chandupatla inscription (27th Pratapa Rudra made “Trimukha Plan” to Nov, 1289 A.D.), Nalgonda district, defeat Kayastha Ambadeva and his friends Rudrama devi and her chief Mallikarjuna Pandyas and Yadavas. lost their lives while suppressing the rebel • In 1291 A.D, Pratapa Rudra with his army Kayastha Ambadeva. Ambdeva was the chief Induluri Annaya invaded Ambadeva at feudatory king of Kakatiyas. Tripuranthakam and defeated Ambadeva.• Rudrama devi died in “Tripuranthakam • As mark of this victory Induluri Annadeva battle”. issued inscription in Tripuranthakam.• Ambadeva issued “Tripuranthakam • Pratapa Rudra – II inscriptions: inscription” which explains his victories. 1. Sakalavedu inscription (A.D. 1317)• Venice (Italy) traveller Marco Polo visited 2. Kolanupalli inscription (A.D. 1321) – Kakatiya kingdom during Rudrama devi’s time Mahabubnagar period. • Pratapa Rudra sanskrit court Poets:• Rudrama devi introduced “Nayankara system” during her period. Vidyanadha – “Pratapa Rudra Yashobhushanam” book• Rudrama devi Army chief, Prime Minister was “Induluri Annadeva”. Mallinadha – wrote commentaries on Kalidasa booksPratapa Rudra-II (A.D. 1289-1323): Viddana charya –• He was the last ruler of Kakatiyas. Prameeya Charchamrutam• He is the grandson of Rudrama devi ( Son of Agastya literary works – Rudramadevi’s eldest daughter – Balabharatam Mummadamma). Nalakeerthi Koumudhi• His titles: Krishna Chartam Daya gajakesari, Natyashastram (Kavyam) Muru Rayara Ganda, Dhvanyalokam (Kavyam) Kumara Rudra, Veera Rudra.
44 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Muslim invasions on 2nd invasion (A.D.1309): • Delhi Sultan during this period : Kakatiya Kingdom Allah-ud-din khilji• Muslim invasions started on South India during • Invasion took place under the supervision of Pratapa Rudra – II Period. Army chief “Malik kafur”.• The following sources mention that Muslims • Pratapa Rudra was defeated and Kakatiya’s invaded Orugallu “8” times. were made feudatories to Delhi Sultans. 1) Vidyanadha – • Kakatiya’s became feudatories to Delhi “Pratapa Rudra Yashobhushanam” Sultans for the 1st time in the year 1309. 2) Prolaya Nayaka – • By taking the chance of the defeat of Pratapa “Vilasa thamra inscription” Rudra – II, some feudatories of Kakatiya’s 3) Anithalli – “Kaluva cheru inscription” declared independence. The important were Kayastha Malladeva and Nellore• The following poets says that Muslims invaded Ranganadha. “5” times. 1. Amir Khusrow 5th invasion (A.D.1323): • This was the last invasion and in this Kakatiya’s 2. Firishta lost total kingdom. 3. Abdul Wassaf • Delhi Sultan during this invasion was Ghiyas-• Historians take Muhammadiya’s books as ud-din Tughlaq. credible. • Chief of this invasion was Juna khan / Ulghu• According to this, Delhi sultans invaded khan (Mohammad bin Tughlaq). Kakatiya’s for 5 times during Pratapa Rudra • Juna khan defeated Pratapa Rudra – II and – II’s period. Out of those important ones are; Diminished the Kakatiya Kingdom.1st invasion (A.D.1303): • Later the name of Warangal was changed to Sultanpur.• Delhi Sultan during 1st Muslim invasion on Kakatiya’s was Allah-ud-din khilji. • The name of officer Gannama Nayaka was changed as Malik Maqbool and was• This invasion was done by Malik Fakruddin appointed as the Governor of Sultanpur. Juna, army chief of Allah-ud-din khilji. • Burhanoddin (Jagannatha Pandita• Malik Fakruddin was defeated in the battle Rayalu) was appointed as a Administrative near Upparapalli (Karimnagar) and run officer of Sultanpur away. • According to Vilasa inscription, Juna Khan• According to Velugoti vari Vamshavali made Pratapa Rudra–II as captive and when book, Kakatiya army chief “Potuganti he was taking him to Delhi, Pratapa Rudra–II Maili” and “Vennama” son of Recharla jumped into Narmada river and killed himself. Prasaditya showed great skills and power to • This Vilasa inscription was issued by “Prolaya win this battle. Nayaka”
PNR Publications 45 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Administration of Divisions of Kingdom: Kingdom Naadu Sthalam Villages Kakatiya’s • Last part in Administration is Village.• Historian P.V. Parabrahma Sastri did • 24 Villages together is known as Sthalam. research on the Admimistrative system and Economic conditions of Kakatiya’s. • “Ayagars” were appointed for Village administration.• The book written by Parabrahma Sastri – “The Kakatiya’s”. Ayagar System:• The historian “Bartenstein” described the (Panniddaru Ayagandra) Administrative system of Kakatiya’s as • Land was given as Wages / Salary to Ayagars “Segmentary state” Administration. for the services rendered by them to Villages• Romila Thaper described Kakatiya’s and Kingdom. Administration as Metropolitan system. • The Village officers were known as “Ayagars”.• Kakatiya’s implemented De-centralised • Ayagar system was formed before Kakatiya’s monarchy system. period.• Kakatiya’s implemented the system known as • “Ayamu” means “field”. “Rajyam Saptanga Samanvita”. • Every Village had 12 Ayagars, these posts• Apart from being Sudras, they implemented are Heriditary. the policies established by the ancient • 12 ayagars were: Politicians / Strategists. 1. Karanam• The Mandalika system is the important 2. Reddy policy of Kakatiya’s in which the Kakatiya’s encouraged stronger Mandalikas. 3. Talari• Kakatiya is the only Kingdom to have 4. Purohita women ruler in Hindu dynasty’s. 5. Kammari (Blacksmith)• The other important feature is that the 6. Potter (Kummari) adopted son becoming the King / Ruler 7. Gold smith (Kamsali) (Pratapa Rudra – II). 8. Barber (Mangali)• The book “Sakalaneethi Sammatham” 9. Laundry (Chakali) mentions about the “Ashtadasha Thirdha” 10. Carpenter (Vadrangi) officers. 11. Tanners (Charmakara)• According to “Neethisaram” book, the king 12. Vetti (bonded labour) should leave his bad habits and give up evil • Karanam: He looks after the revenue records practises and should read Neethi Grandas. and lands in the villages.Following are the sources of Kakatiya • Reddy : He collects the land tax and remits itadministration: to the government. Shivadevayya – Purushardha Saram • Talari: Village security guard. Madiki Singana – • Vetti: The persons who does free service. Sakalaneethi Sammatham Note: Qutub Shahi’s implemented Ayagar Rudra deva – Neethisaram System by the name “Bhara Balavanthulu”. 46 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureNiyoga System: • “Neeti Saram” book explains about the• During Kakatiya’s period, the administration Military force of Kakatiya’s. was divided into 72 departments. These are Nayankara System: called Niyogas. • Nayankara system in military force was• The supervisor of Niyogas is known as introduced by Rudrama Devi, Pratapa “Bahattara Niyogadipathi”. Rudra strengthened this system.• Bahattara Niyogadipathi during Ganapati • In Nayankara system, the army was Deva’s period was Gangaiah Sawhney and maintained by Nayankara’s and King’s would during Rudrama Devi’s period were Tripurari give lands to Nayankar in return for their and Ponkamallaiah Pragada. services.• Bahattara Niyogadipathi during Pratapa • Nayankara system is similar to Jagirdari Rudra-II was Ambadeva Maharaju. System.• The Prime minister was a key figure in the • According to Ekamranatha’s Pratapa Rudra administration. Charita, during Pratapa rudra’s period there• The Prime Ministers (P.M) were: were 77 Nayankars for 77 towers. Ganapati deva P.M – • Pratapa Rudra – II had given control over ¼th Malyala Hemadri Reddy part of land to Nayankars. Rudrama devi P.M – • Nayankars used to collect the tax and Vellanki Gangadhara Maintained law and order in this land. Pratapa Rudra – II P.M – • The places which were under the control of Mupidi Nayaka Nayankars was known as “amaram”. • This Nayankara system is known with differentImportant Ministers during Kakatiya’s: names in different Kingdoms.• Gaja Sahini – Chief of Elephantry, • Vijayanagara Kingdom –• Sandhi Vigraha – Foreign affairs / Minister for Amar Nayankara System Wars, Delhi Sultans – Iqta System• Pragada – Incharge of King’s Castle, Mughals – Mansabdari System• Pradvivaha – Law Minister, • King is the supreme authority in the military• Samudritha - Regional judicial head, force, there were two types of armies.• Tirparulu – the one who decides the Moolabalam : Main force, Percentage of crop produce to be given to Samantha Sainyam (Feudatory force) : the government. was under the control of Nayankars.• Nagara Srikavali – security guard of Castle, • Kakatiyas Maintained Ashwa (Horses), Gaja• Mandaleshwara – State Governor. (Elephants), Ratha ( Charioteers) and Kalbala (foot soldiers). Army Chiefs were known asArmy System: Gajasahini, Ashwasahini.• The army during Pratapa Rudra–II was 9 • The army of Pratapa Rudra – II was 100 lakhs. Elephants, 20,000 Horses and 9 lakhs infantry.• Kakatiya’s had a title “Navalaksha • Induluri Annaya was the incharge for 5 lakhs Danurdaradeshas”. infamtry. PNR Publications 47 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• According to Jayapa Senani’s Nritya Economic Conditions Ratnavali, there were different kinds of weapons such as Mace, Daggers, Sword, • Agriculture was the main occupation in Spear, Crossbow, Kaanya, Nazocha, Kakatiya’s period. It was done through Lakes Kampana, mudgura, Bindira etc. / tanks.• Kakatiya’s also gave importance for the Steps taken for Agriculture development are: Protection of the fort. There were four types Forests were cutdown and the land was of forts such as Vana, Giri, Stala and Jala. brought under Cultivation.• The personal bodyguards of Kakatiya’s are The uncultivated land is brought under known as “Lenkas” (Lenkalu). cultivation by giving tax exemptions to the• Lenkas main responsibility is giving protection farmers. to King The lands which were away from villages• The weapons for soldiers were manufactured were donated to officers and for religious at a place known as “Mehariwada”. purposes and made useless land into useful.• Kakatiya’s used to offer Pooja at “Ekaveera” temple in Mogicherla before The king’s land is called as “Racha doddi” going to the battle field. (Racha pollam). This was given to farmers on the condition that half of the farmJudiciary / Judicial System: produce is to be given to the king.• According to Rajanithi Ratnakaram, there are Apart from Government, the private 4 Nyaya Sabhas during Kakatiya’s. persons also gave the land to lease1. Pratistita: Temporary judicial branch (Koulu) to the farmers. This is known as “Tambula Srava”. appointed in Capital city. • The agricultural land was divided into Magani2. Apratistita: Temporary judicial branch in (wet land) and Metta (dry land). Villages. • The irrigated land was known as3. Samudrita : A judicial branch in which “Achukattu”. Ministers or Pradvivahaka’s act as judges. • The main crops were Cotton, Paddy, Jowar,4. Sash*ta Apratistita : king is the Judge. Sugar cane, coconut, Wheat, Onions, Oil• According to Duggirala Inscription Ganapati seeds and Indigo. deva solved the issues of Duggirala and • Scented rice was grown in the Orugallu Morampudi Village borders. region during Kakatiya’s.• There were special judges known as • The varieties of Paddy was “ Rajanna Shouli, Pradvikas in Court of king. Kalamu, Shiramukhi and Pathanga Hoyana”.• Kakatiya’s formed Dharmasasanas for • Land tax was the main source of income for special cases and the judgement gave by them the government. is preserved in the form of “Jayapathras”. • The land tax was known as “Ari” and those• The “Mudravartha” officers used to get the who are paying Ari were called as official stamp on Jayapathras. “Arigaapulu”.• Talari was responsible to see that no robbery • The tool for measuring the land was “Kesari takes place in Villages. Patigada”. 48 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Land tax was 1/6th of the total crop produce. • Kakatiya’s constructed many lakes for the• The taxes “Koru” and “Putti Sahiti” were Agriculture. imposed on the agricultural land. • They constructed lakes in such a way that• The land tax was collected either in the form when one lake is filled with water, the extra of money or crop produce. water will go into another lake. This is the chain• Tax in the form of money – Puttipahundi. system known as “Golusu Kattu Cheruvulu”. The lakes (tanks) were;• Tax in the form of grains – Putti Koluchutta. 1. Ramappa Cheruvu: Palampeta (Mulugu)• Taxes were collected by an officer known as “Kolakandru”. Constructed by Recharla Rudra.• The crop produce in fixed land was known as Till to date 4,350 acres of land can be “Siddayam”. irrigated through this.• People should pay tax twice in a year i.e; in 2. Pakala Cheruvu (Warangal): Kartika masam and Vishaka masam (month). Constructed by Jagadalamummadi. The traditional taxes during this period are It can irrigate upto 9,037 acres of land. Darishinam: Tax paid while visiting the The necessary conditions and steps to be king. followed during the construction of lakes Upakruti: Amount to be paid for the can be known through this Pakala services of officers or for receiving benefits Cheruvu. from king. 3. Bayyaram Cheruvu (Khammam): Appanam: paying for no reason. Mailamba constructed it.• The own land of king was known as Racha 4. Kesari Samudram : Prola Raju – I. polam / Racha doddi. 5. Lakkavaram Cheruvu : Ganapati deva.• According to Mella cheruvu inscription 6. Ghanpur Cheruvu : during Ganapati deva’s (A.D.1311) king had total powers on Racha Period. Pollam, Regadi or Velligadu and on Sandy 7. Hanumakonda Cheruvu: Rudra deva. soil. 8. Setti Kereya Cheruvu : Betaraju–II.• Racha pollam / Racha doddi was mentioned 9. Kunda Samudram : Kundamamba. in Mella cheruvu inscription. 10. Katukuru Cheruvu (Karim nagar):• The land under the control of Nayankars was Built by Mailamma (Ganapati deva’s wife). “Veli Pollam”. • The army chief of Ganapati deva was• People used to have individual lands. When Malyala Chouda. He constructed the there is any necessity king used to take their following lakes. lands and would pay compensation to them. By this we can say that “King does not have Chouda Samudram full control on the land”. Ganapa Samudram Bala Samudram.Water Resources / Irrigation : • The incharge of lakes was known as• Construction of tanks / lakes is considered as “Dashabanda”. one of the Saptadhanas. As mentioned in the • Some part of land which was under lakes was Ganapeshwara inscription. given to the officers who did renovations to PNR Publications 49 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture the lakes. This is known as “Dashabanda Trade: Manyam”. • During Kakatiya’s period, the business /trade• Apart from lakes / tanks canals are also is known as “Vyavaharam” and the trader constructed for agriculture. is known as Behari. Example: Gosugu canal, Ravipati canal, • Trade was conducted by forming Associations Bommakanti and Aleti canal. / shrenis.• King Prola Raju – II was the one who • Motupally Abhaya inscription issued by cutdown forests and constructed tanks for Ganapati deva explains about the imports & agriculture. exports during Kakatiya’s period. Important taxes: • The important port city was Motupalli (Desiyakonda city). It was known for Ari – Land Tax international trade. Illari – House Tax • Nanadisha, Veera Valanjigar and Ayyavol are Pullari – Tax on grass land the trade organizations which conducted Ganachari Tax – Tax Collected from international trade. The main centre for regional Prostitutes and Beggars trade was Orugallu. Mudhara – Tax on Salt bags • The trade union for regional trade was known Kilaram – Tax on Sheeps as “Nakaramu”. Alamu – Tax on Vegetables Important trade items: Gandi Sunkamu – Tax on wells Bhusi Bhandalu – Grains, Mudra Sunkamu – Tax on oil mills Kola Bhandalu – Mustard, Pepper and Til Madiga Sunkamu – Tax on shops (Sesame seeds), Bandela Ayamu – Tax on cow sheds Mani Bhandalu – Pearls, Corals, Glass. Antharayamu – Tax on the plants of • Palkuriki Somanatha mentioned in his book Areca nut “Panditharadhya Charita” that textile Dogaracha Tax – Money for the Expenses industry developed during Kakatiyas. It of prince mentioned about 20 varieties of clothes. Madhyakam – Tax imposed during • Marcopolo had mentioned about the highest emergency quality of muslin cloth which are produced Annupannu – Tax imposed during during Kakatiya’s period in his book harvesting of crop “Travels of Marcopolo”. Padevala Tax – Money for the Salaries • Marcopolo mentioned that the clothes made of Military chief in Mysolia and Machilipatnam are appreciated by kings. He also said that• According to Muktal inscription, Professional Golconda region is well known for diamonds. tax is also imposed on Soldiers. • The iron swords which are manufactured in• The book “Vignaneshwaram” stated that if Nirmal are exported to Damascus (Syria). the land is given to a tenant for lease for a • Kuna Samudra in Karimnagar and Nirmal period of 20 years then that land belongs to are well known for iron industries. tenant. • Nirmal is also known for toys. 50 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The blankets of coarse wool (kambal) and • Gadyanams were found at velvet clothes (makhmal) are weaved in Suddala Tarigoppala Warangal. Narasapur Kammariguddem• Every village used to have sugar, jaggery and Padmakshigutta oil industries. • Prolaraju- I&II minted coins on the name of• Guthikonda, Palnadu Seema are known for “Ari Gajakesari”. iron industries. • Ganapati Deva, Rudrama Devi minted coins on the name of “Raya Gajakesari”Important Exports of Kakatiya’s were: • Rudra deva, Pratapa Rudra – II minted coins Trunks Pearls on the name of “Daya Gajakesari”. Paneer Mercury Gold Perfumes Weights – Measures 1 Putti = 20 Manugulu Areca Nuts Zinc 1 Manugu = 4 Ettulu Gems Soft clothes 1 Ettu = 2 veesas Sandalwood Camphor 1 Veesa = 40 Phalalu Corals Elephants 1 Phalam = 3 TulasImportant imports of Kakatiya’s were: 1 Tula = 3 Sinnam Arabic Horses Rose Ether 1 Sinnam = 4 Coral peas (Guriginja’s) China clothes• Kakatiya’s used to collect high taxes from Social Conditions Brahmins & Purohits and less taxes from other • During Kakatiya’s Period, there were 4 Professions and general Public. Varnas.• Tax on all the imports and exports is 1/30th • Inter – caste marriages were prevalent. part. Rudrama devi’s husband Veera Bhadrudu wasCoins: Kshetriya.• Gold coins were known as • Sudras were in highest numbers and they were Gadyanam / Mada, Nishka. elevated to high positions in administration, hence that period was known as “Golden• Silver coins – Ruka (Rooka). era for sudras”. 1 Gadyanam = 10 Rukas • The book “Kridabhiramam” mentions that• “Varaham” symbol was present on the Gold there were 18 caste communities known as coins. “Ashtaa Dasha Praja”.• Every coin had the starting word “Kesari”. • These caste communities were known as Eg: Kesari Varaha, Kesari mada, Kesari Samaya’s (Samaya’s some times used to Rukha. Collect tax and gives punishments who ever not followed customs).• Measurements of Kesari Varaha (Gadyanam): Brahmin Community – Mahajan Weight – 3.7 grams Vaishya Community – Nakaram Diameter – 2.7 cms PNR Publications 51 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Brahmins were given Highest regard in the Shaivism: society. • During Kakatiya’s the main & prominent• Evil practices were prevalent in the society. religion was Shaivism. Eg: Child Marriages, dowry, Kanyashulkam, • Kakatiya’s Patronized Kalamukha Practice of Sati. Shaivam, Pashupata Shaivam, Veera• Men married women by giving “Oli”. Shaivam and Aradhya Shaivam.• Prostitutes had respect in the society. Kalamukha Shaivam:• The court dancer of Pratapa Rudra – II was • The main centre for Kalamukha Shaivam Machala devi. Book “Kridabhiramam” during that period was “Alampur”. has given highest regard to Machala devi. • The founder of Kalamukha Shaivam is• The main entertainment for the general public “Lakulisa (Lakuleshwara)”. was “Puppet show”. • Betaraju – II, Durgaraju and Prolaraju• “Susarakhet” paste / ointment was sold in were the disciples of Kalamukha Shaiva guru Rameshwara Pandith. markets of Warangal fort as mentioned in “Kridabhiramam” (Susarkhet used for hair Pashupatha Shaivam: resistant (like turmeric)). • Ganapati deva and Rudrama devi patronized• Festivals during kakatiya’s Period: Pashupatha Shaivam. Sankranthi, Gobillu , Erruvaka. • The spiritual guru was Vishweshwara Shambu (Vishweshwara Shiva deva). Religious Conditions • Ganapati deva had given “Kandra Kota” village as Guru Dakshina.• Early Kakatiya’s followed – Jainism • One more teacher of Ganapati deva was• Later Kakatiya’s followed – Shaivism. Dharma Shiva.Jainism: • According to Malkapuram inscription• During Kakatiya’s period, Buddhism was (A.D.1261), Rudrama devi have donated two almost diminished but Jainism was followed. villages to her guru Vishweshwara Shambu.• Early Kakatiya’s patronized “Digambara Mandhadamu Krishna Lanka Jainism”. • During Kakatiya’s Period, Vishweshwara Shambu have built many Golaki Mutt’s.• Jain poet during Pratapa Rudra-II was “Appayaryudu”. He has written “Jinendra • Golaki Mutt is a Shaiva school (Vidyalaya). Kalyana Abhyudayam”. • The main centre of Pashupati Shaivas is “Golaki• Main Jain centres during Kakatiya’s were Mutt”. Jogipeta (Sangareddy) and Siddeshwara Note: Construction of “Golaki Mutt” was Temple (hanumakonda). started by “Sadhbava Shambu” for spreading Shaivism.• According to the book “Siddeshwara Charitha” written by Kase Sarvappa, • Vishweshwara Shambu had constructed Ganapati deva harassed Jain people severely Veda Patashala (school), Maternity and his guru Vishweshwara Shambu had hospital, Shiva temple, Shuddha Shaiva destroyed 36 Jain Villages. Mutt and a place for Annadanam (offering of food) in Mandhadam village. This is evident 52 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture from Mandhadam inscription issued by • In the worship of Mailaru deva, they used to Rudrama devi. chop off their heads and tongues.• Ganapati deva’s Army chief Kayastha Jannigadeva have donated Ponduluru Vaishnavism: village to the Golaki Mutt constructed by • Kakatiya kings followed Shaivism but they Vishweshwara Shambu, this was mentioned gave freedom regarding religion to their in Ponduluru inscription. people. The Kakatiya’s inscription starts with the prayer to Varaha.• The new sect of Shaivism known as “Aradhya Shaivam” started in Kakatiya’s • Kakatiya’s installed Lord Vishnu statue in all period. the Trikuta temples.• During Kakatiya’s period, the more prevalent Ex: Thousand Pillar temple, Pillalamarri Shaiva sect was “ Veera Shaivam”. temple.• During Kakatiya’s period, Veera Shaiva and • Ganapati deva’s sister Mailamba constructed Veera Vaishnava religions were known as Gopala Krishna temple in “Inugurthi”. Social reform religions. These two religions • Kakatiya Rudra’s minister Gangadhara opposed Brahmanical Traditions. And these constructed Prasanna Keshava temple in two religions struggled for social equality. Hanumakonda. • Pratapa Rudra’s army chief Devara NayakaVeera Shaivam (Lingayatism): have donated Sakalaveedu village to Sri• Veera Shaivam was started by “Basavanna” Ranganatha Swamy temple on the banks of (Basaveshwara). river Kaveri.• Basavanna worked as a Minister with Kalachuri king “Bijjala”. Veera Vaishnavam:• Veera Shaiva’s opposed Yagnas, Caste • This was started by Brahma Naidu. system, Untouchability, Superstitions, Varna • Brahma Naidu constructed Chenna dharma’s and the way of performing Poojas Kesava temple in Palnati Seema and given in temples. permission to downtrodden people into temple• Veera Shaivam was the 1st social reforming and organized community lunch (Shah pankti religion. bhojanam).• The Preist of Veera Shaiva is known as Smardha matham (Religion): “Jangamas” and the disciples are known as • Smardha matham was introduced by Tikkana “Lingayats”. Veera Shaiva’s assaulted Jain Somayaji which says “Shivaya people & harassed them also. Vishnurupaya Shivarupaya Vishnuve”.Mailaru Deva: • Tikkana Somayaji started “Harihara• In Shaivism, the worship of Mailaru deva is tradition” to stop the conflicts between seen. Shaivas and Vaishnavas and to bring equality• Shiva in rudra form is known as Mailaru between them. deva. • Harihara dvaitham introduced by Tikkana.• The one who worships Mailaru deva are Worship of Grama devata (Presiding diety): known as “Mailaru bhattas”. • During Kakatiya’s period, people worshipped Kakati, Ekaveera, Maramma, PNR Publications 53 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Poleramma, Pochamma, Jogulamba, 3. Palkuriki Somanatha Maisamma and Poturaju dieties. (12th & 13th Century):• Sculpture of soldier were constructed known • His birth place is “Palkuriki” near Jangaon. as “Veeragallu” and they were worshipped. • His titles: 1. Desikavita udhyamakarudu Literature 2. Dvipada Prakriya Adhyudu• Official language of Kakatiya’s – Sanskrit. • He was a poet in Telugu, Kannada and• The feudatories of Kakatiya’s have given Sanskrit languages. importance to Telugu language. • His telugu literary works are:Important Literary Works: AnubhavasaramShaiva Literature: Basava Puranam• The poets of Shaivism followed “Deshi Vrushadipa Satakam Kavita” system. Panditaradhya Charita• “Deshi Kavita” system means writings in the Basava Ragada language of general public. Basavodaharanam• Shivakavi’s have introduced Deshi Kavita Sahasraganamalika system in Jana tenugu. • Palkuriki’s first literary work is• Jana tenugu movement was started by Anubhavasaram and last work is “Nanne Choda”. Panditaradhya Charita.Shiva Kavitrayam (Shaivaite Poets): • First Telugu Shatakam is Vrushadipa Nanne Choda Shatakam. Mallikarjuna Pandith • Palkuriki have introduced new procedure in Palkuriki Somanatha. literature known as “Udhaharana”.1. Nanne Choda: • 1 st literary work in Udhaharana is• His famous work is Kumara Sambavam in “Basavodharana”. telugu. • First Veera Shaiva puranam &• He was the first to use Marga, Desi words Pradamandhra desi puranam in telugu is in telugu. He used “ Jana tenugu”. Basava puranam.• His title is Kaviraja Sikhamani. • First Dvipada Kavya in Telugu – Basavapuranam.2. Mallikarjuna Pandith (12th century): • Basava Puranam is the life history of• His literary work is Shivatathvasaaram in Basaveshwara. telugu. • Basava Puranam is translated into English by• Panditaradhya Charita describes the life history C.P. Brown. of Mallikarjuna Pandith. • 1st encyclopedia in telugu was Panditaradhya• Panditaradhya Charita is written by Palkuriki Charita. This was translated into Sanskrit by Somanatha. Gururaja Kavi. 54 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePalkuriki Sanskrit Literary works: • Raavipati Tripuranthaka: Rudra Bhashyam, Premabhiramam Namaskara Gandhya, Madana Vijayam Ashtottara Shatakanama. Ambika ShatakamPalkuriki Kannada works: Tripuranthakodaharana. • Shakalya Malla Kavi: Sadguru ragada Udhatha raghaveeyam Gangotpatti ragada Niroshtya Ramayanam. Chenna Basavanna ragada • Viddhana Charya –• Palkuriki brought great revolution in Andhra Prameyacharchamrutham. desham with respect to religion and literature. • Gandaya Bhattu – Kandana Kandakadhya.Yadavakkula Annamayya:• His literary work is “Sarveshwara Telugu literary works & Poets: Shatakam”. • Vinukonda Vallabhacharya – “Kridabhiramam”Sanskrit Poets and their literaryworks: This book mentions Orugallu as “Andhra Nagari”.• Rudra deva – Neeti saram This book is based on Premabhiramam• Vidyanatha – Prataparudra written by Raavipati Tripuranthaka in Yashobhushanam. Other name is Sanskrit. Prataparudriyam. Kridabhiramam is the 1st telugu drama. Prataparudriyam is the 1 st Sanskrit This book explains about the living Alankara Sastra ( Science of figure of conditions, social, political, economical speech) book. This book tells us that the and religious conditions of people during name Kakatiya’s derived from the Kakatiya’s and about the city of Warangal. Goddess “Kakati” which was worshipped This book mentions about the dancer, artist by Kakatiya’s. “Machal devi”. This book explains about Rudrama devi, This book tells us that there were “18 and her relationship with Ganapati deva community associations” called as and Pratapa Rudra. “Ashtadashapraja”. This book mentions that the name Tikkana Somayaji (13th Century): “Trilinga” is given because of the • He was the court poet of Nellore Choda king presence of three shiva linga’s in Srisailam, “Manuma siddi–II”. kaleeshwaram and Draksharamam. • His titles are Kavi Brahma, Ubhaya• Jayappa Senani – Nritya Ratnavali: Kavimitra and somayaji. This book mention different dance forms • His first literary work is Nirvachanottara such as Perini, Chindu, Vikatam, Ramayanam. This was dedicated to Kanduka, Bahurupa Kollata, Kandika Manumasiddi – II. etc; Desi Dance styles. PNR Publications 55 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He translated “15 parvas of Sanskrit • He belongs to Santhapur of Mahabubunagar. Mahabharath into telugu” (from Virata Parvam • His literary works : Simhagiri Vachanalu to Svargarochana Parvam). Narahari Vachanalu• Manumasiddi – II sent Tikkana as ambassador to Ganapati deva’s court. During Gonabuddha Reddy: that time Tikkana was felicitated by Ganapati • Ranganatha Ramayanam deva. (1st Ramayana in Telugu)• Vishwanadha Satyanarayana described Shivadevaiah: “Tikkana” as the Sculpture garden in telugu • Purushardhasaram. literature. Madiki SingannaManchana – Keyurabahu Charithra: • Sakala Neeti Sammatham.• This book is based on the story Viddha Salabhanjika written by Rajasekhara in Marana Sanskrit. • Marakandeya PuranamKethana: (1st puranam in Telugu)• Disciple of Tikkana. Baddena• His title: Abhinava Dandi. • Neeti Shastra Mukhthavali, Sumati Shatakam.• His works are Andhra Basha Bhusanam, Vignaneswaram. Art & Architecture• Andhra Basha Bhusanam is the 1st telugu • Kakatiya’s followed Western Chalukya’s grammar book. style in the construction of temples.• Kethana translated “Dashakumara • Kakatiya’s built Jain, Shaiva and Vaishnava Charita” of Dandi into telugu. This is telugu temples. Predominantly Shiva temples. first Katha Kavyam. • Important feature is the construction ofKolanu Ganapati deva: Gateways.• His literary work – Shivayogasaram. • Other features during Kakatiya’s are• This book tells us about the Induluri Gateways (Toranas) Nayakas. Mandapas Vimanas• Induluri Nayakas worked in Kakatiya kingdom Dias Statues of Nandi from Ganapati deva’s period. Sculptures of NaginiEkamranatha: Temples Built by Kakatiya’s• His work is Prataparudra Charita. Thousand Pillar temple:• This book explains about the Shaiva and Vaishnava temples during Kakatiya’s period. • Rudra deva built this temple in the year A.D. 1163, in Hanmakonda.Krishnamacharya: • Other name for this temple is Rudreswara• Telangana 1 Vaishnava poet. st temple / Sahastra Stamba temple.• Telugu first Vachana poet (Vachana – rhythmic writing). 56 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This is known as “Trikuta temple” this has • Ramappa temple is similar to the Chenna statues of Shiva (Rudreshwara), Vishnu (Vasu Kesava Temple built by Hoyasala’s in Beluru. deva) and Lord Surya.• Trikuta temples during their period are Swayambu Kesava temple: Pillalamarri temple, Palampeta and Panagallu • This was constructed by Prolaraju-II inside temples. the Warangal fort. • Rudrama devi built “Ranga Mandapam”Ramappa Temple: infront of this temple.• Ganapati deva’s army Chief Recharla Rudra • East side of this temple was built by Ganapati constructed Ramappa temple in Mulugu deva and the west side by Rudrama devi. district Palampet (Previously Warangal • The mandapa pillar of this temple contains a district) in the year 1213 A.D. special sculpture of warrior by sitting on lion• It is built on Monolithic stone. Temple dias and wearing / holding sword , which is on trunk is in star shape. of a elephant (Probably the warrior is Rudrama• Built during Ganapati deva’s period. devi).• This is a Shiva temple (Ramalingeshwara Swamy). Padmakshi temple (Hanumakonda): • This is built by Prola raju-II.• It is named after the sculptor by name “Ramappa”. • This was initially a Jain temple later changed into a Shiva temple.• This temple is designed by “Chandra Bhushana”. This temple contains 4 storied • Style : Indo-Islamic style. Vimana. Temples of Panagallu:• The walls of temple contains statues of nagini • Chaya Someswara Temple madanika’s and the perini dance postures. • Pachchala Someswara Temple• The Perini dance postures which are mentioned in Nritya Ratnavali of Jayapa senani • These temples were built by Kunduru are seen on the walls of the Ramappa temple. Chola’s, who were the feudatories of Kakatiya’s.• The pictures of Ramayana and Mahabharata are carved on the walls. • Temples built by Vellanki Gangadhara (Army Chief of Rudra Deva):• In this temple the stones will produce different musical sounds. Prasanna Keshavalayam (Hanmkonda)• The special feature is the “Nandi” idol. The Bhimeswara Temple (Madikonda) idol appears to look towards the viewer in Temples Built by Mailamba (Sister any direction. of Ganapathi Deva):• The bricks used for the temple construction will float in water. • Inugurthy Narasimha Temple
• The pictures of Bhagavad Geetha and the • Jalandhara Bhairava Temple scene of Gopika Vastra Apharanam carved Mallikarjuna Temple of Srisailam: on the walls will explain about the expertise of sculptors. • This temple was built by Mailamba (sister of Ganapathi Deva) in 1320 A.D.
PNR Publications 57 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In front of the Temple Veerashiro Mandapam • Above temples of Pillalamarri village in is there, which was built by Anavema Reddy, Suryapet district were built by Namireddy a King of Reddy Raju Dynasty. during Ganapathi deva’s period.• Mukha Mandapa of this Temple was built by Soumyanada temple: Nandaluru. Vijayanagara King Harihara-II. • The special feature is the Sculpture of• Prakara of this Temple was Built by Sri Vishwakesana. Krishna Devaraya. • Rudrama devi constructed Sopana pankthiWarangal Fort: inside the Warangal fort. This is known as “Rudrama devi mettu”.• Warangal Fort Construction was started by Prola-II. • Rudrama devi built Prakaram (outer part around the Hindu temple Sanctum) in the• Rudra Deva almost completed the Mailaru temple situated at Ayyanna volu construction of Warangal fort. (Ainole).• Rudrama Devi built Staircases from inside • During Kakatiya’s period, temples played of stone fort to fort of Warangal important role in many fiels such as a bank,• Pratapa Rudra-II built 77 Burujulu in fort, school, exhibition, civilization, market and as by indicating his Feudatories Number. dias.• During later period “sh*tab Khan” built Kush Mahal in Warangal fort. Dance Other temples during Kakatiya’s Period Perini Shiva tandavam: • Perini dance form is well developed duringGanapur Kotagullu (Warangal) : Kakatiya’s period.• The most striking feature of the temple is the • This is the scientific dance form of Telangana. sabha mandapa’s , sculptures of Nayaki’s and • This dance is generally performed by males. carvings of Nayaka’s playing musical This is related to Lord Shiva. instruments. • Perini dance is also known as “Dance of• There is a beautiful Nandi idol which is Warriors”. decorated with pearls. • The counter dance performed by females to• This shows the Craftsmanship of Kakatiya’s. entertain males is “Lasyam”.Nagulapadu Trikuta Temple: • Perini dance is well developed during• This temple contains Nagulapadu ranga Ganapati deva’s period. mandapa, beautifully decorated pillars and the • Jayappa Senani in his book Nritya pictures of Ravana sabha in Lanka. Ratnavali had mentioned about the postures of Perini dance form.Ramalingeshwara temple: Nandikandi (Medak) Note: Jayappa Senani wrote “GeetaPillalamarri Erakeshwara temple: Rtnavali” on music and “Vadya Ratnavali” on Pillalamarri Musical instruments.Mukkanteshwara temple : Pillalamarri • The postures of Perini dance are carved on the walls of Ramappa temple in Palampeta.Nameshwara temple: Pillalamarri 58 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture The Perini dance form of Kakatiya’s period is revived and was spread by Nataraja Rama Krishna.• The other dance form during Kakatiya’s is “Kundalakara” dance form.• The Musicians known as “Tantuvailu” were present.• According to Dharma Sagar inscription, there was a special musical instrument known as “Jalaka Randhamu”.• The well known entertainment Program was Puppetry.
Paintings• As per Pratapa Rudra Charita, there were 1500 artists during Kakatiya’s in Orugallu.• The pictures / paintings of this period can be seen in Pillalamarri.• The artwork of Kakatiya’s was known as “Navakasi”.• The artists of Navakasi have portrayed the stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata on the Canwas clothes beautifully.• The Navakasi paintings in Urdu were known as “Naksha”.• The court dancer of Pratapa Rudra – II was Machaldevi, she was a good painter.• Machaldevi have constructed a house for her paintings in Warangal and exhibited the pictures of Gopika Krishna, Tara Chandra and Shiva leela’s.• This is mentioned in Kridabhiramam.• During Kakatiya’s period, public used to paint the pictures of Itihasas and the Palanati War scences on their walls.
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Musunuri Nayakas• After the fall of Kakatiya’s in the year 1323, • After the downfall of Kakatiya’s, Prolaya the Army chief of Pratapa Rudra – II, Malik Nayaka fought for the liberation of Andhra Maqbool (Gannama Nayaka) ruled over region from the hands of Muhammadian rulers Warangal. by making Rekhapalli (on the banks of• Prolaya Nayaka was the leader for all the Godavari) as his capital. rulers in Andhra desha who fought against The aim of this liberation movement: Tughluq’s for the liberation. To liberate Andhra Region from Muslim• According to Vilasa Copper inscription, the rule. name Musunuri is given due to their birth Revival of Hindu Dharma and its place. Protection.• Sources which mentions about the history of • Supporters of Prolaya Nayaka in the liberation Musunuri dynasty. movement are: Prolaya Nayaka – Prolaya Vema Reddy Vilasa Copper inscription Recharla Singama Nayaka Kapaya Nayaka – Polavaram inscription Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka Anithalli – Kaluva cheru inscription Vengi Bhupala Chodabhakti Raju – Manchikonda Ganapati Nayaka • As a part of liberation movement, Prolaya Pentapadu inscription Nayaka fought against Muslim rulers andImportant Rulers of Musunuri dynasty: annexed Coastal Andhra and Trilinga Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka, Mandalas By eliminating Muslim rulers, And Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka. declared as independent ruler in the year 1325 A.D.Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka • He renovated Agraharas which were(A.D. 1325 – 1332): destroyed during the attack of Muslim rulers• He was the founder of the Kingdom. and also revived Vedic religion, he also• Capital: Rekhapalli ( Bhadrachalam forests developed Trilinga Desham. – Khammam district). Kapaya Nayaka ( A.D. 1332-68):• Prolaya Nayaka issued Vilasa Copper • He issued Polavaram inscription. inscription.• Titles: Avakra Vikrama • The titles of Kapaya Nayaka: Yasha Shambavya Bhahargala. Andhra Desadhiswara – Pillalamarri inscription
60 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Andhra Suratrana – Aryavati inscription • In 1360- 61 A.D,Kapaya Nayaka’s son Kapavaneeshwara – Vinayaka Deva attacked Bahmani kingdom Kaluva cheru inscription and was killed by Mohammad Shah – I.• In the year 1336 A.D, he conqueres Warangal • In 1364–65 A.D., Mohammad Shah – I fort and throw away Malik Maqbool and attacked Warangal and Golconda and earned the titles Andhra Desadhiswara and defeated Kapaya Nayaka. Kapaya Nayaka Andhra Suratrana. made peace treaty by giving Golconda fort.• He ruled Telangana and Coastal Andhra region • Muslim historians called Kapaya nayaka as by making Warangal as capital. Kanya Nayak and Krishna nayak.• According to Kaluva Cheru inscription • Recharla Singama Nayaka declared issued by the Reddy Rani anithalli, 75 independence and ruled over Rachakonda, by telugu rulers accepted the Sovereignty of disobeying the leadership of Kapayanayaka. Kapaya Nayaka. Bhimavaram Battle:• Kingdoms established during the period • In 1367-68 A.D, Recharla Padma Nayaka of Kapaya Nayaka: ruler 1st Anavota Nayaka fought with Recharla Padma Nayakas – Kapaya Nayaka and killed Kapaya in Singama Nayaka Bhimavaram Battle near Warangal. Vijayanagara Kingdom – • This Bhimavaram is today’s Bhimaram in Harihara, Bukka Raya Hanumakonda. Konda Veedu Reddy dynasty – • Musunuri kingdom was destroyed due to the Prolaya Vema Reddy death of Kapaya Nayaka and the Warangal Bahmani Kingdom – Hasan Gangu fort & Bhuvanagiri fort came into the hands of• Kapaya Nayaka helped the Bahmani leader Recharla Nayakas. “Hasan Gangu” in establishing the Bahmani Kingdom in 1347 A.D. But later Hasan Gangu tried to conquer Warangal , with a desire to extend his kingdom.• In 1350 A.D, Hasan Gangu sent an army led by Sikhander Khan to conquer Warangal. Sikander khan defeated Kapaya Nayaka and occupied Koulas fort (Nizamabad district) and took treasure from the kingdom and made a treaty.• In 1356 A.D, kapaya Nayaka was again attacked and defeated by the Bahmani ruler and Kapaya Nayaka offered Bhuvangiri fort to make peace. After this Hasan Gangu died and his son Mohammad shah – I came to the throne. PNR Publications 61 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Padmanayakas (Velama Nayakas) Rachakonda, Devarakonda Velamas• Velamas are also Known as Padmanayakas Genealogy Tree of Velamas: and Recharla Velamas. Their Gotra is Bethala Nayaka Dhama Nayaka Vennama Recharla. Nayaka Eradacha Nayaka Singama Nayaka• Velugoti Vamshavali is the main source regarding the history of Padmanayakas. Rachakonda Velama Rulers• After the downfall of Kakatiya’s, Recharla Velamas ruled over present day Nalgonda Singama Nayaka – I (A.D.1325-61): and Mahabubnagar districts. • He was the founder of independent Velama• After the death of Kapaya Nayaka, they Kingdom. annexed Musunuri kingdom in Telangana and • Singama Nayaka made Amanagallu in became administrators for entire Telangana Nalgonda as his Capital. region. • Pratapa Rudra has given 80 gifts to Singama• They ruled for 150 years as Rachakonda Nayaka by this Singama Nayaka was known and Devarakonda as their capitals. as Ash*ti Varala Singama Nayaka.• Recharla Velamas were the feudatories of Kakatiya’s. • He annexed the region between Krishna – Tungabhadra and extended his Kingdom till Recharla Velama’s: Eleshwaram. Progenitor–Bethala Nayaka (Chevvi Reddy) Founder of the Kingdom–Singama Nayaka -I Anapota Nayaka-I (A.D. 1361-84): Official emblem – Sculpture of Bhairava • Anapota Nayaka-I have changed the capital from Amanagallu to Rachakonda Capitals: (Nalgonda). Amanagallu • He, along with his brother Madha Nayaka Rachakonda attacked the Jallipalli fort and killed Devarakonda Somavamsha Kshatriya’s and Reddy leaders Titles – Pancha Pandya Dala Vibhala who were responsible for the death of Anapota• Birth place of Bethala Nayaka – Amanagallu Nayaka’s father. For this, he received the title near Miryalaguda in Nalgonda district. “Somakula Parushurama”.• In 1225 – 1253 A.D, Ganapati deva made • After this attack, to protect himself & his Bethala Nayaka as the regional head of kingdom Anapota constructed a stone wall Amanagallu region. around the Rachakonda fort and a water body• Sons of Bethala Nayaka are Recharla Rudra, known as “Anapota Samudram”. Recharla Prasaditya and Dhama Nayaka. • He is the founder of Rachakonda kingdom.• Recharla Rudra was the army chief of Ganapathi deva and Recharla Prasaditya was • During his period, conflicts strated between the army chief during Rudrama devi. Reddy’s and Velamas. 62 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He annexed Bhuvanagiri and Shanigaram forts • Vishweswara wrote a book “Chamatkara and visited the holy shrine in Inole (Ainole) Chandrika” (Alankara Sastra / science of and issued a inscription describing his victories. figure of speech). In this book, he described• After annexing the above two fort’s he got the Singama – II as “Sahitya Shiipavadhi”. title Andhra Deshadhiswara. • Appayya matya has written commentary toTitles of Anapota Nayaka – I: “Amarakosham”. • Vedanta Deshika writings: Hindu Raya Suratrana Khadga Narayana Tatva Sandesham Jaganobba Ganda, Rahasya sandesham Tribhuvana Rama Raya. Subhasha nithi• According to Rachakonda inscription, he • Shakalya Ayyalaryudu – constructed tanks Anapota Samudram and Bhaskara Ramayanam Raya Samudram. • Literary works of Singama nayaka -II are:• He dugged two wells such as Sankella and Rasarnava Sudhakaram Kolukutam well. (Alankara Sastra book)• For the purpose of protection of the kingdom Sangeeta Sudhakaram (Musical book) from South-East side, he divided the kingdom Ratna Panchaalika and appointed his brother Madha Nayaka as (Kumalayavali (Drama)). Devarakonda ruler. Ratna Panchaalika is the drama in which• For then onwards they were known as Sri Krishna marries Kumalayavali. Rachakonda and Devarakonda velamas and The Ratna Panchaalika drama is played in ruled with Mutual co- operation. the Prasanna Gopala temple during annual celebrations (Vasantayatra).Singama – II (Sarvagna Singana):• He is the greatest ruler of Velamas. Himself a Shakalya Mallu Bhattu: great writer / poet. • He was the court poet of Velamas.• His other names are Kumara Singama • His title: Chaturbasha Kavita Pithamaha. Nayaka, Sarvagna singama Bhupala. • His literary works are• He Patronized Vaishnavism. Nirdoshya Ramayanam His titles are: Udara Raghaviyam (Poetry) Sarvagna Chakravarthy Avyaya Sangraham (Dictionary) Kalyana Bhupati • Shakalya Mallu was defeated in a debate by Prati Ganda Bhairava Varada Charya son of Vedanta Deshika. Sarvagna Chudamani Laksha Lakshana veda Anapota Nayaka – II: • He was a Powerful ruler and won many Khadga Narayana battles.• Court poets of Singama Nayaka – II are • His other names are Kumara Anapota Vishweswara, Bommakanti Appayya Nayaka, Pinna Annama Nayaka and Immadi Matya. Anapota Nayaka. PNR Publications 63 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During his period, there were conflicts with Devarakonda Velama Rulers Bahmani’s on one side and Reddy Raju’s on other side. Madha Nayaka: • Founder of the Devarakonda VelamaRao Madha Nayaka: kingdom.• He is the great follower of Vaishnavism. • Capital: Devarakonda.• He donated Torrur / Tadur village as Sri • He built “Madhavapuram” city near Rangapura Agraharam to Sri Ranganatha Devarakonda. Swamy. • He constructed Dwara Mandapa to the• His wife Nagambika has built a tank “Naga Pilgrimage “Umamaheshwaram” which is Samudram” near Rachakonda and issued present in Nallamalla forest and it is well known Naga Samudram inscription. as the Northern gateway to Srisailam.• According to Naga Samudram (Nagaram) Lingamanidu: inscription, Madha Nayaka wrote • He is the last ruler of Devarakonda Kingdom. “Raghaviyam” which is a commentary on Ramayanam and dedicated to Sri Rama. • Their rule ended due to annexation by the Bahmani’s.Singama Nayaka – III(A.D. 1430 – 1475): Administration of Velama’s• He is the last ruler of Rachakonda ruler. • Hemadri wrote “Vrathakanda Kalpataru” book for protecting Vedic religion and Varna• Titles: system. He also explained about the Dhivishaludu administration and this is followed by the Sarvagna Rao singama Nayaka Velamas for administering the kingdom. Mummadi singama Nayaka Division of the Kingdom:• His court poets are Bammera Pothana, Kingdom – Head Gourana and Bhourava Kavi. Kingdom – Raju• Inscriptions during his period are: Seema Kumara – Matya Shayampet inscription (A.D.1464) – Nayankarulu – Nayankarulu issued by his brother Dharma Naidu Gramam (Village) – Pannida Raya Gandru Tirupati inscription (A.D. 1475) – • The important and smallest division is Village. Singama Nayaka-III issued this inscription In this, there were “12” Ayagars with the name on donating gifts to Lord Venkateshwara. Pannida Raya Gandru. Bellamkonda Inscription (A.D.1453) – • The security guards of the villages are known Singama Nayaka – III “Muthaka Raju”. Kanjeevara inscription (A.D. 1437) – • Velmas incurred huge expenses on soldiers Vasantha Nayaka because they were continuously fighting in wars.• Srinadha has described Singama Nayaka – III as Singama Bhupala in his books
64 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• According to the book Sakalaneeti • According to the book “Simhasana Sammatam written by Madiki Singana, the Dvatrimshika”, there were Pattu Sarees Velamas had poisoned all the lakes and wells during those days such as; which are nearer to the roads through which Hema Pattu Vajra Pattu their enemies travel. Pulli Goru Pattu Udaya Pattu Vela PattuEconomic Conditions - Trade • Kalamkari industry was also famous.• The main occupation is Agriculture. • During Velama’s period the Nirmal iron• According to the literary works of potana and swords were world famous. srinatha, Brahmins also did Cultivation. • According to Rukhmangadha Charita• There were 3 types of land. book, there was also trunk Industry. Metta (uplands) Tari (Moist land) Trade: Horticulture land • During that period, Balijas and Vaisyas did• Main crop during Velamas was Jowar. international trade. Because there were more Metta lands during their Period. • The main Port city was Vadapalli (on the banks of River Krishna).• Rich people used to eat Rice. • There were conflicts between Velamas and• Varieties of Paddy were Shiramukhi, Reddy Raju for Sovereignty over the port city Kalama, Shali, Hayapa ethanga Hoyana Vadapalli. etc.• Other occupation was Cattle rearing. Social Conditions:• Every temple has animal house known as • There was Caste system. Brahmins became “Kilaras”. strong and Kshatriyas lost their strength.• Main source of income was Land tax (1/6th • Position of women in society was of crop produce). deteriorating. Because of the invasions of• Every village had storage units known as Muslim rulers women never Step out of their “Rachagadelu” to store the grains which houses. were collected as tax. • Social evils in Hinduism were introduced during this period such as practice of Sati andIndustries: Child marriages due to the invasion of• The important industry during Velamas was Muslim rulers. Textile industry. • The marriages of princess were performed with• Orugallu, Rachakonda and Devarakonda are Grandeur, Dowry and gifts were given. Dowry well known for textile industries. The names was known as “Aranam”. of sarees during Velamas are; • Men wore dhoti and shirts and women used Rama Singaram to wear colourful sarees. Vasantha Singaram • There was a mention regarding 49 types of Sri Krishna Vilasam silk sarees and 14 types of gold, silver and Rama Vilasam bronze ornaments in the book Simhasana Dwatrimshika written by Koravi Goparaju. Vasantha Vilasam PNR Publications 65 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The women of higher castes used to wear • Literary works are: Saree Pallu to their right side and where as Veera Bhadra Vijayam the women of lower castes to their left side. Andhra Maha Bharatam• Dance forms were Perini, Bharatanatyam, Jakini, Goundilu. Narayana Shatakam• Foreign dance form was “Paarashika Bhogini Dandakamu. Mathali”. Bhogini Dandakamu is related to the love story of Sarvagna Singama Nayaka and Religious Conditions his lover Bhogini.• Initially Velama Nayakas Patronized Shaivism. • Potana disliked the things which were taking• Last rulers who Patronized Vaishnavism. place in the king’s palace and there by left theShaivism: kingdom and lead his life by doing agriculture.
• People followed Theravada Shaivism. • Bammera Potana is known as the relative of Srinatha.• They worshipped the Rudra forms of Lord Shiva such as Bhairava and Mailaru. Note: the important literary works of Srinatha are• The Voilent practices like Ranamu Kadupu Palanati Veera Charitha, Shringara Naishadam. and Chapudu Gudi were practised. 2. Gourana:• Velama kingdom was established by defeating • he lived in Ramagiri of Telangana. Muslim rulers, so they tried to protect the culture of Hinduism. • Title:Sarasa sahitya lakshana Chakravarti.• They renovated the Brahmin Agraharas which • Literary work: Lakshana Deepika, were attacked by Muslim rulers. Navanadha Charita and Harishchandra Upakyanam.Vaishnavism: 3. Bhairava Kavi:• Two sects were formed in Vaishnavism, they are Thengal and Vadagal. • He was the first to use “Banda Kavitha” style in Telangana.• Vadagal Vaishnavism was preached by “Vedanta Desika”. • His literary works are Sriranga Mahathyam and Ratna Pariksha.Literature of Velamas: Koravi Goparaju:• Official language was Sanskrit. • He is the court poet of Rana Mallu.Court Poets of Singama Nayaka – III: • He belongs to Vemugallu (Bhimgal),1. Bammera Potana: Nizamabad.• He was the court poet of velamas. • He has written telugu poem “Simhasana• He belongs to the “Bammera” village in Dvatrimshika”. Warangal district. • He was the 1st person to analyse dreams• His titles are: before Sigmund Freud. Sahaja Kavi / Sahaja Pandithya, Bhaktha • He has written 32 stories regarding the king Potana and Maha Bhagavat Kartha. Vikramarka who ruled Ujjain.
66 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He has translated Jain poem Trishashti • Inside the fort, there is a mosque built by Salakapuru Sacharitra initially which was Bahmani Sultans. in Sanskrit into telugu as Simhasana • There is statue of Bhairava. Dvatrimshika. • On the hills of the fort there are two Bhoga Other Poets mandapas known as Bhogamdani• Naganatha – Mancham and Bhogamdani Gudulu. He was the court poet of Anapota Nayaka-I • There is Vaishnava temple to the South-east Literary works – direction of Rachakonda fort. Madana Vilasa Bhanam, • Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana have Anapota Nayakiam discovered the Paintings of Putrakameshti• Trilokabhedhi – Sakala Dharma param. Yagam and Ashwamedha Yagam of• Pusapati Nagatha – Ramayanam in this temple. Vishnupuranam in telugu Ranamu Kudu:• Vinnakota Peddanna Matya – • During the period of Recharla Velamas, Kavyalankara Chudamani there was one barbaric tradition known as• Madaki Singana – “Ranamu Kudu”. Sakala Niti Sammatham • Ranamu kudu means cooking the rice with the blood of the enemies. Who were killed in the Temples, forts during War, This is presented to War Goddess and Ghosts. Velama’s period:• Temples built by Rachakonda Velamas are Bhairava Temple, Rama temple and Lakshmi Devi temple.• Temples in Devarakonda are Shiva temple and Rama temple.• Temples built by Velamas in Bhuvanagiri – Someshwara temple.
Forts:• Velama’s have built many forts to defend themselves from enemies. The important are Rachakonda, Devarakonda, Bhuvanagiri and Orugallu forts.
Rachakonda Fort:• The walls of Rachakonda fort are in the form of 3 rings.• Inside the 1st fort wall there is a Rama temple on the west side. PNR Publications 67 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 Qutub Shahi’s Dynasty 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
• In 1347 A.D, after the downfall of Kakatiya’s 2. Ghazinagar inscription in Nalgonda district Hasan Gangu established Bahmani Kingdom by Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah in 1576-77 by making Gulbarga as his capital. A.D. this was issued in Persian language.• Later Bahmani Kingdom was disintegrated into 3. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah issued 5 small Muslim kingdoms. One amongst those following two inscriptions: is Golconda Kingdom. Badshah-e-Ashur Khana inscription• In 1518 A.D, Sultan Quli Qutub Shah (1592-96 A.D) established Qutub Shahi Kingdom and made Golconda as his capital. Daru-Shifa inscription (A.D. 1595)• Old name for Golconda is “Mankal”. 4. Miyan Misq inscription by Abul Hasan Tanisha in 1681 A.D. Qutub Shahi’s: 5. Vilasa Copper inscription by Rule – A.D. 1518-1687 Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka Founder of the Kingdom – 6. Kaluva cheru inscription by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah Reddy Rani Anithalli Dynasty – Handam Tribe – Karakunil (Black Sheep) Literary Sources: Religion – Shia Muslims 1) Muhammad – Qasim – Ferishta: Capital – Golconda • Books of Muhammad – Qasim – Ferishta are: Official language – Persian Tariq – e – Ferishta (Persian language) E–Ibrahime (Gulzar).• Qutub shahi’s belong to Shia community of Muslims. • Ferishta named today’s Telangana as• They belonged to Karakunil (Black Sheep) “Tilang” in his books. tribe. • He explained about the political conditions of• Qutub Shahi’s are well known as “Andhra Deccan during Medieval period. Desha Sultans”. • Ferishta was born in Astrabad, a city in Iran.• It was the first Muslim kingdom in Hyderabad. In the year A.D. 1552.• Qutub Shahi’s united whole Andhra state for • He was in the court of Bijapur Sultan Ibrahim the 3rd time. adil Shah. Note: 1st time unification was done by Satavahanas and 2nd time by Kakatiya’s. 2) Amir Khusraw: • His literary work is Khazain–ul–Futuhnuh Historical Sources Sipihr.Inscriptions: • This book gives the details about the1. Warangal inscription by sh*tab Khan in conditions of Deccan in 14th Century. A.D. 1504-06. 68 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Political History of Qutub • At that time when he declared independence he ruled from Kohir region of Medak to Shahi’s Orugallu region.• Qutub Shahi kingdom was ruled by 7 Sultans • From Orugallu till east coast it was under the for over a period of 170 years. rule of sh*tab Khan (Sitapati) who was the• Noshir–e–Mistri commented that “the Sub-Ordinate ruler of Gajapatis. declaration of sovereignty over Golconda by • sh*tab Khan Minister Peddana Matya’s court Sultan Quli Qutub Shah is golden movement poet was Cherigonda Dharmana. the book in the history of India. written by Cherigonda Dharmana was “Chitra Bharatham”. It is the 1st fiction1. Sultan Quli Qutub Shah written in Telugu literature. (1518-1543 A.D): • In Khammam Mettu battle, Sultan Quli• Founder of the Golconda independent Qutub Shah defeated sh*tab Khan in Warangal kingdom. and extended his kingdom.• He was born in the year 1451 A.D. in • Sultan Quli Qutub Shah built stone wall and Hamdam region of Southern Iran. big towers around the Golconda fort. He built• He belong to Karakunil tribe of Middle Asia Juma Masjid, outside the fort. (South Iran). • He constructed a city known as• His father and uncle fought with the tribes of Muhhammad nagar, surrounding the Akunev and were defeated. They escaped Golconda fort. and fled to india by taking young boy Quli • The Minars of Juma Masjid, outside the Qutub Shah along with them. Golconda fort were the inspiration for the construction of Charminar.• He came from Hamdam region of Southern Iran and worked in the court of Bahmani Titles of Quli Qutub Shah: king Muhammad Shah–III. Qutub-ul-Mulk Bade Malik• Muhammad Gavan, Prime Minister of Kawas Khan Amir-ul-Umra Muhammad Shah – III supported Quli Qutub • People called him as Bade Malik / Dodda Shah / Sultan Quli. Prabhu.• Muhammad Shah – III have given following • Vijayanagara Ruler Aliya Rama Raya titles to Quli Qutub Shah. worked as army chief to Sultan Quli Qutub 1. Kawas Khan Shah for some period of time. 2. Qutub-ul-Mulk ( Pillar of the Kingdom). • Sultan Quli Qutub Shah is contemporary to• In 1496, Bahmani ruler Muhammad Shah Mughal Emperor “Babur” and Vijayanagara King “Sri Krishna devaraya”. – IV appointed Quli Qutub Shah as the Golconda Tarafdar. • Historian Sherwani praised Quli Qutub Shah as most prosperous Sultan.• Later, the Kingdom of Bahmani was disintegrated. Quli qutub Shah declared • Sultan Quli Qutub Shah Captived his son independence in the year 1518 A.D. in Jamsheed inside the Golconda fort. Golconda region. 2. Jamsheed (1543 – 1550 A.D):• Quli Qutub Shah declared independence during • He killed his father Sultan Quli Qutub Shah the reign of Bahmani ruler Muhammad Shah. and was ascended to throne. PNR Publications 69 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He was very cruel and ordered death sentence • He built 87 towers and 8 gates (Darwaja) even for small mistakes. to Golconda fort. The main entrance is “Fateh• In 1544, Jamsheed defeated Barid Malik of Darwaja”. Bidar in Koulan Battle. • He constructed tanks for the development of• Jamsheed died with a fatal disease known as agriculture. “ Rajayakshma” in 1550. • During his period, his son-in-law Hazrath• After the death of Jamsheed, his minor son Hussain Shah Wali built HussainSagar in Subhan Quli ascended to throne under the 1562 A.D. the water to Hussain Sagar came guardianship of his mother. from Balakpur River.
3. Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah Other constructions are: (1550 – 1580 A.D): Prakaram (outer part) to Golconda fort Ibrahim Bagh• He is the son of Sultan Quli Qutub Shah and brother of Jamsheed. Phool Bagh (Public Gardens – Nampally)• Due to the threat to life by his brother Langar House (House for Beggars) Jamsheed, he lived in Vijayanagara Ibrahimpatnam lake Kingdom for 7 years with the support of Purana Pool bridge Aliya Rama Raya. Purana Pool Bridge (on Musi River):• Later after the death of Jamsheed, he defeated Subhan Quli and became king. • 1st bridge on Musi river is Purana Pool. It was built in 1578.• As he lived in Vijayanagar Kingdom for several years, he had affection towards Telugu • French traveller Travernier described Purana language and culture. Pool as “Love Bridge” and compared its beauty with “Pont Neuf” of Paris.• He was the 1st ruler to take the title “Shah” (Emperor). Telugu Poets in the court of Ibrahim• Other title was Malkibharama. Quli Qutub Shah:• During his period, Deccan Urdu was started Kandukuri Rudra Kavi: and developed. Hence he was known as the • His literary works are “Father of Urdu”. Niramkushopakhyanam• Modern poets describe him as “the Chasar of the Urdu” (Like Chasar of English Janadhana Astakam Literature). He conducted literary meets with Sugreeva Vijayam the name “Ashikana”. (1st Yakshaganam in telugu)• He named Golconda as “Bhagiratha • Ibrahim donated Chintala Palem / Puram”, because of his lover “Bhagirathi”. Rentachintala Agraharam to him.• He was the first Qutub Shahi ruler to mint • He compared Ibrahim with Lord Shiva. coins. Addanki Gangadhara:• He performed trade with Egypt and Arabia, • He wrote the book “Tapati Samharano by this Golconda got the name as “2nd Pakhyanam”. And dedicated to Ibrahim Egypt”. Quli Qutub Shah. For the 1st time Telugu Kavya is dedicated to a Muslim ruler. 70 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePonnekanti Telaganaryudu: • He introduced new religious law known as• He wrote “Yayati Charitra” in this book, “Charasia”. Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah was described as a 4. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah “Lover boy (Manmathudu)”. (1580 – 1612 A.D): Yayati Charitra is the 1st Kavya in Pure • He ascended the throne at the age of 14 years. Telugu language. • He was the greatest ruler of Qutub Shahi’s.• Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah Patronized a number he ruled over the whole Andhra Pradesh. of Telugu poets and was praised as “Malkibharama”. • His period was considered as Golden Era In Golconda History.• Patancheru region head Amir Khan was the feudatory of Ibrahim. He patronized • He was a great poet in Persia and Urdu. Ponnekanti Telaganaryudu. • He is well known for descriptive Poems andUrdu Poets: Ghazzals.1) Feroz – Tesal Nama. • His Pen name is “Maanil”.2) Ali Pursi – Nasab Nama Qutub Shahi. • His literary work is “Quliyat Quli”.• Historian Haroon Khan Sherwani in his • He wrote Urdu Poem with the name book “History of Qutub Shahi Dynasty” “Diwaan”. (1974) have described Ibrahim’s period as • His court poet Sarangu Tammaya wrote “the Kingdom at its Height”. “Vaijayanthi Vilasam”. Sarangu Tammaya• Some historians opine that during the reign of worked as Revenue officer in Golconda. Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah “ A 90 year old • Hindu’s were in good positions during his Woman can Walk in the forest with a basket period. full of gold without any fear”. • He appointed Ganesh Pandit as chief Pandit.• According to Alibin Azullah, Ibrahim is • He loved a woman named Bhagamati and inspiration to all the rulers in the world constructed a city named Bhagyanagar regarding the law and order. (Hyderabad) on her name in the year 1591.• Ibrahim Quli annexed many kingdoms. • Bhagamati was a Hindu lady who belonged• He had friendly relations with the Safavid to Chenchala Village. Muhammad Quli Qutub dynasty of Persia. Shah gave her title “Hyder Mahal”.• The Powerful army chief of Ibrahim Quli was • In 1592, he changed the capital from Golconda Mustafa Khan. to Hyderabad during his period• Ibrahim opposed aliya Rama Raya in giving • In 1605 A.D. Dutch made Machilipatnam as shelter to his enemy Jagadeva Rao. So, he their centre. supported Deccan Sultans and fought against Aliya Rama Raya in Rakshasa – Tangadi • In 1611, British for the 1st time entered into battle in 1565 A.D. this battle is also known Andhra. as Thallikota battle. • British entered Machilipatnam in a ship named• In this battle, Ibrahim used new type of “Globe”. The captain of Globe was Hippon. Canons known as “Toph”, and made a • With the permission of Muhammad Quli Qutub Victory. Ibrahim is contemporary of Mughal Shah, British established their 1st trade centre Emperor Akbar. in Andhra at Machilipatnam. PNR Publications 71 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah built Darul – 5. Sultan Muhammad Qutub Shah Shifa (hospital) and Gagan Mahal. (1612-26 A.D): Contemporaries of • He is the husband of Hayat Bakshi, daughter Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah: of Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah. Mughal Rulers : Akbar (1556 – 1605), • He named Hyderabad city as “Sultan Jahangir Nagar”. Vijayanagaram : Venkatapati Raya–II • He was a great poet in Persia. He has written Ahmed Nagar Rulers : Chand Bibi poetry with the pen name “Jillula”. Hussain Nizam Shah–II • Among all the Sultans, he was known as the Bahadur Nizam Shah peaceful ruler. British Queen : Elizabeth–I. • During his period, Khairtabad Mosque was Bijapur Rulers : Ibrahim Adil Shah-II. constructed. Persia King : Shah Abbas. • His Peshwa “Mir Momeen Astrabadi” wrote a book “ Risala-e-Miqdaria” on• Mughal Emperor Akbar was friend of “Weights and Measurements”. Muhammad Quli. Akbar sent his ambassador “Masood Baig” to court of Muhammad • “Hakim Taqiuddin” has written a book on Quli. Medical science “Mizanul Tabai Qutub Shahi”.• After the death of Akbar in 1605 A.D, Golconda kingdom incurred losses due to the • The travellers who visited Golconda during his activities of Jahangir. period are:• In 1597 A.D, Quli Qutub Shah attacked 1. Jean de Thevenot – French Ahmed Nagar and defeated Chand Bibi. 2. Mir-Jainul-Abdeen – Persia (Iran)• He constructed Naya Phool Bridge on Musi (1614 A.D). River (Muchukunda river) to facilitate the • Persia king Shah abbas sent his ambassador drinking water needs of the public. Hassain Baig Khifaqui with 80 members.• During his period, Poets, artists, traders and Khifaqui spent 2 years in the court of Sultan intellectuals migrated from Iran to Golconda Muhammad Qutub Shah. and they are known as “Afaqis”. • Mughal Emperor Jahangir sent his ambassador• Muhammad Quli’s Peshwa “Mir Momin Mir–Makki to Sultan Muhammad Qutub Astrabadi” is also a Affaki, came from Iran. Shah’s court.• H.K.Sherwani in his book History of Qutub • His wife Bakshi Begum made many efforts Shahi dynasty have described the period of for the educational development. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah as a “Cultural • He built Amman Building and Nabi Bagh. Up Lift”.• Constructions by Muhammad Quli are: 6. Abdullah Qutub Shah Charminar (1626-72 A.D): Char Kaman (1592) • He ruled for the longest period of time. Jama masjid (1593) • He ascended the throne at the age 12 years Darul Shifa (Hospital) and was under the guardianship of his mother Dadh Mahal (court). Hayat Bakshi. 72 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• From his period onwards the downfall of • During Abdulla Qutub shah period French Qutub Shahi’s started. (1669 A.D) and Portuguese (1670) started• He built Hayathnagar on his mother’s name their trade centres at Machilipatnam. hayat Bakshi. • He constructed “Naya Khila” in Golconda Note: Hayat Bakshi constructed Masab fort. Tank (Masaheba Cheruvu / lake). • Abdullah’s period is known as the Golden• His contemporary Mughal Emperors are era for Urdu Literature. Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. • He was the 1st Sultan to issue Farmans in• During Abdullah Qutub Shah’s period, the Telugu. Golconda Kingdom became feudatory Kshetrayya: Kingdom to Mughal Empire. • Kshetrayya (Poet Singer) visited the court• In 1636 A.D, Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan of Abdullah. attacked Golconda fort. Abdullah entered into treaty with Shah Jahan by singing a bond Original name of Kshetrayya is “Inqiad Nama” and became feudatory to Varadayya. Mughal’s. this treaty took place in the presence His title : Pada Kavita Pitamaha. of Abdul Lateef (Representative of Mughal His birth place : Movva Village in Krishna emperor Shah Jahan). district.• Conditions of the treaty: Kshetrayya poems are known as “Movva Golconda should be Feudatory to Gopala Padalu”. Mughals. Kshetrayya have dedicated 1500 poems Sum of two lakhs fifty thousand should be to Abdullah Qutub Shah. paid to Mughals every year. Mughal emperor’s name should be 7) Abul Hasan Tanisha mentioned during Friday Prayers. (1672-1687 A.D):• Abdullah’s Minister Mir Zumla (Mohammad • He was the last ruler of Qutub Shahi dynasty. Syed Aresthani) has presented Kohinoor • Abdullah Qutub shah had three daughters. First diamond to Shah Jahan. daughter was married to the son of Mughal• After making treaty with Mughals, Abdullah emperor Aurangzeb. concentrated on Karnataka and wanted to • 3rd daughter’s husband is Abul Hasan Tanisha. expand his kingdom. The leader for invasion • Tanisha was the disciple of Sufi Saint “Sharaj of Karnataka was Muhammad Syed Kattal”. Aresthani. • Sharaj Kattal has given the title “Tanisha” to• In 1636 A.D, Abdullah Qutub Shah issued Abul Hasan. Tanisha means a Luxurious Golden Farmana for Britishers to give Trading Person. rights for performing their business. • Akkanna and Madanna supported Tanisha• In 1656 A.D, Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for ascending the throne. They belong to the attacked Hyderabad, then Abdullah Qutub Pingali dynasty Brahmins of Warangal. Shah made treaty with Shah Jahan and minted • Tanisha gave a title “Surya Prakash Rao” coins with Shah Jahan’s name to Madanna.
PNR Publications 73 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During Abul Hasan’s period. • Later Abul Hasan Tanisha released Gopanna Akkanna – Sirlasker (Army chief) and donated Bhadrachalam, Shankaragiri Madanna – Mir Zumla (Prime Minister) and Palvancha villages to Bhadrachalam• In 1685 A.D, Malkhed battle took place rama temple. between Aurangzeb’s son Shah Alam and Abul Hasan Tanisha. In this battle, Tanisha was Merging of Qutub Shahi Kingdom defeated. After this, a peace accord was into Mughal Empire: signed. According to this treaty, the loss • In 1687, Mughal emperor Aurangzeb himself incurred during the battle should be paid to attacked Golconda fort. Shah Alam and Akkanna, Madanna should be • Abdullah Phani, a soldier of Golconda helped removed from their service. Aurangzeb. Abdullah Phani opened the Fateh• Abul Hasan Tanisha entered into treaty with Darwaja (East gate) of Golconda fort. Marata King Shivaji with the support Akkanna and Madanna. • Abul Tanisha’s army commander Abdul Razaq Louri fought bravely and was killed• On 7th March, 1677 during Abul Hasan’s by the soldiers of Aurangzeb. period, Marata King “Shivaji” visited Hyderabad. • During the period of battle, the Mughal Army• The Ambassadors of Shivaji in Qutub Shahi’s resided at “Mughal Pura”. Horses were court : Niraj Pant and Prahalad Pant. kept at “Gosha Mahal”.• In March, 1686 Akkanna and Madanna • Battle took place at Fateh Maidan ( present were killed by the officer of Aurangzeb “Shaik L.B. Stadium). Minhaj” on the streets of Golconda. • Finally on 3rd October, 1687 Golconda was• Abul Hasan Tanisha had donated Kuchipudi merged into Mughal empire as 21st Suba. Village to Kuchipudi Bhagavati’s. • Abul Hasan Tanisha was sent to Doulatabad.• During his period Kancharla Gopanna He died there only in the year 1700 A.D. His (Bhakta Ramdas) the nephew of Akkanna, graveyard is at “Kuladabad”. Madanna was the Tahasildar of • During the annexation of Golconda Prominent Bhadrachalam. role played by the army chief of Aurangzeb,Kancharla Gopanna / Mir Qamruddin Chin Qilich Khan.Bhakta Ramdas: • Aurangzeb appointed Rahulla Khan as the• The birth place of Gopanna : Nelakonda palli temporary ruler of Golconda. in Khammam district.• The literary work is Dasharadi Shatakam. Administration• Kancharla Gopanna is known as Bhakta • The administration during Qutub Shahi period Ramdas. is explained in the following two books.• The teacher of Bhakta Ramdas is 1. Mirza Ibrahim Zuberi wrote Raghunatha Bhattacharya. – “Basatin – Us – Salatin” book.• Kancharla Gopanna was arrested and kept in Golconda Fort Jail for constructing Rama 2. H.K. Sherwani wrote “History of the temple in Bhadrachalam with Government Qutub Shahi dynasty” book. money. 74 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Division of Kingdom • Peshwa of Abdullah Qutub Shah was Sheik Muhammad Ibne Khatoon. Division Head Kingdom - Sultan • During Sultan Abdul Hasan Tanisha, the post of Peshwa was changed as Diwan. Taraf (States) - Tarafdar • Last Diwan of Golconda kingdom was Circar (Districts) - Fouzdar Madanna. Paraganas (Taluk) - Tahsildar Villages - Ayagar System Mir Zumla (Finance Minister): • He was the main person who looks after the• During Abdullah Qutub Shah’s Period, there were Tarafs (States). Finances of the Kingdom.• There were more Paraganas in Sikakol • He was called as “Zumla-Tul-Mulk”. Circar and less Paraganas in Mellangur • In the Government, After Peshwa, Mir Zumla Circar. was powerful and authoritative.• More income was collected from “Kovil Duties of Mir Zumla: Kond” Circar. • He regulates and collects the Taxes of different• Sultan was advised by a council Known as Accounts, which are supposed to comes to “Majlis-e-Diwandari”. Governments Tressury.• During Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah period, it was • For the Needs of Different departments he called as “Majlis-e-Kingash”. pays money with the permission of Sultan. Important Officers: Regional Administration: Peshwa – Prime Minister • For the convenience of administration Mir Zumla – Finance Minister Kingdom was divided into States and Circars. Ainul Mulk – War Minister / Army Minister • Village was the initial step for administration. Nazir – Administrative Officer Administration of Village: Mazumdar – Statistics Minister Head of Village – Mukhaddam Dabir – Information Officer Village Accountant – Kulkarni Kotwal – Law & Order / Police Officer Accountant of Paragana – Deshmukh Sarkhel – Main Revenue Officer Hawaldar – The Person who looks after the • The administration of village is conducted places where horses & elephants are kept through “Gothsabha”. Shabandar – Officer for the ports • Gothsabha is formed by Mirasidhars and Mustazir – Officer who collects land tax, Watandhars. this power is conferred by Auction • Mirasidhars are hereditary Landlords. They were given Permanent land rights.Peshwa / Vakil / Prime Minister : • Watandhars are given land rights by the• In Golconda Kingdom, the powerful person Government. They are government officials. after Sultan was Peshwa (Prime Minister). • According to the Qutub Shahi’s Farmana,• Peshwa of Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah was there were 12 Ayagars in Village Mustafa Khan Arbistani. PNR Publications 75 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture administration. They are Known as • Weapons used during Qutub Shahi period are: Baluthians. They are: Cannon (Tope) Mukhadam – Village Officer Jarabjan Kulkarni – Village Karanam Jamburan Sutar – Carpenter • The important Culverin are Kumbhar – Potter Tope Ibrahim Shahi Guru – Purohith Malik-e-Maidan Potedar – Coins exchanger Chowdry – Merchants head Judiciary Deshpandya – District Accountant officer • Sultan was the Chief Judge. Nahani – Barber • Judiciary system is supervised by “Shariyat Parith – Washerman Panch”. Patel – Munsab • Sultan Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah built a Veshahara – Gatemen court building named “Daad Mahal”.• The officer known as “Mahatsibh” was • Abdullah Qutub shah built a court known as appointed to inculcate morals in Public. Aman Mahal.• Sultans constructed and dug tanks, wells and canals for irrigation of crops. They appointed Society – Religion workers called “Vadderas” to repair the • During Qutub Shahi period, the conditions of tanks. And were given “Meras”. society are explained in the following books. Army 1. the book Shuka Saptati written by Palavekari Kadiripati.• Chief officer for Army is Ainul-Mulk.• French traveller Thevenot described about 2. “Quliyat Quli Poems” written by the Army of Qutub Shahi’s. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah. • During Qutub Shahi period, Hindus were inCentral Army / Sidda Army: majority in Telangana. But rulers were• It was under the Supervision of Sultan. Muslims. There were social evils such as• This army is known as “King’s Army”. practice of Sati, Child Marriages and• The expenses for this army are spent from Polygyny. Government funds. • The practice of Sati during Qutub Shahi’s is explained by the French Travellers TravernierJagirdar Army / Regional Army: and Bernier.• Jagirdar Army was maintained by Jagirdars • Methold mentioned about Prostitution in and Wazirs. those days.• To maintain the Jagirdar Army, Sultan gave • During this period, the foreigners who were “Jagirs” to Jagirdars and feudatories. settled in Golconda are known as “Afaqis”.• Jagirdars used to give Salaries to soldiers. • Qutub Shahi’s started “Muharram” ( Peerla• Sultan’s personal security team is known as Festival)” in Deccan. “Khasa Kail” / Silhadar. 76 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During Qutub Shahi’s, Hyderabad developed Thevenot – French. politically and became a popular city. It had Bernier – French. composite culture. Methold• There was religious tolerance among Sultans, they donated Agraharams for temples and Revenue System Brahmins. • The main occupation of people wasDonations of Abul Hasan Tanisha: Agriculture. Kuchipudi Bhagavati’s – • Land revenue is the main source of income Kuchipudi Agraharams for the Government. Rama Temple in Bhadrachalam – • Other sources of income are Agriculture, Shankargiri, Palvancha and Industries and Commerce. Bhadrachalam villages • The person who did cultivation on land is Malleshwara temple on Krishna Bank – known as “Rayat”. Some Professors opine Bhogapuram & Cherukuru Villages that the word “Rythu (Farmer)” came from• Qutub Shahi’s has recognized 14 festivals as the word Rayat. national festivals. • The farmers were not given full rights on the• Muhammaed Quli Qutub Shah conducted land. By any Muslim ruler except Malik Vasantostavam in Golconda. Ambur of Ahmednagar have given Mirashi• Purna Kumbha, Elephant Designs and rights in his Kingdom. Swan designs of Hindu culture were • During their period, diamond Mines were introduced into Muslim architecture. given on lease. This was the highest source of• Main festivals during Qutub Shahi period: income for the Government. Muharram Navroz Ramzan Deepavali Economic Conditions – Holi Bakrid Industries Dusherra Golconda Kingdom was the richest kingdom • Navroz – New year festival of Persian’s. among the 5 Shia kingdoms evoved during medieval period. The reasons for this are;Educational institutions of Qutub Shahi 1) Golconda Kingdom had Natural wealth andperiod: Valuable diamond mines. Primary / elementary educational centre – 2) Presence of cultivable and fertile land, good Maktab irrigation facilities, trade between Middle Asia Middle / Secondary educational centre – and Europe by having Machilipatnam as Madrasa centre. Higher level Educational Centre – • The lands were of two types. Khambha 1. Zamindari Lands andForeign Travellers who visited Golconda 2. Haveli Landsduring Qutub Shahi period: • Qutub Shahi rulers provided water facilities. Tavernier – They have constructed new tanks and wells French Gem / Diamond Merchant and repaired the old ones. PNR Publications 77 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah period, • Other things available in Golconda kingdom Hussain Sagar, Badvel Tank and were Gems, Pearls, Precious Stones, Ruby. Ibrahimpatnam Tank were constructed. Iron Industry:• According to Panagal inscription of 1551 A.D, • The main centres for iron weapon industries Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah have renovated and were Nirmal and Indur. repaired Panagal Tank and Udaya Samudram Tank. • Golconda was well known for the manufacture of Damascus Swords.• Thevenot had mentioned that there were lots of grape fields and they were used to extract Salt Petre Industry: grape wine. • Salt Petre is used in the preparation of gun• Government had full rights over the following powder, used in cannons and guns. industries. They are Salt, Betel leaves and • The main centre for the manufacturing of Salt Tobacco. Petre are Machilipatnam, Narsapur and• During Qutub Shahi period, famines occurred Pulicat. in the year 1630 and 1647. • The main centre for production of Indigo was Nagulavancha (Khammam).Diamond industry: Textile Industry:• During Qutub Shahi period, Diamond industry was well developed. • Well developed industry after diamond industry was textile industry.• The place where diamond and gems trade took place in Golconda is known as “Moti • The clothes which were weaved in Golconda are exported to Europe Dharwaja”. • The main weavers were Mughra and Famous Diamond Mines: Theliyaneta workers. Kollur (on the banks of Krishna River, • The industry which applied colours to clothes in Guntur) was Kalamkari industry. The main centre Ramalla Kota (Kurnool) for this was Machilipatnam. Vajra Karur (Anantapur) • During Qutub Shahi Period, glaze textiles were Paritala (Krishna district) known as “Chintz”.• According to Travernier, the famous • The clothes on which pictures are printed were Kohinoor diamond was found in 1656 at known as “Pintado” clothes. Krishna Delta “Kollur” during Abdullah • Good quality clothes were exported through Qutub Shah period. Machilipatnam to Europe.• At present, Kohinoor diamond is present in • Calico clothes were cheaply available in the Imperial Rachgalleon Museum in Narsapuram city. England. Carpet industry:• Moorland mentioned that there was 3 lakh pagodas of income added to exchequer every • The famous place for carpet industry – Warangal year from Ramalla Kota Diamond mines. • Warangal carpets are known as “Durries”.• Travernier mentioned that there was diamond polishing industry at Karwan region, which • In warangal, the families which weave carpets is to the west side of Charminar. stay at Mettavadu and Girmajipet.
78 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Sir George Watt in his book Indian Art at • “Perikas” played critical role in the Delhi, Calcutta had mentioned about the transportation of textile goods. weaving of Warangal carpets. • Qutub Shahi’s encouraged trade by collecting• Carpets were also weaved in the surrounding limited amounts of taxes. areas of Golconda. These were known as • There was 3 ½% of tax on imports and Golconda carpets. Muslims were experts in exports. this industry. Exports: Industries during Qutub Shahi’s(& the Diamonds Carpets Famous places): Steel-Iron products textiles • Damascus Swords – Golconda. Salt Petre Indigo • Carpets – Warangal. Good Quality Swords • Indigo – Imports: Nagulavancha (Khammam), Nalgonda Horses Gold • Wooden Toys – Kondapalli. Dates Pingani vessels • Ships & Boats – Perfumes glass Narasapuram, Machilipatnam Saffron Shells • Salt Petre – Narasapuram, Machilipatnam. • Swords, Knives – orugallu, Golconda. Coins: • Guns, Bullets – Induru. • The coins during Qutub Shahi period was • Steel & Iron – “Honnu”. Honnu is a gold coin. Induru, Nirmal, Kona Samudram, Indalvai. • Foreign traders called Honnu as “Pagoda”. • Wooden Crafts – Narsapur. • Other important coin was “Phanam”. • Copper coins were minted from Ibrahim QuliTrade & Commerce: Qutub Shahi’s period.• National and International trade was • Dutch People taken permission from Prominent as it was during Kakatiyas. Qutubshahi’s to establish Printing Press, and• Vaisyas played important role in National and later they established at Nagapatnam. International trade. • In Golconda kingdom, only Copper coins• The Portuguese and Arab traders supplied were minted. good quantity horses to Qutub Shahi’s. • The Gold coins “Honnu” were minted in• Bullock carts, donkeys and horse carts played Vijayanagar kingdom and they were important role in the transportation for circulated here. National trade. • The Silver coins minted by Mughals were• Foreign trade was done through Ships on also in circulation. Oceans this is known as “Ooda Beram” (Ship Bargain). Literature• Main Centres for Foreign trade were: • Qutub Shahi’s patronized Persian, Arabic, Motupally Narasapuram Deccani Urdu, Telugu and Sanskrit Languages. Machilipatnam Official language was Persian.
PNR Publications 79 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Majority of people during Qutub Shahi period • There were two important poets who spoke Telugu. influenced the society in Qutub Shahi Period.Important Poets and their literary 1. Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swamyworks: 2. Vemana Maringanti Singannacharya – Dasharatha Raja Nandana Charitha Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swamy (1st Niroshta book) (1608 – 1693) Shankara Kavi – • Birth place – Kurnool. Harish Chandropakyanam • Caste : Kamsali (Gold smith). Palavekari Kadiripati – Shuka Saptati • He is the author of the Kalagnanam (book (30 tales told by Parrot on 70 nights) of predictions regarding future). Gawasi: • Brahmam garu popularised “Achala – He was popular Deccani Urdu poet. doctrine”. – He was in the court of Abdullah Qutub • In Kadapa district Kandhimallayapalli village, Shah. he went into Jeeva Samadhi (entering into – His translation work “Tuthinama” is said grave alive). to be based on translation of Sanskrit book Shuka Saptati. Vemana (1652-1710): Ebaan-e-Nishati – Phoolban (Urdu). • Vemana poems were brought into lime light Alichin Taipoor – for the 1st time by C.P. Brown. Hadaikul Salathin (Garden of Kings) • C. P. Brown wrote “The Verses of Vemana”.• During mohammed Quli qutub Shah period, • The meter chosen by Vemana for his poetry is Bikkavolu Samsthanam (Court) became “Ataveladi”. main centre for Telugu literature. • He has written more than 1000 poems in• Bikkavolu kingdom founder was Ataveladi. Kamineni Kacha Reddy. Note: “History of Golconda” was written• Yella Reddy – Bala Bharatham, Kirata Arjuneeyam by Siddiqui.• Nebati Krishnaya matya – Rajneeti Ratnakaraam Art and Architecture• Raja Malla Reddy – Padma Puranam, • The constructions of Qutub Shahi’s had the Shatchakravarthy Charitra and mixed traditions of Persia and Hindu. This led Shiva Dharmottam to the emergence of new style known as Indo• Matla Ananta – Kukutsa Vijayam – Sarcenic style.• During Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah, there • This style was started by Quli Qutub Shah. were Janta Kavulu (Pair of poets) – • The scripts used on the constructions are Ayyanki Bala Saraswati Naskh, Thulath, Kufic, Nastaliq and and Turaga Raja Kavi Thugru script. Their literary work was “Nagakandam”.
80 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureHyderabad city: Char Kaman (Julu Khana):• It was constructed by Muhammed Quli • It is present 80 yards away from Charminar Qutub Shah in 1591 A.D. on its North side.• The then Peshwa Mir Momeen Astrabadi took Ishpahan city of Iran as the basis and Mecca Masjid: designed a plan for Hyderabad city. • The construction of Mecca Masjid was• Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah used grid style started by Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah and built new capital with 70 lakhs of Honnus, in 1614 and it was finished / completed by surrounding the village “Chinchala” and has Aurangazeb in 1693. given the name Bagh Nagar based on his • The architects were Mir Faizullah Baig and lover’s name Bhagamati. This was mentioned Chowdary Rajaiah. by Tavernier. • The masons from Persia and Arabia worked• Thevnot said that the new capital was Bagh for the construction of Mecca Masjid. The Nagar (city of gardens). entrance of Mecca Masjid have 15 Arches.• In 1687, a historian named Muhammed Saki • Monolith architecture in Mecca Masjid – visited Hyaderabad along with Aurangazeb Mihrab and said that the air, water and environment of Hyderabad made the hearts of Hyderabadis • Historians opine that some bricks used in the pure without any grudges and they live with construction of this Mosque were brought love and affection towards each other. from the holy place Mecca, hence it is named• Foreigners praised Hyderabad city as as Mecca Masjid. “Arleen”. • French gems trader Tavernier have describedMir Momeen Muhammed Astrabadi: about the beautiful city of Hyederabad and Mecca Masjid.• He belongs to “Musavi” family of South Iran.• Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah appointed Dar-ul-shifa (1595 A.D): Momeen as Golconda Peshwa in 1585 A.D. • Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah built a Unani
Charminar: hospital in 1595 A.D. which is present at Darul Shifa near present day’s Salarjung• Charminar was built in 1591-92 A.D. by Museum. Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah to • This was known as the “House of Cure”. commemorate the eradication of Plague. The architect was Mir Momeen Astrabadi. • Here Unani doctors came from different countries were there. Medical services were• He designed Charminar on the basis of free for all. “Maidan – e – Nakshajahaan” of Safaid city of Iran. • Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah also constructed Khudadad Mahal and Badshahi• This constructions has the mixed style of Ashrukhana, Charkhaman near Charminar. Persia, Turkey, and India. • The Qutub Shahi tombs built near Golconda• The main attraction of Charminar are 4 Pillars are well known for their architectural style. which are at a height of 186 feet. These are built 1km away from Golconda fort• Every Minar have 4 floors. at “Banjara Darwaja”.
PNR Publications 81 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Paintings • Abul Hasan Tanisha donated Kuchipudi village to Kuchipudi Bhagavats (dancers).• The Paintings of Qutub Shahi period had the • The shows presented by Kuchipudi Bhagavats styles of both Persia and Hindu, and this style are Bhama Kalapam and Usha Parinayam. evolved as Deccan Paintings. The mandapas built for dancing & singing –• Mir Hashim is the founder of Deccan painting “Baradarys”. style. • There were two dancers in the court of• There is a mention about 14 miniature paintings Abdullah Qutub Shah, they are Taramati and in the book Quliyat Quli. There are 1st Premamati. He also built villages Taramati Peta Deccan miniature paintings. and Umamati peta on their names.• The Quliyat Quli book contains the details • The dance forms during Qutub Shahi period paintings of Rakshasa Tangadi Battle, life at are Danda Lasyam, Perini, Kundali dance, Sultan Darbar and the beauty of the villages. Bhandikam and Charchari.• The important artists during Qutub Shahi period were Mir Abbas and Muhammed Jaman. Mughal Rule inPortraits: Telangana • In 1687, Aurangzeb attacked Golconda Fort• During Qutub Shahi period, in miniature and ended the rule of Qutub Shahis. Thus paintings the practise of drawing the portraits Golconda Kingdom came under the rule of of persons was started. Mughals.• The portrait of Sultan Muhammed Quli is • From 1687 to 1724, for almost 37 years present in Hyderabad Museum. Telangana was under the direct rule of• The portrait of Abdullah Qutub Shah riding Mughals. on elephant is present at Saint Petersburg • Aurangzeb also annexed other regions in south (Russia). The portrait of Abdullah Qutub along with Golconda. Shah is at Bombay. • There were 6 Subas of Mughals in Deccan. They are: Dance Hyderabad Aurangabad• Qutub Shahi’s encouraged Yakshaganam and Berar Khandesh Kuchipudi Bhagavats. Bidar Bijapur.• The ancient type of Yakshaganam is Koravanji. • Hyderabad suba was known as Bala Ghat and Pine Ghat.• First Yakshaganam – Sugreeva Vijayam (Kandukuri Rudra Kavi). • Aurangabad was the capital of Mughal in Deccan.• Popular Yakshaganas of that period – Bhagavata Stories & Parijatam. • Golconda was the Military Regiment.• Kuchipudi was well developed during Qutub • Every suba had Fouzdar. Shahi’s. • In 1687, Aurangzeb annexed Golconda and• The founder of Kuchipudi dance – appointed Ruhilla Khan as a Temporary Siddendra Yogi. representative of Hyderabad Region.
82 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• After Ruhilla Khan, Khan Siphar Khan was the first telugu Zamindar to join into Mughal apponted as Subedar. army. After this, Sardar Sarvai returned to his native place.Sardar Sarvai Papanna: • Later he constructed fort at Shahpur.• Sardar Sarvai Papanna was the person who tried to protect the people of Telangana from • In 1702, Hyderabad Suba Deputy Governor the cruel rule of Mughal Viceroy’s between Rustum Dil Khan attacked on the place of 1695-1710 by making Khilashahpur Sarvai Papanna, but Papanna escaped. (Warangal) as his centre. • On 1st April, 1708 when Hindu – Muslims• His Native place is Lingampally village near were busy in preparations for Muharram Tarikonda in Warangal district. festival Sarvai Papanna attacked Warangal fort and occupied it. Later he also attacked• From his childhood, he observed the atrocities Bhuvanagiri & Golconda forts and occupied. committed by the Zamindars and Jagirdars with the support of king. • In 1709, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah–I conducted Praja Darbar (Meeting). For this• He attacked Upper caste Landlords, Gadi’s he invited Sardar Sarvai along with other of traders and fort and distributed the stolen Zamindars. money among the poor. He opposed the tyrannic rule of Muslim rulers. • Mughal Emperor recognized Papanna as a king and gifted him “Robe of Honour”. Sarvai• He belong to the Toddy Tapping (Goud) Papanna gifted huge sum of money to Mughal community. Emperor. Later, some higher officials who did• He opposed to follow the occupation of his not like felicitating Papanna had complained father and wanted to make political rising. against him to Mughal emperor.• First he attacked his sisters house and with • By this, Emperor ordered Yousuf Khan to that money he built a small fort at Tarikonda. punish Papanna. Finally, the Fouzdar Yousuf He formed army with 1200 members. Khan killed Sardar Sarvai Papanna.• The main soldier of Sardar Sarvai Papanna • Sarvai Papanna was the first Telangana was Mir Saheb. Revolutionist who opposed the tyrannic rule• Other persons were: of Muhammedians. Chakali Sarvanna Hassan Kummari Govindanna Imam Dudekula Piru Mangali Masanna• Later along with his disciples he went to Kaulas fort. There he joined into the army of Zamindar Venkat Rao.• In 1701, Zamindar Venkat Rao became the feudatory of Mughals and he was given the rank “ Mansabdar” in Mughal Army. He was
PNR Publications 83 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Asafjahis (Nizam Kingdom)12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (A.D. 1724 – 1948)1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• In October, 1724 A.D, battle of Shakkar Ruling years of Asaf Jahis: Khed took place between Nizam-Ul-Mulk • 1st Nizam - Nizam-Ul-Mulk (1724-48) (Mir Qamruddin Siddiqi) and Mubariz Khan Nazar Jung (1748-50) (Subedar of Deccan). In this battle, Nizam- Ul-Mulk defeated Mubariz Khan and founded Muzaffar Jung (1750-51) an independent kingdom. Salabath Jung (1751-61)• Asaf Jahis ruled the Deccan plateau present • 2nd Nizam - Nizam Ali Khan (1761-1803) between the rivers Krishna and Godavari from • 3rd Nizam – Sikander Jha (1803-29) 1724 to 1948 A.D. • 4th Nizam – Nasiruddaula (1829-57)• At that time Hyderabad kingdom had • 5th Nizam – Afzal-ud-daula (1857-69) Telangana, Karnataka and Marathwada • 6th Nizam – Mir Mahboob Ali Khan regions. (1869-1911)• The great grand father of Nizam-Ul-Mulk was • 7th Nizam – Mir Osaman Ali Khan Alam Sheikh. (1911-1948)• He is the descendant of Abu Bakr, the first Caliph. Nizam-Ul-Mulk (1st Nizam)• The ancestors of Asaf Jahis belongs to Turani (1724-48): tribe from Samarkand region of Bhukara • Founder of the Asaf Jahi kingdom kingdom (in present day Uzbekistan). • He was born in 1671 at Agra• They came from there and settled as officers • His parents were Mir Shihabuddin siddiqi and in Mughal empire. Khwaja Abid, grand father Safia Khanum of Nizam-Ul-Mulk was appointed as Mansabdar in Aurangzeb court. • His original name is Mir Qamruddin Siddiqi• Aurangzeb gave “Kilich Khan” tittle to • His Titles: Khwaja Abid. Chin Qilich Khan (by emperor Aurangazeb) Asaf Jahi Dynasty: Nizam-Ul-Mulk First ancestor – Alam Sheik (by emperor Farrukhsiyar) Progenitor – Khwaja Abid Fateh Jung (by emperor Farrukhsiyar) Asaf Jah Founder of kingdom – (by emperor Muhammed Shah Rangeela) Mir Qamruddin (Nizam-Ul-Mulk) Khan-i-Dauran First Capital – Aurangabad (by emperor Bahadur Shah-1) Second Capital – Hyderabad NOTE: Chin Qilich Khan means young Official language – Persian, Urdu (from 1884) swordsman
84 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Mir Qamruddin worked with four Mughal • In 1739, Persian king Nader Shah defeated Emperors Mughals in Karnal battle and started marching• Aurangzeb appointed him as Mansabdar to to attack on Delhi. Nizam-Ul-Milk after 4000 army receiving this information tried to make treaty• Aurangzeb also appointed Mir Qamruddin as between Nader Shah and Mughal Emperor “Karnataka Subedar” Muhammed Shah Rangeela• Bahadur shah – I appointed him as “Ayodhya • According to this treaty, Kohinoor diamond Subedar” and Peaco*ck throne were given to Nader• During Farrukhsiyar period, he was appointed Shah as “Deccan Governor” (Subedar) • At that time, Nader shah offered Delhi’s• During Muhammed Shah period, he worked throne to Nizam-Ul-Mulk but he refused as “Prime minister” to Mughals • In 1748, Afghan king Ahmed Shah Abdali• In 1724, Mir Qamruddin established Nizam attacked on Delhi. Then Nizam-Ul-Mulk left kingdom, “Aurangabad” as capital for Delhi to help Mughal Emperor Rangeela.• Nizam-Ul-Mulk was a great poet. He wrote But he died on his way to Delhi at poems in Persian language “Burhanpur” in Maharashtra• He composed Persian poems with pen name • Nizam-Ul-Mulk died in the year 1748. After “Shakir” his death conflict arose between his two sons• His chief secretary Lala Mansuram wrote for the succession of throne 94 stories based on the things said by Nizam- Ul-Mulk on different occasions. • He was buried at Khuldabad in Aurangabad• Nizam-Ul-Mulk prime minister or First Diwan Nasir Jung / Nazar Jung (1748-50) for Asaf Jahi dynasty was Diyanath Khan. • After the death of Nizam-Ul-Mulk, Nazar• Nizam had good relations with French and ruled Hyderabad from 1748 to 1750 British people.• Nizam-Ul-Mulk entered into treaties with • During his period, battle of Ambur took place Bajirao-I, Peshwa of Maratha after he was in 1749 defeated in three battles. • During his period, Muzaffar Jung, grandson1. Battle of Palkhed – 1728 – Mungi Shivagaon of Nizam-Ul-Mulk, started a civil war for Treaty succession. British and French were also2. Battle of Surat – 1731 – Warna Agreement involved in this war3. Battle of Bhopal – 1738 – Durai Sarai Treaty • French Governor Dupleix supported Muzaffar• According to Mungi Shivagaon Treaty, Jung and they conspired to kill Nazar Jung Nizam-Ul-Mulk gave permission to Marathas • Finally, Nazar Jung was killed by Kurnool to collect Chout (1/4th) and Sardeshmukh Nawab Himmat Khan (1/10th) from his kingdom • Later, French appointed Muzaffar Jung as• As per Durai Sarai agreement, Nizam Deccan Subedar agreed to give Malwa state and the land between Chambal and Narmada rivers to • During Nazar Jung period, 1st Carnatic war Marathas and he paid one lakh rupees as took place (1746-48) compensation. PNR Publications 85 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureMuzaffar Jung (1750-1751): • Chandurthi War (1758) was responsible for• He was the son of Khair-Un-Nisa Begum, the destruction of French in Andhra Pradesh who was the daughter of 1st Nizam. • During the reign of Salabath Jung• He has given Machilipatnam, Diviseema Machilipatnam treaty (1759) was the 1st and Yanam to French for helping him to treaty between the British and Hyderabad ascend the throne. kings• Muzaffar Jung gave title “Zaffar Jung” to • Nazar Jung, Muzaffar Jung and Salabath Jung Dupleix and appointed him as the Governor are not part of Asaf Jahi dynasty and they to Southern region of Krishna river don’t have Nizam title.• Nawab of Kadapa and Kurnool conspired Nizam Ali Khan (2nd Nizam) and killed Muzaffar Jung at Lakkireddipalli (1761-1803): near Rayachoti. • He is the son of 1st Nizam. He arrestedSalabath Jung (1751-61): salabath Jung in Bidar fort and declared himself• After the assassination of Muzaffar Jung, as Hyderabad Nizam Salabath Jung ascended the throne with the • From his period, Asaf Jahi’s were known help of French. as Nizams• French army chief De Bussy was with him • He was the first to rule the kingdom with the• Salabath Jung Diwan – Syed Lashkar Khan name of Nizam • In 1770, he changed the capital from• In 1753, Salabath Jung gifted 4 Northern circars to French. Aurangabad to Hyderabad • Nizam Ali Khan was contemporary to Mysore• 4 Northern Circars were: rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan 1. Mustafa Nagar (Kondapalli) (in 1752) • In 1790-92, 3 rd Mysore war took place 2. Eluru 3. Rajamandry between Mysore king Tipu sultan and tripartite 4. Srikakulam (Chicacol) group (British, Nizam and Marathas)• Later in 1759, Salabath took away northern • In this battle, Tipu sultan was defeated and circars from French. treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed• Important Zamindars in Northern circars: • According to this treaty, Nizam was given to Vijayanagaram Zamindar – Kadapa, Bellary and Guramkonda Vijaya Rama Raju regions. Bobbili Zamindar – Ranga Rao • In 1795, Nizam Ali Khan was defeated by Peddapuram Zamindar – Jagapati Raju Maratha Peshwa Madhav Rao -II in the• The following battles took place during the battle of Kharda. period of Salabath Jung: • British did not help Nizam in this battle, so Bobbili War – 1757 Nizam has removed the British army from his kingdom and placed the French battalion Chandurthi War – 1758 under the leadership of Commander Machilipatnam War – 1759 Raymond. Vandavasi War – 1760 (battle of Wandi Wash) • In 1795, Nizam Ali Khan’s son Ali Jah revolted 3rd Carnatic battle – 1756-63 against his father with the help of Medak 86 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Zamindar Sada Shiva Reddy. However, this • During this agreement the Bengal Governor was spoiled by French army under the General was Robert Clive (1766) leadership of Raymond • Nizam’s brother Basalath Jung ruled over• In 1798, with the fear of Marathas, Nizam Guntur Ali Khan entered into the “Doctrine of • There was an agreement between British and Subsidiary alliance” with the British east Nizam ali Khan that Guntur will be handed india company over to British only after the death of Basalath• Subsidiary alliance was introduced by British jung Governor general Lord Wellesley in 1798 • In 1788, Guntur was handed over to British• According to the terms of a subsidiary alliance, Datta Mandalas princely rulers were not allowed to have an (Rayalaseema districts): independent armed force. British army was • In 1800, Nizam Ali Khan handed over kept in the princely states and one British Datta Mandalas to the British East India resident will be appointed for every state which company have signed the doctrine of Subsidiary alliance• First independent ruler to sign the doctrine of Datta Mandalas are Subsidiary alliance was Nizam Ali Khan 1. Kadapa 2. Kurnool (1798). In this agreement the important role 3. Anantapuram 4. Bellary was played by Nizam Diwan – Aaj-Ul-Umra • Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao named datta• After this agreement, British resident James Mandalas as “Rayalaseema” on the name Kirk Patrick stayed at Hyderabad of Srikrishna Devaraya• Sikandar Jha gave title “Hasmath Jung” to Raymond- French army: James Kirk Patrick • French commander during Nizam Ali Khan• During Nizam Ali Khan period, Padmanabha was Raymond (Michael Jiachim Battle took place at North coastal Andhra in Raymond) the year 1794 • The army under the control of Raymond was• Venkatachalam was the painter in nizam Ali known as “Raymond Paltan” Khan’s court • Nizam Ali Khan has given Medak Jagir toNizam Ali Khan handed over the following Raymond for the maintenance of his armyregions to British east india company • Raymond established Gunfoundry at Hyderabad in 1795, for manufacturingNorthern Circars: canons• According to the agreement in 1766 Nizam • The people of Hyderabad called Raymond as had given Northern Circars (except Guntur) Moosa Ram. On his name Moosarambagh to east India Company was formed. His tomb is at Asmanghar• Kandregula Jogi Panthulu, play key role (malakpet) as Dubasi(mediator) between Nizam Ali Khan • Before this Raymond also worked with Tipu and British regarding Northern Circars. This sultan and Bussey agreement took place between Nizam Ali • Women regiment formed by Nizam Ali khan Khan and Kailad was “Jafar paltan” PNR Publications 87 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Women soldiers of Jafar Paltan were known • To meet the expenses incurred for the as “Gardinis” maintenance of Russel Brigade, Sikander JhaConstructions of Nizam Ali Khan : made agreement with Palmer & Co company 1. Moti Mahal 2. Gulshan Mahal • Sikander Jha took loan from Palmer &Co for 3. Roshan Mahal 4. Purani Haveli the rate of interest at 25% on the advice of RusselPurani Haveli: • Palmer & company was started by William• Purani Haveli (palace) is also known as Palmer at Hyderabad in the year 1811 Msarrat Mahal • The Indian partner of Palmer & co was• Nizam Ali Khan constructed Purani Haveli Banketi Das (Gujrat trader) for his son Sikander Jha • This company was given permission for• It is ‘U’ shaped and followed European style performing banking activities by Nizam of Architecture Peshkar Chandu Lal• The unique feature of this palace is the presence • Sikander Jha was financially robbed by Palmer of world’s largest wooden wardrobe & Co. this led to the financial crisis of nizam• Later, this has become the official residence kingdom. This situation was settled by Charles of Mir Mahabub ali Khan Metcalf • Metcalf was appointed in place of HenrySikander Jha (3rd Nizam) Russel as Hyderabad Resident(1803-1829): • Metcalf approved Nizam to the loan from• His original name is Mir Akbar Ali Khan British at 6% interest rate and Nizam re-paid• He built “Secunderabad” on his name in the the loans of Palmer & Co year 1806 Reforms by Metcalf• Army types which were present during his 1. He decided the tax based on the productivity period are: of the crop and the income on Khalsa, Jagir 1. Nizam’s own army and Jatidar lands 2. Army under the control of Diwan was 2. European officials were appointed by Metcalf Rohilla Army to receive the complaints from farmers 3. Linewala Army – kings related army • By these reforms, Hyderabad kingdom• But discipline and integrity were lost in this regained its position financially army NOTE : in 1835, Charles Metcalf was• At that time, British resident Henry Russel appointed as the temporary governor of British formed special army known as “Russel india. During this time he gave freedom for Brigade” in 1816 press and was known as Liberator of press• Later, Russel Brigade came to be known as • The Diwan of Sikander Jha Mir Alam Hyderabad contingent/army engraved Mir Alam Tank on his name in 1804-1806• Russel Brigade has suppressed the attacks • Peshkar during Sikander jha – of Pindari’s and regional revolters Maharaja Chandu Lal
88 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During Sikander Jha’s period, Raja Bhavani • The important disciples of Mubariz-ud-daula Pershad constructed Rama temple in were: Attapur near Hyderabad Lalkhan, Fakhar Muhammed,Construction of British Residency: Pokharmal, Gulam Rasul Khan• In between 1804-1808, James Kirk Patrick • Pokharmal supported Mubariz-ud-daula constructed British Residency at Koti in financially Hyderabad • The then Kurnool Nawab “Gulam Rasul• Architect of British Residency – Khan” participated in wahabi movement and Samuel Russell supported Mubariz• The buildings of British Residence are today’s • Wahabi movement in Hyderabad was koti women’s college and Osmania Medical suppressed by British Resident – General college Fraser• The bathroom used by kirk Patrick is now • The Hyderabad Diwan during Wahabi used by students as seminar hall movement was Chandu Lal• Kirk Patrick constructed Rang Mahal • On the instructions of British, Nasir-ud-daula beside british residence for his lover Khair- arrested Mubariz-ud-daula and kept him in Un-Nissa. Golconda fort• Char Bagh is built by Kirk Patrick around Rang Mahal. It resembles like Mughal garden • Mubariz died in Golkonda fort in the year in Kashmir. 1854• Present Rang Mahal is changed into physics • Mubariz was recognized as the 1st freedom laboratory fighter of Telangana • This movement can be treated as theNasiruddaula (4th Nizam) inspiration for 1857 revolt(1829-57):• The incidents which took place after Berar Treaty/Pact (1853) Nasiruddaula became Nizam in 1829 • During the Nasir-ud-daula’s period, the debt to British East India company had reached toWahabi Movement: 64 lakhs• In 1838, Mubariz-ud-daula led the Wahabi • In 1853, governor general Lord Dalhousie movement in Hyderabad pressurized Nizam to repay the loan, then• Wahabi movement was against to the British Nizam paid half of the debt and Nizam entered NOTE : Wahabi movement in india was into Berar treaty with Dalhousie for the started by Syed Ahmed Rae Barelvi remaining amount• Initially it started as a revolt against British and • Berar treaty took place on 21 May, 1853 st
Sikhs, then eventually it changed as the • At the time of Berar treaty National Movement Nizam – Nasir-ud-daula• Mubariz-ud-daula is the step brother of Diwan – Siraj-ul-mulk Nasir-ud-daula Governor – Lord Dalhousie• In Hyderabad, Mubariz-ud-daula was the British Resident – Col.Johnlo 1st to revolt against British PNR Publications 89 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• According to this treaty, Nizam has given Important events during Nasir-ud-daula’s following regions to British period 1. Berar • In 1829, Shamshul Umra established “Fakaria Madrasa” 2. Raichur • In 1834, Hyderabad’s first school 3. Osmanabad (Darshiv) “St.George Grammar school” was• Berar treaty was signed by Siraj-ul-mulk and established by church of England Dalhousie • In 1834, Translation Bureau of press was• As per this agreement, Russel Brigade was started. Here engineering and medical books changed as Hyderabad contingent and are printed made subsidiary to British Indian army • In 1839, Chaderghat bridge was• Siraj-ul-mulk was feels humiliated with this constructed on Musi River treaty and died due to illness on 26th May, • In 1846, Hyderabad medical school was 1853 established by Dr.Maechalin. later it was• With the death of Siraj-ul-mulk, his nephew changed as Osmania mediacl college Turab Ali Khan (Title-Salarjung) was • In 1848, Sati was abolished in Hyderabad appointed as Hyderabad Diwan state• Bruce Norton in his book “The Rebellion • In 1851, Warangal’s carpets and blankets are in India” has commented regarding Berar exhibited in England treaty that British took over the Berar region • In 1854, king Edward memorial hospital from Nasir-ud-daula by making goddess of was constructed at Secunderabad. Later, this justice deaf and by closing her eyes was changed as Gandhi Hospital • In 1856, Dr.Smith started First industrial• The reason for taking over the Berar region exhibition at Hyderabad by British is the presence of high-quality cotton in berar region which can be used for • Nasir-ud-daula’s Diwan Chandulal have revived the Ahobilam Temple in Kurnool manufacturing textiles in England districtZamindar’s Revolt: • Chandulal was a great poet in Persian and• During Nasir-ud-daula’s period, law & order Urdu languages. problem arose in the princely state • Chnadulal’s pen name was – SADAN.• Some of the Zamindars revolted against the • His family was known as Malwa’s family Nizam. They were • Nasir-ud-daula was the Hyderabad Nizam 1.Venkat Narsimha Rao – when sepoy mutiny started on 10th May, Ammapalem Zamindar 1857. After the revolt started within week days nasir-ud-daula died and Afzal-ud-daula 2.Kapa Narsimha Rao – Chintagani Zamindar became the Nizam of Hyderabad 3.Jaganatha Rao – Munagala Zamindar• The revolt of these Zamindars was suppressed Afzal-ud-daula (1857-69): by Hyderabad contingent • The important events during his period were 1857 revolt and revolt by Ramji Gond
90 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1857 Sepoy Mutiny Hyderabad”. He was born at Begum Bazar• In June, 1857 Maulvi Ibrahim and Maulvi in Hyderabad Allah-ud-din distributed pamphlets against the • Nizam government announced Rs.5000 British all over the Hyderabad reward on Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi• In Hyderabad kingdom, 1857 revolt was First Allauddin started in Aurangabad • Turrebaz Khan was shot dead by Britishers• In Aurangabad, Mir Fida Ali revolted against at Toopran, Medak district based on the the British information given by Qurban Ali. Later,• Mir Fida ali was killed by Captain Abbott Turrebaz Khan dead body was hanged with• Revolt started in Buldhana under the chains in British residency for somedays leadership of Jamedar Cheeda Khan NOTE : the road between Koti and Abids is• After the revolt, Cheeda Khan escaped and named as Turrebaz Khan road reached Hyderabad • Another revolutionist Maulvi Allauddin was• Nizam’s Diwan Salarjung announced Rs.3000 arrested at Mangalpalli and was reward on cheeda Khan imprisoned at Andaman Jail (kalapani jail)• Later, Cheeda Khan and his supporters were for the rest of his life arrested and kept in British Residency at koti • Maulvi Allauddin was named as the FirstAttack on British Residency: Hyderabad’s political prisoner. He died in 1884 at Andaman jail• On 17th July, 1857 the revolutionists attacked British Residency and demanded for the • Hyderabad Nizam Afzal-ud-daula and Diwan release of Cheeda Khan Turab Ali Khan supported British during 1857• The attack took place by Rohilla army under revolt the leadership of Turrebaz khan and Maulvi Rewards given by British for the support Allauddin during 1857 revolt:• The attack was suppressed by British • In 1861, British presented the title “Star of Resident – Colonel Davidson and the British army chief Major Briggs India” to Afzal-ud-daula• During the attack on British residency, • British also waived off the debt of 50 lakhs Turrebaz Khan took shelter at the houses of and given away Raichur, Osmanabad and businessman jai Gopal das and Abbas Saheb Antarvedi regions to Nizam at Sultan Bazar • Nizam were given power to mint coins on his• During the battle between British soldiers and name. (Till then coins were minted with Rohilla army, tens of Rohilla soldiers were killed Mughal emperor’s name) but Turrebaz khan and Maulvi Allauddin • British gave the title “Salar Jung” to Diwan escaped Turab Ali Khan• 1857 revolt in Hyderabad was led by • Later, due to indifferences between Nizam and Turrebaz Khan Salar Jung, he was removed from the position NOTE : Turrebaz Khan was known as of Diwan in 1860 and 1867. But, with the Turum khan and “The unsung hero of interference of British he was re-appointed
PNR Publications 91 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureRamji Gond Revolt : • Chowmahalla means four palaces• In 1860, Gonds, Rohillas revolted against • The four palaces in this are: British under the leadership of Ramji Gond at 1.Afzal Mahal 2.Mahtab Mahal Nirmal, Adilabad district 3.Aftab Mahal 4.Tahniyat Mahal• Later, Ramji Gond and his 1000 associates • Chowmahalla palace is similar to “Shah were caught and hanged to death on a Banyan Palace” in Tehran, Iran tree in Nirmal. That tree came to be known • The clock above the main gate of as Veyyi Urila marri or Veyyi purrela chettu Chowmahalla palace is known as Khilwat Clock which has been working for 250 yearsPeshwa Rao Saheb Conspiracy:• In 1862, Peshwa Rao Saheb and his associates were residing secretly at Lal Kishan Salar Jung - I Reforms Lal’s house in Begum Bazar • Salar Jung- I was born in 1829 in Bijapur• Later, he conspired against the British in • His original name : Mir Turab Ali Khan Hyderabad. This is popularly known as • On 31st May, 1853 at the age of 24 years “Begum Bazar Conspiracy” Salarjung- I was appointed as Hyderabad• Finally, Rao Saheb was caught and hanged in state Prime Minister (Diwan) August 1862 • He worked with three Nizams from 1853 to 1883 for 30 yearsImportant incidents during Afzal-ud-daula period 1853-57 : Nasir-ud-daula• In 1858, special coins were minted known as 1857-69 : Afzal-ud-daula “Hali Sikka” 1869-83 : Mir Mahboob Ali Khan• In 1859, Afzal gunj (Nayapool) bridge was • Grand father of Salar Jung- I : Munirul Mulk constructed • Uncle of Salar Jung : Siraj-ul-mulk• In 1862, mahbubia school was started by • The political advisor of Salar Jung was Nawab Syed Ali Bilgrami Sarwar-ul-mulk• In 1862, post offices were established • Salar Jung is the descendant of Sheik omar• In 1864, the 1st English newspaper Deccan karman of Medina times was started in Secunderabad • Salar Jung held following positions before• In 1868, Grand Trunk road was laid between becoming Diwan Hyderabad and Sholapur Medak Talukdar• In 1868, first time Bank of Bengal was Higher authority in revenue department established in Hyderabad • Nasir-ud-daula named Salar Jung – I as a• In 1869, first postal stamp was issued in “Firangi bacha” (foreign boy) Hyderabad • In 1876, Salar Jung-I visited London with the motive of obtaining Berar back from British.Chowmahalla palace (British took Berar in 1853)• The construction of Chowmahalla palace was • In London Salarjung-I received the honorary started in 1750 during Salabath Jung’s period degree of D.C.L (Degree in Civil Law) from and was completed during Nizam Afzal-ud- the University of Oxford daula period (1857-69) 92 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He learned administrative tactics from officer • The important 4 persons in this are Daiton in London Revenue Minister :• While returning to India, Salar Jung visited Mukarram-ud-daula Bahadur Rome city and there he purchased the famous Law Minister : Bashir-ud-daula Bahadur marble statue titled “Veiled Rebecca” Incharge of Police department :• At present, this statue is present at Salar Jung Shamshir Jung Bahadur museum in Hyderabad• He introduced modern administrative Head of Public works & other principles in Hyderabad departments : Shaheb Jung• When Salar Jung was appointed as the Diwan • The personal secretary of Salar Jung was of Nizam, the situation of Hyderabad state was Syed Hussain Bilgrami bad. So, he introduced following reforms • The departments which were under the direct control of Prime Minister were known asAdministrative reforms: “Madar-ul-Mihams”• During Salar Jung- I, the extent of Nizam • The departments under Prime Minister were Kingdom was 82,698 miles. 1. Department of Finance• Hyderabad state population in 1881 was 2. Postal Department 98,45,594 3. Military• Salar Jung divided the kingdom into 5 subas and 17 districts • The administration was totally carried by the Division Head Prime Minister. He was also known as Diwan or Rigent Kingdom Nizam • For the convenience of administration, it was Suba Sadar Talukadar divided into 14 departments District Talukdar Taluk Tahsildar Revenue Reforms: Villages Patel/Patwari • In 1864, Revenue board was established• In administration, the important division was • In 1865, as part of Revenue reforms, Salar village Jung introduced Zilabandi system• In villages Patel, Patwari, Talari and Dhed • The Diwani territory was divided into districts played important roles for the purpose of revenue and judicial Patwari : Responsible for land tax and an administration called Zilabandi accountant • When the time of introduction of Zilabandi Talari : Security of village and other services system Nizam of Hyderabad was Afzal-ud- Dhed : Who works for the officers and at daula and British Resident : George Yule community/ village hall • Salar Jung has divided the districts into 3 Neri : Who looked after irrigation works categories based on their annual income Sedisindi : Security for 50 houses in village Primary category: Income > 12,00,000/-• In 1868, Salar Jung -I appointed a council of Secondary Category : upto 10,00,000/- Ministers by name “Sadar-ul-Mihams” Tertiary Category : upto 8,00,000/-
PNR Publications 93 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Land tax was of two types: • In 1858, Salar Jung introduced coins known1. Battai System: as “Hali Sikka”. Hali Sikka was a silver coin (its value is 15% less than the British Rupee)• The land tax was collected in the form of crop produce • Till 1857, Mughal coins were used in Hyderabad• The officers who collects the land tax were known as Bilmuktadars • In 1861, he started Stamp paper office• These officers will be given this authority • Central Mint Office is at Hyderabad and through auction Regional mint offices are at Narayanpet (1870) and Gadwal (1875)• Salar Jung abolished this Battai system and started to collect the tax in the form of money Educational Reforms:2. Ryotwari System: • In 1855, Salar Jung established western• Land tax is paid in currency form educational institution known as Darul Uloom school (oriental college) at Hyderabad• Salar Jung has introduced this system during Afzal-ud-daula’s period. In this, farmers will • The medium of instruction were Persian, directly pay the tax to the Government Arabic, Urdu and English languages• In 1867, Revenue board was abolished, in that • In 1870, City high school & Engineering place central revenue board was created colleges were started known as sadar Mahake-i-Malgujari • In 1872, Chaderghat school was started• The officers of this department are known as • In 1873, Madarsa-e Aliya was established Muhtamim and Ruknu. for the children of Nobles• As part of revenue reforms, police • In 1878, Madarsa-e-Aizza was established department is separated from revenue for the children of Royal family department in 1867 • In 1880, Chaderghat English high school and• In 1875, Central Inam institute was school of engineering were together called as established Hyderabad college• In 1875, land revenue survey and settle- Nizam College (1887) ment department was established for demar- • In 1887, Hyderabad College was re- cation of boundaries and for surveying of lands established as Nizam college• During that period, the land is measured using • 1 st Principal of Nizam college was 10 yards of chain. This was standard, it is Aghoranath Chatopadhyaya known as Bigha or 6/6 chain NOTE : initially, Nizam college was• Bigha is important for land measurement. Even established English as medium of instruction today it is used in Telangana which was affiliated to Madras University.Economic Reforms: • In 1947, it was changed and got affiliated to• Salar Jung have decreased the salaries of Osmania University officials and himself also because of the poor • In 1881, Salar Jung established Gloria Girls financial condition of Hyderabad province High school in Hyderabad• Armed force & additional military force was NOTE: It was the First Girls school in abolished Hyderabad 94 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1882, Islamia school was established by Police Reforms: Syed Hussain Bilgrami • As part of this reforms, one SP was appointed It was the First Muslim girls school in to each district and one inspector for every the country two taluqs• In 1884, Mahabubia college was • The head of police department – established in Secunderabad Mahkama-e-Kotwal• Salar Jung-I financially supported Sir Syed • Police station – Chauki Ahmed Khan for the establishment of Aligarh • Chowkidar – S.I educational institutions • Taluq police officer – Amin (inspector)• Educational department was supervised by • District police officer – Muhtamim (SP) officers known as Muhtamims Talimat, • Head of Muhtamim – appointed by Salar Jung Nayab Sadar Muhtamim (DIG)• In 1869, W.H.Wilkinson was appointed as educational department secretary. He • Large number of police constables and introduced new educational methods Sowers were appointed
• The private schools during Nizam period were • Jamedar/ Daftadar – Head constable known as Khangi’s. Judicial Reforms:Transport and communicational • In 1862, Law department was establishedReforms: • In 1869, Salar Jung abolished the punishment• In 1868, Grand trunk road was laid from which involved mutilation of arms Hyderabad to Sholapur • In 1872, Salar Jung created a court of appeal• In 1869, Nizam state railway was known as Mahkama-e-murafa-e-Azla established • This was created to accept all the civil and• In Hyderabad province the construction of criminal appeals from districts & cities. First railway line was started in 1870 from • Salarjung established Supreme Court Known Wadi to Secunderabad and was finished in as “Majlis–e–Murafa”, The chief justice of 1874 Supreme Court was Nazim.• In 1874, Secunderabad railway station • For the Surveillance on District officials he was established. This railway system was established an High Court known as known as Nizam Guaranteed state railway. “Mahkama–i–Sadar”.• In 1877, British engraved Buckingham canal Civil court Criminal court• In 1864, hyderabad’s 1 English newspaper st Lowest level Buzung Khurd Deccan times was started District level Diwan-e-Adalat Faujdar Adalat• In 1867, Government printing press was started • A high court known as Majlis Aliyah Adalat• In 1885, 1 st telephone facility was was established for civil administration in Hyderabad introduced in Hyderabad • In1877, Legal secretariat was established PNR Publications 95 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureOther Reforms: • The 1st Viceroy to visit Hyderabad was Lord• In 1867 – Forest department was established Rippon• In 1876 – Firani factory was formed • In 1885, British presented Mir Mahboob Ali Khan with the title “Star of India”• In 1864 – Military department was established • After the death of Diwan Salar Jung, his son Layak Ali Khan (Salar Jung-2) was• In 1875 – Daftar-e-najma Jamiyath (office appointed as Hyderabad Diwan for military management) was started by government • On the instruction of Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, the official language was changed from• In 1864 – political department Persia to Urdu by Salar Jung - II in 1884.• In 1867 – income tax department was • Mahboob Ali Khan was the disciple devote established of Sufi saint Baba Sarfuddin• In 1886 – Medical department • The grave yard of Baba Sarfuddin is at Pahadi• In 1874, Salar Jung abolished practice of Sharif Sati in Hyderabad state • Mahboob Ali Khan introduced new dressing• Salar Jung died on 8th February, 1883 due style in Hyderabad ( Sherwani, Pagidi/Turban) to cholera disease • He was expert in Polo and Tent pegging• Wahid Khan praised Salar Jung as the great sports administrator • He constructed “Mahboob Mansion” for• Dighton commented that Salar Jung was an his wife Sardar Begum analytic but not an administrator • During his period, Koya tribes revolted in• William Digby said that Salar Jung has the surroundings of Khammam reconstructed the Nizam kingdom political • Titles of Mir Mahboob Ali Khan system. Rang Rangeela Raja6. Mir Mahboob Ali Khan Little fellow (6th Nizam) (1869-1911): Mahbub Ali shah• He was born in the year 1866. He ascended the throne at the age of 3 years under the Qanuncha-i-Mubarak: regency of Diwan Salar Jung–I • Mir Mahbub Ali Khan in 1892 brought reforms to the constitution through a Farman• Other co-regents were: known as Qanuncha-i-Mubarak Shams-ul-umra (Amir-e-kabir) • The administration in the kingdom took place Narendra Bahadur through this Farman• In 1874, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan visited • As per this Farman, there will be cabinet British residency. At that time, Times of India council for running Executive business and a described him as “Little Fellow” Legislative council for framing law• On 5th February, 1884 he was coronated • Cabinet Council: It consists of Prime in Chowmahalla palace. Officially he took Minister, other minister and advisors. Cabinet the responsibilities of the kingdom council will discuss and take decisions• The then British India viceroy Lord Rippon regarding administration and will send the same attended this ceremony to Nizam for approval 96 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• After the approval, Prime minister will execute • He started a newspaper by name Mahbub- the decisions taken by cabinet council Al-Kalam and published poems of 6th Nizam• Members of legislative council are • He fought for the rights of mulkis 1. Chief justice of High court Important events during 6th Nizam period 2. Vice justice 1. Chanda Railway scheme agitation (1883) 3. Director of Revenue department 2. Mulki agitation (1888) 4. Director of Education department 3. Berar permanent treaty (1902) 5. District Police officer 4. Great musi floods (1908) 6. Secretary of Finance department Chanda Railway Scheme agitation• In Legislative council, all the members are (1883): government officials • It was the first public agitation against the• Previously, king used to take advice from Nizam in Hyderabad province prime minister regarding Farman’s but now the • In 1870, the construction of railway line was Farman’s are issued based on the advice given started between Hyderabad and Wadi by the legislative council • In 1871, coal mines were discovered in Singareni and ChandaRural Local Bodies: • The agreement was made between British and• In 1884, Lord Rippon introduced local self- Nizam to extend the Hyderabad- Wadi railway governments in British India line till Chanda, to transport the coal from• For this, Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan had Chanda of Maharashtra. issued “Dastar-ul-Amal” act in 1888. • The Diwan of Nizam at the time of agreement• Dastar-ul-Amal act was known as “Local was Salarjung – I fund rules act”. This act came into force in • People revolted against the treaty. The Diwan 1889 during the revolt was Mir Layak Ali Khan.• According to this act, three boards came into • This railway line was constructed by England existence private company – British railway 1. Central Board corporation. 2. District Board • This company came forward to invest 3 lakh pounds on this project, for this Nizam 3. Taluq Board government agreed to give 6% interest on itKishan Pershad: • People revolted against this because they• He was Diwan of Hyderabad from 1900- thought it is not useful for them and it may cause 1912 during Mahboob Ali Khan period financial loss • Chanda railway agitation took place under the• Kishan Pershad wrote poems with the pen leadership of name “Shad” (meaning; Happy creature) Aghoranath Chatopadhyay –• In 1905, Silver Jubilee celebrations (during 6th Nizam college principal Nizam), Kishan Pershad organized and Mulla Abdul Qayyum – conducted Mushaira (means poetic Employee of survey settlement symposium) Houshagi Hoshung – Revenue employee PNR Publications 97 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Nizam expelled the above three persons from • As a part of india’s freedom struggle, Hyderabad for 2 years Virendranath established Indian• On 22nd May, 1883 – Hoshung, Qayyum Independence Committee in Berlin On 23rd May, 1883 – (Germany). He formed Indian temporary Aghoranath were expelled government in Kabul• Agitated by the decision of the Nizam, people Mulla Abdul Qayyum organized meeting and took out processions • He was the employee in survey settlement against it department of Nizam government• Hence, Chanda Railway agitation was the 1st • He participated in Chanda Railway scheme incident that brought political awareness among agitation and was expelled from the state the people of Telangana • He was the 1st muslim from Hyderabad to• The Chanda Railway agitation was published join Indian National Congress in the following newspapers • In 1894, he had written the book “A flee for Times of India compulsory education” in Urdu. This helped Bengal Gazette for the development of educational departmentAghoranath Chatopadhyaya: in Hyderabad• He belongs to Brahmin community of Bengal • He founded, Iquanus Suftha Society for State educational and social reforms• He was the first Indian to get doctorate degree Mulki Agitation/Movement: in chemistry from Edinburgh University • In 1888, people for the 1st time demanded (Degree of Science) Mulki rights in Hyderabad state• In 1878, he came to Hyderabad and joined • The Diwan during this agitation : Sir Asman as government servant as a part of reforms of Salar Jung-I Jah• In 1879, he founded “Young mens • Mulki means locals and Non-mulki means improvement society”. He demanded for Non-locals the freedom and equality, rights to people of • During the period of Salar Jung – I, the persons Hyderabad from north india were recruited by saying there• In 1883, he led the Chanda Railway agitation were no eligible candidates in Hyderabad• In 1885, he joined Indian National Congress • In 1888, Mulki agitation started demanding• He was important member in Arya Samaj. He that only mulki’s should be appointed for the participated in Swadeshi Movement vacancies of governments Jobs• He became the 1st principal of Nizam • Mulki agitation was started by Lawyer college which was established in 1887 Kishan Rao• With the help of Mulla Abdul Qayyum, he • Then, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan issued a founded Brotherhood society Farman (gazette) stating that only mulkis Aghoranath wife was Varada Sundari Devi should be appointed for the vacancies Daughter – Sarojini Naidu • This Farman was not implemented properly. Sons – Harindranath Chatopadhyaya Eventually, once again Mulki agitation started Virendranath Chatopadhyaya during Mir Osman Ali Khan period in 1919 98 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1919, 7th Nizam defined the word “Mulki” for the improvement of administration in NOTE: Maharaj Kishan Pershad was the Hyderabad state Diwan of Nizam, who fought for the rights of • Cason Walker was appointed as finance Mulki’s & who given importance to mulkis minister and Hakkins appointed as Inspector during recruitment of government jobs. General of Police
Floods in Musi River (1908) Industries during 6th Nizam:• Musi floods occurred on 28th September, • Hyderabad Deccan Spinning, weaving mills 1908 during Mahboob Ali Khan period limited- 1877• Many people lost their lives during these • Mahbubsai Gulbarga mills – 1884 floods. • Aurangabad Mills – 1888• These floods are named as “Great Musi • In 1899, Godavari valley Railway line was Floods” established. The Railway line was connected• Because of these floods, the total area of Afzal from Hyderabad to Manmad of Godavari gunj was inundated Valley. Because of this spinning and Jenning• Almost 20,000 people died and many people mills of cotton were established there lost their homes Constructions during Mahboob Ali• Afzalgunj hospital was totally destroyed. Khan: During that time, a 200 years old Tamarind tree inside Afzalgunj hospital saved over 150 Falaknuma Palace: people who climbed on it. Till to-date this plant • It was built by Sir Viqar-ul-umra is alive • It was built in the shape of a scorpion NOTE : every year on 28th September, social • It is in the Andrea palladian style of workers go near that Tamarind tree and architecture observe silence • The construction was started in 1884 and was• Mir Mahboob Ali provided shelter for completed in 1893 thousands of people, who lost their homes in • Falaknuma means “Mirror of the Sky” in floods Urdu• Mir Mahboob Ali appointed a committee • The architect was William Ward Maret under the chairmanship of Sri • In this palace construction Italian marble and Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya to give England wood was used recommendations for preventing such type of floods in future Town Hall:Berar Permanent Treaty/ • In 1905, 6th Nizam laid stone for town hall inAgreement: public gardens on the occasion of his 40th birthday• During 6th Nizam in 1902, Berar Permanent treaty was signed • It was completed by 7th Nizam in 1913• The then Viceroy Lord Curzon came to • At present it is used as the state assembly Hyderabad and signed the agreement building• Lord Curzon appointed British officials under • It was built in Saracenic-Rajasthani style the leadership of Sir George Cason Walker • It is known as the White gem of Hyderabad PNR Publications 99 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBella Vista Palace: Nizamia Observatory:• It was constructed by the then chief justice of • It was established in 1908 during 6th Nizams High court Muslehuddin Mohammed in period 1905 • It is the 3rd Observatory in the country• Bella Vista meaning “Beautiful Sight” (in • It was established by Nawab Zafar Jung Italy) • Initially it was established at Pisalbanda in• At present, Administrative staff college of 1901 India is located in Bella Vista • By this establishment, astronomical research started in HyderabadVictoria Memorial Orphanage Important incidents during 6th Nizam:(1905): • In 1884, Mir Laiq Ali changed the official• Queen Victoria has awarded Mir Mahboob language from Persia to Urdu Ali Khan with a title “Grand commander star • During Mahboob Ali Khan period, schools of India” which were established for the girls• In memory of her, Mahboob Ali constructed 1. Dharmawanth High school at old city Victoria memorial orphanage at Saroornagar near Charminar in 1905 2. Keys High school, Secunderabad• In 1953, Nehru visited this place and changed • In 1884, Syed Hussain Bilgrami (Nawab the name as Victoria memorial home for Imad-ul-mulk) was appointed as the director of public instructions (in education children department) by 6th NizamVictoria Zenana Hospital: • In 1885, Lala Deen Dayal was appointed• Hyderabad Nizam constructed this hospital as Government Photographer when prince of Wales visited Hyderabad • 1 st women to get Medical degree in Hyderabad was Edith BoardmanNampally Railway Station: • In 1888, 6th Nizam appointed 1st Hyderabad• In 1907, Nampally Railway station was built Chloroform Commission under the by Nizam Mir Mahboob Ali chairmanship of Edward Lawrve • In 1889, 2 nd Hyderabad Chloroform• This is also known as “Hyderabad Deccan Commission was appointed. The women Railway Station” member in this commission was Rupabai• It is known as Nampally station because it is Furdoonji built in wet place NOTE : Rupabai Furdoonji was the 1st women• In 1921, the first passenger train started from anesthetist in the world. He obtained her medical this station degree from Hyderabad Medical School • In 1890, Warangal industrial school wasKachiguda Railway Station: started• It is constructed in Gothic style architecture • In 1891, Syed Hussain Bilgrami during 7th Nizam period in 1916 established Asafia library (Afzalgunj)• Till 1950, it was headquarters for Nizam NOTE: in 1955 Asafia library was changed Guaranteed State Railways as State Central Library100 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Daagh Dehlvi was appointed as the 1st court • In 1967, after the death of 7th Nizam Osman poet of Hyderabad state in 1901. 2nd court Ali Khan’s grandson Mukarram Jah was poet of Hyderabad : Jaleel Manikpuri coronated as 8th NizamSir Ronald Ross: • Moazzam Jahi market was constructed on the name of second son of 7th Nizam i.e;• He was born in 1857 in Almora (Uttar Moazzam Jah Pradesh)• In 1897, during the period of 6th Nizam he • Moazzam Jah also married princess Niloufer did research on Malaria at Begumpet, of Ottoman empire Secunderabad • Mir Osman Ali Khan became Nizam administrator on 29th August 1911 after his7. Mir Osman Ali Khan (7th Nizam) father’s death. He took oath on 18 th (1911-48): September, 1911• He is known as the architect of Modern • Titles of Mir Osman Ali Khan Hyderabad His exalted Highness• He made the Hyderabad state to stand at 1st Star of India place by undertaking many developmental Sultanul Ulum activities• He born on 6th April, 1886 to Mir Mahboob Rustam-i-Dauram Ali Khan and Zahrunnisa Begum Muzaffar-ul-Malikh• Because of his love towards his mother Mohiyuddin-al-millat Zahrunnisa Begam, he made an agreement • The title “His Exalted Highness” was conferred with the government while handing over the by the British Government because of his road transport organization to Andra Pradesh support to British during the 1st world war that every bus registration number of the (1914-18) R.T.C should include the letter “Z” (first letter • In 1912, British gave the title “Star of India” of his mother name) NOTE : Star of India title was given to 3• At present also, every bus number contains Nizams the letter “Z” 1. Afzal-ud-daula (1861)• Mir Osman Ali Khan had 7 wives. Dulhan Pasha Begum was the 1st wife 2. Mir Mahbood Ali Khan (1885)• Children born to 7th Nizam and Dulhan Pasha 3. Mir Osman Ali Khan (1912) Begum are • The title “Sultanul Ulum” was conferred by Mir Himayat Ali Khan (Azam Jah) Osmania University Mir Shujath Ali Khan (Moazzam Jah) Richest Person in the world• Himayath Sagar is constructed on the name • On 22nd February, 1937 in Times Magazine of Azam Jah. world’s richest person’s list he stood 1st. So,• Azam Jah married princess Durru shehvar of Times Magazine has named Mir Osman Ali the Ottoman empire of Turkey Khan as the world’s Richest person• The sons of Azam Jah and Durru Shehvar are • He used most valuable Jacob diamond as Mukarram Jah and Muffakham Jah his paper weight PNR Publications 101 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1947, the Nizam gifted a diamond • 7th Nizam had religious tolerance necklace known as “Tiara” to Queen • Osman Ali Khan have allotted annual funds Elizabeth-II on the occasion of her wedding for Bhadrachalam and Tirupati temples• He led luxurious life • He appointed a special committee for• In 2008, a list of worlds all time richest persons safeguarding Sitharambagh temple were released and Mir Osman Ali Khan stood (Hyderabad) at 5th position in the list • 7th Nizam has given funds to following templesImportant reforms of Mir Osman Ali in Hyderabad –Khan: Madannapet, ShankarBagh and Golnaka temples• During 1914-1919, Nizam Osman Ali Khan ruled directly without Diwan • Syed Ahmed El Edroos described Mir Mahboob Ali Khan in his book “Hyderabad• In 1919, Nizam ended his direct rule and of the Seven Loaves” as followes formed an executive council which was presided by Diwan Sir Sayyid Ali Imam 6th Nizam maintained religious tolerance• Nizam appointed a committee under the He appointed government officers based chairmanship of High court Judge on their morals and capacity Balmukund for the recommendations on City Improvement Board: Legislative reforms • In 1912, 7 th Nizam appointed city• In 1922, when Sir Ali Imam was Diwan, improvement board under the chairmanship the legislation was separated from of Moazzam Jah for the development of judiciary Hyderabad• In 1919, Osman Ali Khan issued a Farman for the protection of mulkis Irrigation Facilities:• Death sentence was abolished • Osman Ali Khan have constructed many• In 1921, Slaughter of cows was stopped projects for irrigation and drinking water• Devadasi and Bonded labour was abolished 1. Osman Sagar (Gandipet Tank)- 1920:• In 1921, smoking is prevented in court halls • In 1920, Osman sagar dam was constructed• In 1937, Bahadur Arvamudam Iyengar on Musi river in Gandipet to provide an committee was appointed for Constitutional additional source of drinking water for and Political reforms Hyderabad and to protect for city from floods, after the great musi floods of 1908Protection of Historical Monuments: • This is named after 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali• Osman Ali Khan paid special attention for the Khan development of historical places like Ajanta, • The construction started in 1912 and was Ellora caves and thousand pillar temple, completed by 1920 Ramappa temple 2. Himayath Sagar-1927:• He appointed special researchers Professor Secconi & Verseni from Italy for the • Mir Osman Ali Khan constructed this reservoir protection of Ajanta caves and allotted Rs.30 on the “Esi”, a tributary to the Musi River lakh for research between 1923-27
102 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• It was named after 7th Nizam son Himayat • It was named after Telangana Engineer Nawab Khan Ali Nawaz Jung• Osman sagar & Himayat sagar run parallel to 11. Dindi Project (1943): each other and they are known as “Twin • It was constructed on Dindi River, tributary Lakes” (janta jalashayalu) of Krishna in Devarakonda taluq of Nalgonda3. Pocharam Reservoir- 1922: district• In 1922, it was constructed on a tributary Projects before 7th Nizam’s period: named Aleru in pocharam village of Ghanpur Anicut (1905): Nizamabad district • It is a medium project constructed across4. Nizam Sagar (1923-31): Manjira river near Ghanpur in Medak district• This project was constructed on Manjira Asifnagar project (1905): River in present Kamareddy district • It is constructed in Nemalikalva village of (previously Nizamabad) Yadadri district on Musi river• The project plan was given by Ali Nawaz Jung Ali Nawaz Jung:5. Wyra Reservoir (1923-30): • In 2014, Telangana government declared July 11th, the birth anniversary of Nawab Ali• It was constructed across the Wyra river, a Nawaz Jung Bahadur as Telangana tributary of Krishna in Khammam district Engineers day.6. Paleru Project (1924-29): • Ali Nawaz Jung was famous engineer during• This reservoir was constructed on Paleru river, 6th, 7th Nizam’s period tributary of Krishna in Kusumanchi village of • Ali Nawaz Jung went to England on state Khammam district scholarship to royal Indian engineering college7. Belal Project (1924-29): in cooper’s hill and completed civil engineering• Constructed in Bhodan taluq of Nizamabad • Later, he was appointed as Hyderabad State district for drinking water facilities Chief Engineer in Nizam state • After Great Musi Floods in 1908, he assisted8. Rayampalli Project (1924): the chief engineer Mokshagundam• It is built in Rayampalli of Medak district with Visvesvaraya 3 lakhs expenditure • He is known as Father of Telangana9. Singabhupalem Reservoir (1919-40): irrigation and Telangana’s Arthur Cotton• It was constructed in Yellandu Taluq of • He designed the following projects : Nizam sagar, Ali sagar, Wyra, Paleru and Fateh nagar Khammam district• It was initially constructed for preventing drought in the area Industries10. Ali sagar Dam (1931): • Many industries were established during the period of Mir Osman Ali Khan because of• In 1931, it was constructed in Nizamabad the support from government district
PNR Publications 103 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Industrial laboratory was established by the • Deccan glass factory – 1927 government in 1917 for conducting researches • Vazir sultan tobacco factory (VST) – 1930• In 1918, a special department was formed • Kagaznagar paper mill – 1933 known as Commerce & Industries • Azam Jahi Mills (Warangal) – 1934 department • Bodhan Nizam sugar factory – 1937• In 1929, 7th Nizam Osman Ali Khan formed • Golconda cigarette factory – 1941 “Industrial Trust Fund” with one crore rupees to give financial support to the • Alwin metal works – 1942 industries • Praga Tools – 1943 Sursilk paper mill (Kagaznagar) – 1946Osmania University Graduates •Association: • Hyderabad Asbestos – 1946• In Hyderabad state for the 1st time exhibition of industrial products was conducted at Kharkhana Zinda Tilismath (1920): Chaderghat (Hyderabad) in the year 1856 • It was founded by Dr. Muhammed• In 1930, Osmania University Graduates Moizuddin Farooqui in Hyderabad Association have conducted permanent • This company manufactures farooky Tooth exhibition of industrial products in Hyderabad powder and Zinda balm, Zinda Tilismath• This exhibition is named as “Numaish”. Till Singareni Collieries Company to date it is conducted at Nampally exhibition Limited (1920): grounds every year • In the year 1871, Dr. William King of the• Osmania University Graduates Association Geological survey of india discovered coal have published a newspaper named “Mulki mines in singareni region of Khammam district industries” to encourage small scale industries • Later, the England company “Hyderabad• They also established “Cottage industrial Deccan Mining Company” started digging institute” to promote small scale industries coal miningD.B.R Mills (1920): • In 1920, it formed as Singareni Collieries• Diwan Bahadur Ramgopal Mill Company limited (SCCL)• In 1920, it was established in Hyderabad at Vazir Sultan Tobacco (VST): lower Tank bund, it is a private company • In 1916, it was started by Vazir Sultan atImportant industries established during the Vithalwadi, Hyderabad thperiod of 7 Nizam: • Later in 1930, on the advice of• Soda factory – 1910 Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya it was changed• Bone factory – 1913 to present VST region• Deccan button factory – 1916 Nizam State Road Transport• Kharkhana Zinda Tilismath – 1920 Department:• Singareni collieries – 23 Dec, 1920 rd • It was established in 1932 with 27 buses and• Charminar cigarette factory – 1925 166 employees• Shahabad cement factory – 1925 • In 1940, Osman Ali Khan started 1st double decker buses in India104 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureDeccan Airways Limited (1945): • University was established with “urdu” as the• It was commercial airline started at Begumpet, medium of instruction Hyderabad with the collaboration of Nizam • It was the 1st university in India to teach in and Tata airlines regional language (Urdu)• The share of Nizam was 52% and that of Tata • English professor Sir Patrick Gedes did Airlines was 48% survey and selected the present 1400 acres (Adikment region) of land for the university Important constructions during construction 7th Nizam’s period • On 5th July, 1923 Mir Osman Ali Khan have laid a foundation stones for the 1st structureOsmania University: of Osmania University i.e; arts college• Mir Osman Ali Khan have allotted 11% of total budget for the development of education • The design (detailed plan) of arts college was given by the Belgium architect Monsieur• Issued scholarships to encourage students Jasper• Mir Osman Ali Khan’s education officer M.T.A. Myeyo suggested to establish • When Jasper returned from Hyderabad, the special university and the ways to strenthen execution of the plan was done by Nawab the education system Zain Yar Jung• In 1913, the students of Darul-ul-uloom • Pinkish granite stone was used for the formed as Old Boy’s Union and explained construction of arts college the important of establishing a university to the • Different styles of architecture are seen in this. Nizam It has the style of Hindu as well as Muslim,• In between 1915-19, 4 educational councils Arab, Eurish and Gotik styles were conducted in Hyderabad • Later 7th Nizam on 4th December, 1939 1st educational council 1915 Hyderabad inaugurated arts college buildings and shifted 2nd educational council 1916 Aurangabad the classes from Abids to here 3rd educational council 1917 Hyderabad • Arts college 1st principal- Raj Masud 4th educational council 1919 Latur • First vice-chancellor of Osmania university-• In 1915, the chairman for the 1st educational Habibur Rehman Khan council was Sir Akbar Hydari. Because of • In 1949, the medium of instruction was his efforts, Osmania university was established changed from Urdu to English.• On 26th April, 1917, Osman Ali Khan issued • Osmania University is identified as the 7th a Farman for the establishment of Osmania university oldest university in India and 3rd oldest in south-India• The year 1917, in which Farman is issued, is treated as Osmania university’s establishment • In 1943, during university convocation year celebration national leader Raj Gopal Chary• In 1919, classes related to university started participated and have praised this university in the rented building in Abids as the national university, and real seat of education
PNR Publications 105 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureOther facts: • Red and white marbles were used for• In 1921, Nizam issued Farman for free construction and the words “Ram Rahim”are primary education inscribed on the walls which shows religious tolerance• During 1916-17, Nizam government have established special Dalit schools and • Architecture style- Indo-Serasenic provided all facilities for free of cost Osmania General Hospital:• In 1931, during the round table conference • In 1866, during the period of Afzal-ud-daula held in London Dr.B.R.Ambedkar praised (4th Nizam) Afzalgunj hospital was started Nizam for establishing Dalit schools on the banks of Musi river• Mir Osman Ali Khan have established special • This was completely destroyed by the great schools for physically handicapped and Musi floods of 1908 orphan children and did alot for the • Later, Osman Ali Khan constructed Osmania development of educational system and general hospital in the place of Afzalgunj established vocational schools hospital in 1925.• Koti Women’s college was established in 1924 Osmania Medical College:• Warangal college- 1930 • In 1848, during Nasir-ud-daula’s period• In 1928, Scouts and Guides revolution Hyderabad Medical school (HMS) was started in Hyderabad started • 1st principal of HMS: Dr.William MichalinKing Koti Palace: • The then secretary of medical department• It was built by Muhammed Kamal Khan James Lancaster saved many lives in 1919• 7th Nizam have purchased this palace and when influenza virus was spread across made it as his official residence Hyderabad• In 1951, 7 th Nizam took Oath as Raj • In 1920, HMS was changed as Osmania Pramukh in drawing room of this palace medical collegeHill Fort Palace: Moazzam Jahi Market:• It was constructed in 1923 by Nizamath Jung • In 1935, Nizam Osman Ali Khan constructed• Later, Nizam purchased this palace on the name of his son Moazzam Jah• This was the official residence of Nizam 2 nd • This construction was built by Granite Stone son Moazzam Jah and has “Clock Tower”.• The architecture is in the style of trinity State Museum (Hyderabad museum): college, Cambridge • It is constructed with granite and it has a clockHigh Court: tower• The plan was drawn by Shankar Lal and • In 1864, Nizam Afzal-ud-daula constructed Mehar Ali Fazil a building named “Dolls house” in public• Construction started on 15 April, 1915 th gardens• On 20 April, 1920 the high court building was • In 1930, dolls house was changed as state inaugurated by the 7th nizam museum
106 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The collection of museums include the City college: mummy of Egyptian princess of three • In 1865, 6th Nizam Mir Mahboob Ali Khan thousand years and the sculptures of hindu, established city school Jain and Buddha and the portraits of Ajanta • In 1929, Osman Ali Khan changed it as city caves college• It is the only museum which contain the portrait • In 1925, its building was built in Indo-Arabic of Ajanta caves architecture, it seems to be the same from• Nizam’s sword embedded with pearls is east and west directions present here • Architect: Vincent
Jubilee hall: Important Diwans during 7th Nizam:• In 1913, Nizam Osman Ali constructed Jubilee Yourself Ali khan 1912-14 hall in public gardens Sir Ali Imam 1919-22• In 1937, the silver Jubilee coronation Kishen Pershad 1926-37 celebration of Mir Osman Ali were held here. Sir Akbar Hydari 1937-41 Hence,it is named as Jubilee Hall Chhatari Nawab 1941-46State Central Library: Sir Mirza Ismail 1946-47 Mehdi Yar Jung 1947 November• In 1891, during the period of 6th Nizam, Maulvi Syed Hussain Bilgrami established Mir Laiq Ali 1947-48 “Asafiya library” Yousuf Ali Khan (Salar Jung-3):• In 1955, this was changed as State Central • Yousuf Ali khan was known as Salar Jung- Library. 3.Hyderabad House: • In 1951, Salar Jung museum was constructed on Yousuf Ali Khan name• In 1928, Mir Osman Ali Khan constructed • This is 3rd largest museum in the country. this palace in Delhi. • This museum was inaugurated by Jawaharlal• Architect - Sir Edward Lutyens. Nehru on 16th December, 1951• Style: Mughal-European style. Yousuf Ali Khan’s period:• It is built in the shape of Butterfly. • In 1913, Hyderabad civil services wereHyderabad State Bank: established• In 1941, 7th Nizam established Hyderabad • In 1913, Agriculture department was state bank at Gunfoundry formed under the chairmanship of John henry• It functioned as the central bank for • 1914, Archaeological department was established Hyderabad state • In 1915, Co-operative society was formed NOTE: Osman Ali Khan minted his own for providing loans and distributing seeds and currency known as Osmania Sikka and fertilizers to farmers Hyderabad rupee the denomination of 100 • Hyderabad state has become the largest and 1000 were available producer of oil seeds in the world PNR Publications 107 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Hyderabad was in the 1st place in producing • Mahlaqa Chanda Bai was the 1st Urdu castor oil. Poetess in India. • Her Pen name was “Taklus”.Sir Akbar Hydari: • She published her Urdu ghazals with the title• He represented Hyderabad state at the three “Diwan”. round table conferences held at London during 1930-32. • She learnt dance and music. She was a good artist and educator.• Constitutional Reforms committee was formed by him under the chairmanship of • Apart from music & dance she also learnt horse Lawyer Bahadur Arvamudam Iyyengar to riding and archery. recommend Constitutional Reforms in • She was well experienced in the ragas Khayal, Hyderabad state. Dhrupad and Tasa.• By the orders of Osman Ali Khan on 22nd • She donated money for “Kaath Darshan sept, 1937. Mela Garavi Sharif”.• Based on the report of this committee, • Her poems were published after her death Constitutional Reforms announced on 29th titled as “Gulzar–a–Mahlaqa” in 1824. July, 1939. • 125 Ghazals which were written by Mahlaqa in Urdu are now Preserved in BritishMehdi Yar Jung: Museum, London.• Mehdi Yar Jung was the diwan of Hyderabad • Her residence is known as Khasa Mahal. when Nizam signed the Standstill Agreement on 29th November, 1947 with • When her mother died, she constructed Ashur Indian Government. Khana, Choudi, Naqqar Khana and Dalan.Mir Laiq Ali: • Mahlaqa other constructions are;• He was the last diwan of Hyderabad. 1) Baitul Alif Masjid.• Operation Polo “Police Action” took place 2) Masakhadri (for old aged patients) in 1948 between sept 13 – 17 and Hyderabad State was merged into Indian Union. 3) Baradari ( for Sufi saint Tara Shah) 4) Dalan ( Built in Moula Ali for piligrimages)Prominent Women During NizamPeriod: Mahalaqa Chanda Bai Memorial (Moula Ali):Mahlaqa Chanda Bai: • In 1824 after her death she was buried besides her mother graveyard on the hills of Moula• Mahlaqa was born in the year 1768. She was ali. a Tawaif (Courtesan).• During Nizam Period, the women who sing Sougra Humayun Mirza: and dance were known as Tawaif. • She was born in Hyderabad in the year 1882.• She is the Court Dancer during Nizam – II & • She established an organization known as Nizam – III period. “Anjuman–e–Kharaateen Deccan” in• Nizam constructed “Dafter–e–Arab– 1912. Under this organization, she established Nishat” office for Tawaif. two schools for girls.• She held highest position “Omarah” in • She wrote many books on women’s education Nizam’s court. and women reforms. 108 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1920, she was elected as honorary member • In 1925, she presided over Indian National of “Hyderabad Textbook Committee”. congress Session at Kanpur. She was the• She donated her land for establishing 1st Indian Women to hold this position. Masabtank school as a gift. The school is • In 1929, she presided over East African Indian presently changed as Safdaria Girls High Congress Session held at South Africa. School with 1000 students. • In 1930, she participated in Salt Satyagraha.Tayyaba Begum Saheba Bilgrami: • She accompanied Gandhi in the 2nd Round Table Conference held in London.• She was the 1st Muslim women to receive degree in India. She got B. A degree from • She was awarded a title “Kaisar-I-Hind” by Madras University in 1910. the British.• She believed that economic, cultural and • In 1905, the poems of Sarojini Naidu were published as “The Golden Threshold”. political conditions of a women will only change with their education. So, she established many • The best of her literary works – educational institutions. “The Bird of Times”. • In 1908, she described the grief and agony ofTayyaba Begum: Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan during the Great• Her father was Major Muhammed Ali Moosi floods in the poem “Tears of Asaf”. Mirza. • After independence, she was the 1st women• She established 1st Arts and Crafts school governor in India. She worked as Governor in Hyderabad, with the support of Sir Akbar of United Province (UP). Hydari. • Her Husband – Mutyala Govindaiah Naidu.• First Domestic Science college was • Her daughter – Padmaja Naidu. established by her and she was the 1st Principal. Princess Durru Shevar: • She was the Princess of Ottoman Empire.Sarojini Naidu:• She was born in 1879 into a Bengali Hindu • She married 7th Nizam’s eldest son Azam Jah. family in Hyderabad. Her father is • In 1904, she inaugurated 1st Airport and Aghoranath Chattopadyaya. Osmania Hospital.• She wrote many books in English literature. Niloufer:• Her title was Bulbul–e–Hind (Bharata • Niloufer (Farhat Begum Saheba). She married Kokilla) (Nightingale of India). Osman Ali Khan’s 2nd son Mozam Jah.• She wrote a drama Known as Maher • She was the last princess of Ottoman empire Muneer, for which 6th Nizam Mahboob Ali (Turkey). Khan was impressed and issued her • She was a great Philanthropist. She felt bad scholarship for studying in abroad. when one of her maid servants died during• She was the disciple of Miss Maning who delivery and there after she established Niloufer was the teacher for Indian students in England. hospital by consulting her uncle 7th Nizam. After she returned from foreign, she joined Indian National Movement. Tehminabai Dhage:• In 1917, she took part in establishing Women • In 1950, she established Hyderabad Indian Association. Children Society. PNR Publications 109 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1955, she started Radha Krishna Home • His titles: for Orphans with her own money. Raja Bahadur (by Nizam Government)Rupkhanpet Ratnamma: Order of British Empire (by British Government).• She was the 1st Poetess of this generation.• Her writings: Venkata Ramana Shatakam, Nawab Ali Yavar Jung: Srinivas Shatakam. • He was born in 1906 in Hyderabad. • He was the Vice-Chancellor to Osmania and• Her books: Balaboddha, Dashavatara Aligarh Muslim Universities. Varnana, Shivakumara Vijayam. • He was Indian Ambassador to differentYellandu Saraswati Devi: countries.• Her literary works: Tejomurthulu, Swarna Argentina Egypt Kamalalu, Jati Ratnalu and Nari Jagatu. Yugoslavia FranceYellapragada Seetha Kumari: U.S.A.• Her literary works: Ujwala Nari, Kodi • He was “Maharashtra Governor” from 1971 to 1976. Kumapati, Telivaina Gattam. • In 1977, he was awarded “Padma• Dramas: Manchu Kondallo Mahila, Nenu Ma Vibhushan”. Bapu and Kulama Prema.
Parsa Janaki:• Literary work: Nilindastri.
Other important persons duringNizam period:Raja Bahadur Venkat Ram Reddy:• He was born in 1869 in Rayanipet of Wanaparthy district.• Wanaparthy Samsthan Ruler Raja Rameshwar Rao–II and Venkat Ram Reddy studied together and were classmates in wanaparthy.• Venkat Ram Reddy worked as a Grade – IV Amin (Police) initially.• Later he worked as Secretary of Estate to his friend Raja Rameshwar Rao.• In 1920, he was appointed as Kotwal ( Police Commissioner) of Hyderabad by Mir Osman Ali Khan. By this, he became the 1st and last Hindu to hold this position.
110 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Important Organizations / Parties123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 emerged during Nizam period1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
1) Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslameen – 1927. Maulvi Abdul Qadeer Siddiqui:2) Hyderabad State Congress – 1938. • He was Islamic Theological Studies3) OU Vandemataram Movement – 1938. Professor of Osmania University. He was elected as president of MIM in 1938. Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul- • He tried to evoke religious hatredness through Muslameen (MIM) 1927 a newspaper “Clarion”. • He established “Anjuman Tabligh Islam”• This was established in 1927 as a non- political organization for the economic and organization. Through this he tried to lure the educational development & for the unity of poor Hindus and get then converted into Islam. Muslims. For this, Nizam supported him.
MIM: • As contrary to it, Shuddi Program was Established on 9th November 1927. started by Arya Samaj. Later, Nizam banned these two organizations. Founder: Mahmood Nawaz Khan 1st President: Sadar Yar Jung • In 1938, V.D. Savarkar became the president of Hindu Mahasabha and promulgated Headquarters: Dar-Us-Salam Doctrine of Hindu Rashtra. (Darussalam) Slogan: Anal – Malik • As Tabligh organization was banned Bahadur Yar Jung formed MIM as political party Newspaper: Etemaad (Urdu), Motive: Protection of Muslims rights. Bahadur Yar Jung: • Titles: Young Cicero, Yar Jung.• In 1927, it was initially formed as Majlis-e- • 7th Nizam gave title “Yar Jung”. Ittehadul-Bainul Muslimeen. Later, in 1929 • Bahadur Yar Jung gave a slogan Anal Malik the word Bainul was removed and formed as means every muslim is a king. MIM. • He converted many Hindus into Islam.• Presidents of MIM: • In 1938, during his period Hindu–Muslim riots 1) Sadar Yar Jung – 1927-38 / conflicts took place. These are known as 2) Maulvi Abdul Qadeer Siddiqui – 1938-39 Dhoolpet riots.
3) Bahadur Yar Jung – 1939-44 • To convince Hindu–Muslims, discussions took place between Mandamula Narsingh Rao 4) Abul Hasan and Bahadur Yar Jung. These are popularly 5) Majur Ali Kamil known as Singh–Jung talks. But these talks 6) Khasim Razvi – 1946-1957 failed.
PNR Publications 111 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePopulation Exchange Doctrine: • Muslim leaders Yamini Juberi and Abdul• This doctrine was proposed by Abdul Latif Rawoof stated that Razakars should be ready (English Professor in O.U). to die but they should protect the Nizam• According to this doctrine, all the Non- government. Muslims in Hyderabad state should be sent to • Mandamula Narsingh Rao commented that other places and all the Muslims from other Nizam will be held captive by Kasim Razvi places should be allowed into Hyderabad with the help of Razakars same like Italy King state. was held captive by Mussolini through his• Opposing this, Mandamula Narsingh Rao black shirts force. wrote an article with title “Kuda O-Din Nahi Kasim Razvi: Aye”. • His title: Siddiqui-e-Deccan.• Bahadur Yar Jung criticized the interference • He became MIM president in December, of British resident in the administration of 1946. Hyderabad. By this, British Resident • Kasim Razvi belongs to Latur of pressurized Nizam and imposed ban on his Maharashtra. speeches about one year in 1942. • He was called as “Holy War Fighter” by• In 1943, during a meeting in Warangal Muslims in Nizam kingdom. Bahadur Yar Jung said that “Hyderabad • According to Government Statistics, there state is not the property of Nizams but it were 50 thousand Razakars in the year 1946. is the asset of all Muslims”. Kasim Razvi pledged to increase this number• In 1940 September, Bahadur Yar Jung to 5 lakhs. formed “Razakars”, a private militia for • He also formed Women Wing in Razakars. MIM on the suggestions of Syed Mohammed Hasan. • On 31st March, 1948 during Kasim Razvi speech at Darrusalam, he warned IndianRazakars System (1940): Government that he can hoist Asaf Jahi’s• Razakars system was suggested by flag at Redfort. Syed Mohammed Hasan. • Kasim Razvi thought that he can be in• Razakar system was established by MIM Hyderabad only if there is a Muslim president Bahadur Yar Jung. Government, so he attacked the people who• Razakars means Volunteers in Urdu. were against Nizam. These attacks took place between 1946-48.• The one who trains Razakars – Marakhaj. • On 17th September, 1948 Hyderabad state• Leader for every 30 Razakars – Salar. was merged into Indian union through police• Leader for Razakars at Taluq level – Salar- action. Kasim Razvi was arrested and sent to e-Sagir. Errawada jail in Pune.• Leader at district level – Salar-e-Kabir. • Government framed 3 cases on kasim Razvi:• Main organization at Hyderabad for Razakars: 1. Alland Sharif Murder Case. Afsar-e-ala. 2. Shoyabullah Murder Case and• Razakars Uniform: Khaki shirt, trouser and 3. Bibi Nagar Dacoity Case. black hat.
112 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• After Kasim Razvi release in 1957, he • The place where shooting took place in appointed Abdul Wahid Owaisi as the Parakala is presently known as president of MIM and left to Pakistan. “Amaradhamam”. Ch. Vidyasagar Rao• Abdul Wahed Owaisi have changed some have constructed a stupa at Amaradhamam. principles of MIM and changed it as All India Bibinagar incident: Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM). • This took place on 10th January, 1948.• As Abdul Wahed was arrested, his son • Razakars attacked Hindu families when Kasim Salauddin Owaisi become the president of Razvi went to Bibinagar to attend a marriage AIMIM. ceremony. Atrocities of Razakars Shoyabullah Khan Murder:• Nizam government encouraged Razakars • On 21 st August, 1948 Razakars killed thinking that razakars would be support to Shoyabullah Khan, who was the editor of them, but Razakars atrocities were increasing “Imroze” newspaper. day by day. • Shoyabullah Khan criticized Nizam through hisShah Manzil Attack: newspaper And brought the atrocities of• Shah Manzil was the official residence of Razakars into lime light. the then Hyderabad Diwan. • Davala Srinivas Rao wrote a poem while• In 1945, when Mazhar Ali Kamil was the memorising Shoyabullah Khan, that is president of MIM, Razakars attacked Shah “Kanniti Kanuka – Police Charya”. Manzil and set it ablaze. • There is a Library in Malakpet on• Hyderabad Diwan during this attack – shoyabullah Khan name. Chattari NawabParakala Massacre Renikunta incident (4th May, 1948):(another Jalianwala bagh massacre): • In Renikunta village of Bhuvanagiri Taluq, the• During Telangana peasant’s movement, villagers under the leadership of Rami Reddy Parakala is in Karimnagar district. fought with Razakars. In this incident, 26 people died.• Hyderabad State Congress gave an announcement to celebrate flag day on 2nd Veer Bhairanpally incident: September, 1947 & hoist a National flag • In August, 1948 about 1000 Razakars and throughout Hyderabad State. On this police attacked Bhairanpally village of Siddipet occasion, 30 villages people reached Parakala district. Villagers tried to stop, but in this with a procession of flag. incident more than 100 villagers died. The• The leader for this procession was Daggu leader for Razakars and police was Iqbal Veer Gopal. Hussain (Deputy Collector of Bhuvanagiri• Without any information, Nizam police and Taluq). Razakars opened fire on this procession. Many • Kaloji Narayan Rao have written a poem were killed in this incident. on this incident.• This incident was similar to the Jallianwala “Kalambu Ragane Katesi Teerali, Kasi bagh massacre (Amritsar) which took place Aripokundane Busa Kottuchundale”. in 1919. PNR Publications 113 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBoravelle incident: Hyderabad Political Conferences:• In 1948, Razakars attacked Dalita wada in • From 1923-31, four Hyderabad political Boravelle village of Mahbubnagar conferences were held. district and molested the women. • Nizam Government have banned political• Humiliated by this incident, all the women meetings inside Hyderabad State through collectively committed suicide. Gasthi Nishan 53. Hence, these conferences• The newspapers which criticized the atrocities were conducted outside Hyderabad State. of Razakars are: • 1st Hyderabad Political conference was Imroz – Shoyabullah Khan. held at Kakinada in 1923. This was Hyderabad (weekly) – Talluri presided over by Madhava Rao Ane. Ramanuja Swamy. • 1st Hyderabad Political Conference (1923) – Telugu Desam paper – Kakinada Suryadevara Rajya Lakhmi Devi • 2nd Hyderabad Political Conference (1926)– (Started by V.B. Raju) Mumbai Hindu paper – Journalist Ramachandra • 3rd Hyderabad Political Conference (1928) – Pillai criticized administration of Pune Government and the injustice in the society. • 4 Hyderabad Political Conference (1931) – th
Pioneer – journalist Barrister Rudra, he Akola was expelled from Hyderabad for • These conferences inspired the formation of criticizing the Nizam Government. Hyderabad State Congress. • In January, 1938 Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Hyderabad State Congress Madapati Hanumantha Rao, G. Rama Chary (1938) etc announced the formation of Hyderabad State Congress for the development of Telugu• In 1885, Indian National Congress was people and protection of their Civil, Political founded in Mumbai. rights. But it did not start its functions.• Important persons from Hyderabad who • In July, 1938 with the efforts of Swamy joined Indian National Congress. Ramananda Tirtha Hyderabad State Aghoranath Chattopadyaya Congress (HSC) was revived. Temporary Mulla Abdul Qayyum Committee of HSC was formed. Haji Sajjan lal • President of temporary committee of HSC – Ramchandra Pillai Govind Rao Nanel. Ramanuja Mudaliar. • Founder of HSC –• In 1888, Indian National Congress meeting Swamy Ramananda Tirtha was held at Secunderabad. • His original name was Venkat Rao• In 1918, some leaders like Vamana Naik were Khedgikar. He belong to Gulburga of attracted to the principles of Indian National Karnataka state. Congress and formed 1st Congress Committee • The members of HSC decided to conduct in Hyderabad. general body meeting on 9th September,• In 1923, All India Congress conference 1938. was held in Kakinada.114 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBan on Hyderabad State Congress: • The 18th and the last dictator was Kasinatha• On 8th September, 1938 the then Hyderabad Rao Vaidya. Diwan Akbar Hydari called the leaders of • Kasinatha Rao announced that they were HSC and proposed to remove the word stopping the Satyagraha on 24th December, “Congress” from Hyderabad State Congress. 1938 according to the orders of Mahatma• Members of HSC refused to the proposal of Gandhi. Hyderabad Diwan. There by Nizam Kasinatha Rao Vaidya Efforts: government-imposed ban on HSC on 8th • After satyagraha was stopped, negotiations September, 1938. took place between Kasinatha Rao and• On 22nd September, 1938 discussions were Akbar Hydari for the removal of ban on held between Mandamula Narsingh Rao HSC. and Hyderabad Diwan Akbar Hydari for • Kasinatha Rao proposed to change the name removal of ban on HSC, but the talks failed. of Hyderabad State Congress as HyderabadSatyagraha for removing ban on HSC National Conference, but this was also(24th October – 24th December 1938): rejected by Akbar Hydari.• The leaders of HSC took up Satyagraha • Book written by Kasinatha Rao Vaidya – demanding removal of ban on HSC. “Hyderabad State Congress”.• Satyagraha committee was formed Individual Satyagraha of HSC: Govind Rao Nanel was the President • Swamy Ramananda Tirtha took up• The Secretary for this committee: individual Satyagraha on 11th September, Rama Krishna Dhoot 1940 for removal of ban on HSC.• This committee decided to start the • Immediately he was arrested and sent to Satyagraha from Sultan Bazar on 24th Nizamabad Jail. October, 1938. Removal of Ban on HSC:Hyderabad State Congress Satyagraha: • On 1 st July, 1946 Nizam government• Started on : 1938 Oct, 24. removed ban on HSC. Concluded on : 1938 Dec, 24. • Vattikota Alwar Swamy said that people will• Satyagraha started on 24th Oct, 1938 and the not get their civil rights with the removal of members who participated in this were ban on Hyderabad State Congress. divided into 18 groups. 1st Conference of HSC:• On 24th October, 1938 The group under the • After the removal of ban on HSC, 1st HSC leadership of Govind Rao Nanel took up conference was held in June, 1947 at Satyagraha from Sultan Bazar. Govind Rao Mushirabad in Hyderabad City. was arrested. Later Dictators were appointed to continue Satyagraha. • This was Presided over by• 1st Dictator – Swamy Ramananda Tirtha. Swamy Ramananda Tirtha. He took up Satyagraha at Putli Bowli Police This conference decided to form a committee • Station on 27 th Oct, 1938 and he was under the leadership of Jamalapuram arrested. Kesava Rao to oppose the attacks of Razakars and Police. PNR Publications 115 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureJoin India Campaign: Hidden Campaign:• The main leader for this campaign – • Youth leaders of Congress led Join India Swamy Ramananda Tirtha. campaign on the lines of Quit India Movement.• This campaign was conducted in two ways – • Main centre for this campaign – Bombay. open campaign and hidden campaign. • Regional centres – Gadhak (Karnataka),Open Campaign: Vijayawada.• In 1947, during Indian National Movement • Vijayawada regional centre was managed by Join India Campaign was started in V.B. Raju and Hayagriva Chary. Hyderabad state for merging Hyderabad with Camps of Join India Campaign: Indian Union. • Camps of Join India Campaign were• On 7 August, 1947 Swamy Ramananda th established at different regions to spread the Tirtha started Satyagraha as “Join Indian ideas of the campaign. Union” later he was arrested. Balarsha Camp (Adilabad):• Hyderabad day or Join India Campaign day Founded by K.V. Kesavulu was held on 7 August, 1947. th Daka Camp – Subsidiary camp of• On 15 August, 1947 Motilal Mantri th Balarsha. hoisted Indian National Flag at Sultan Sirivancha camp – Bazar. Karimnagar, Mantani Taluq. Supervised Note: this flag was given to Ramananda Tirtha by G. Sri Ramulu by Jawaharlal Nehru. Repala Camp (Satygraha Camp) – conducted by Kodati Narayana Rao.Flag Day:• HSC announced to conduct flag day on 2nd Sept, 1947 & hoist Natioanl flag throughout Vandemataram Movement Hyderabad State. in Osmania University -1938• Razakars and Police shot dead Bathini • In 1915, Mohammed Mortuza conducted Mogilaiah Goud and Rama Swamy Goud in 1st conference in Hyderabad related to Hanumakonda fort who participated in flag education. day. • Mir Akbar Ali, editor of Sahifa Urdu• Students Union announced Protest day on 8th newspaper suggested to establish University Sept opposing this incident. in this meeting.• HSC leaders Konda Venkat Ranga Reddy • Later in 1917, Nizam issued Farman for and Burgula Ramakrishna Rao went to Delhi establishing Osmania University. and explained the situation of Hyderabad State • In those days, all the schools in the Hyderabad to Jawaharlal Nehru. State used to sing songs in the praise of Nizam• On 17th Sept, 1948 Hyderabad State was in the morning before Classes start. merged into Indian Union. • Due to the influence of Indian National• Book written by Swamy Ramananda Tirtha: Movement and Satyagraha conducted By Hyderabad Swatantra Poratam – HSC, the students started to sing Na Anubhavalu Gnapakalu. Vandemataram song.
116 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1938, on the day of Dusshera festival, the of Vamana Naik. By this, students continued students of “B” hostel of Osmania University the movement. started singing Vandemataram Song, when • The Nizam college students supported this they sit for meeting. movement and it was spread to• Later, every day students when they met at Mahabubnagar, Nanded and Aurangabad. reading room started singing Vandemataram • All the students of Hyderabad state joined in and other devotional songs. In those, many this movement. were Hindus. • Gandhiji, Subhas Chandra Bose and• OU hostel authorities came to know about Jawaharlal Nehru supported this movement this, and issued a circular to students not to by writing letters to students. sing songs related to Politics. But students did • Thousands of students who participated in not obey the circular. Vandemataram movement were debarred• Osmania University was started with “Urdu” from Osmania University and its affiliated as the medium of instruction. Telugu language colleges. was not given preference. • The following students were debarred:• As part of this, Government did not give P.V. Narsimha Rao, K. Achyuth Reddy, Marri permission to Telugu medium school in Chenna Reddy, Dharma Bhiksham, Hayagriva Narayanguda established by Madapati Chary, Nukala Ramachandra Reddy. Hanumantha Rao. • Osmania University Vice – Chancellor during• “Ablakiyath” system, which was Vandemataram movement was Mehdi Yar implemented in University during that period, Jung Bahadur. was opposed by Hindu students. • The debarred students from OU requested the• The system of Ablakiyath means Hindu Vice-Chancellors of Andhra and Benaras students should study the books written by Universities to admit them but they refused Non-Hindus but Muslim students should study because they were getting donations from the only the books written by Muslims. Nizam.• Hostel authorities ordered Hindu students to • The then Andhra University Vice – Chancellor wear traditional clothes of Muslims i.e., Blue was Kattamanchi Rama Linga Reddy. colour Sherwani and Paijamas. • Benaras University Vice Chancellor wasVandemataram Working Committee: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.• On 29th November, 1938 Student leader • Nagpur University gave admission to the K.Achyuth Reddy formed Vandemataram debarred O.U students. working committee by opposing the • The then Vice-Chancellor of Nagpur instructions of University authorities. University was T.J. Kedar.• Students continued to sing Vandemataram • Science students were admitted to Nagpur song. By this, University authorities debarred campus and arts students to Jabalpur. the students and expelled the students from • The students like Devulapalli Venkateshwar hostel & college. Rao imbibed Marxist literature from Jabalpur.• The students who vacated the hostel were • In Nagpur, the students formed arranged accommodation at Jain Mandir Vandemataram Students committee in of Sultan Bazar and food at the building 1939. PNR Publications 117 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This committee formed “Council of action” Khilafat Movement – and collected funds to provide financial Hyderabad’s Role: assistance to the students studying in Nagpur. • In 1919, after the 1st world war British annexed• The following persons helped to collect funds Turkey and abolished the post of “Calipha”. – Varada Rajulu, Kaloji Narayan Rao. • Shaukat Ali and Mohammed Ali brothers• The condition of Osmania University students was brought to the notice of Gandhiji, started Khilafat movement in India for the Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose by a leader revival of “Calipha” post. Dr. Jaya Surya. • All India Khilafat Conference was held at Delhi in 1919, which was presided by National Movement in Mahatma Gandhi.
Hyderabad Province • In Hyderabad this movement was started by: Mumayun MurtajaSwadeshi Movement: Hanun Mohammed Murtaja.• Swadeshi movement was started opposing the • In Hyderabad, the following newspapers gave position of Bengal, held on 16th October, coverage regarding this movement are: 1905. Zamindar Siyasat• This movement involved the boycott of British Zamana Al Hilal products. • On 23rd April, 1920 a huge meeting was held• The leaders who took up this movement in at Vivekavardini school in Hyderabad on Hyderabad are Aghoranath the occasion of Khilafat day. Chattopadhyaya and Mull Abdul Qayyum. • On 5th May, 1920 Unity Day was celebrated• Kesava Rao Koratkar and Damodar in Hyderabad by Khilafat Committee. Satyalakar leaders of Arya Samaj played important role in this movement. Non Co-operation Movement –• Nizam Government expelled the following Khadi Campaign: leaders from Hyderabad State for spreading • Sarpoji of Mahbubnagar district have started Swadeshi movement are: a Khadi spinning industry. Appaji Tuljapurkar • Badrul Hasan purchased Charkas from Damodar Satyalakar Bombay and distributed them in Hyderabad.• The organization known as “Fakth of Rules” • Badrul Hasan have established Hyderabad issued pamphlets saying to use only Swadeshi book depot for selling of books. products. • The important persons in Hyderabad who played prominent role in Khadi campaign are:• Anjuman Iqwan–Safa (the brotherhood society) society was formed in Hyderabad and Padmaja Naidu Barrister Srikrishna spread the Swadeshi movement. Badrul Hasan Zaffar Hasan• Other organization in Hyderabad by name • Hyderabad students who were studying in “Faradh Afroze” also distributed pamphlets British India were inspired by Non- Cooperation movement and left their studies. on Swadeshi movement.118 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Jaya Surya, a Hyderabad student who was studying in Grant medical college of Bombay left his studies and joined this movement in 1921.• Nizam government expelled Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and Ramananda Tirtha from Hyderabad state for making quit india Slogans.
Quit India Movement in Hyderabad(1942):• The prominent person who played important role in Hyderabad’s Quit India movement was G.S. Melkote.• During Quit India Movement, a National Congress flag was hoisted on British Residence in Hyderabad by Padmaja Naidu.• Aruna Asaf Ali campaigned secretly in Hyderabad and spreaded Quit India Movement.• Important leaders who took part in Quit India Movement in Hyderabad are G.S. Melkote, Swamy Ramananda Tirtha, Padmaja Naidu, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and Kaloji.• In Warangal, Quit India Movement was run by S.S. Raja Lingam.• The members of Hyderabad who joined Azad Hind Fauz established by Subhas Chandra Bose are Abid Hasan Safrani and Professor Suresh Chandra.• Abid Hasan Safrani was appointed as minister in the Azad Hind Government and Suresh Chandra was personal secretary of Subash Chandra Bose.• 1 st Muslim to join Indian National Congress from Hyderabad state was Mulla Abdul Qayyum.• William Rush Bruck, a BBC journalist was called to Hyderabad state to write essays in favour of Nizam.
PNR Publications 119 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 Samsthanas in Nizam Kingdom 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
• In Nizam kingdom, there were 14 Samsthanas • He was a great poet. He wrote a book of independent status. They are: “Geeta Govindam”. 1) Gadwal 2) Wanaparthy • He constructed Rama Lingeshwara temple 3) Domakonda 4) Jataprolu (Kolhapur) in Kasi. 5) Munagala 6) Papannapet • Gadwal kings patronized many poets. 7) Paloncha 8) Sirnapalli • Gadwal king Pedda Somabhupala started a 9) Amarachinta 10) Narayankhed tradition of felicitating the poets and singers in 11) Rajapet 12) Annegond the month of Magha. 13) Dubbaka 14) Gopalapet • The history of Gadwal Samsthana was written Important Samsthanas by Peddamandadi Venkata Krishna. • The last ruler of Gadwal was Maharani AadiGadwal Samsthana Lakshmi Devamma.(Mahbubnagar): • A treatise “Poundarikam” was written by• Gadwal samsthana is the oldest and the biggest Adipudi Prabhakar Kavi. Samsthana. • On 17 th September, 1948 Gadwal• It was present between Krishna and Samsthana was merged into Hyderabad State. Tungabhadra rivers.• They won in battles by using weapons Gada Gadwal Fort: (Mace) and Valu (Sword). Hence, they are • Gadwal ruler Pedda Soma Bhupala named as Gadavalu, later changed as (Somadri) built this fort in 17th century. Gadwal. • Historically, this place was known as• The rulers of Gadwal are Pakanati Reddy’s “Vidhvad Gadwal”. and they belong to the dynasty of Mustipalli. • Country’s Largest cannon of 32 feet is• Their first capital was Podur. present in this fort.• The progenitor of Gadwal Samsthana was Budda Reddy (Polani Reddy) Wanaparthy Samsthana• The founder of Gadwal Samsthana – (Mahbubnagar): Raja Shobhanadri This was born out of the remains of Kakatiya •• They followed Vaishnavism. Kingdom.• Their Presiding diety : Wanaparthy Samsthana: Chenna Kesava Swamy in Podur. 1st Capital – Nuguru• The titles of Gadwal rulers are 2nd Capital – Wanaparthy Nadagowda and Sir Nadagowda. Progenitor – Veerakrishna BhupatiRaja Shobhanadri: (Veerakrishna Reddy)• His Original name : Dynasty – Motati Reddy Somasekhera Ananda Reddy. Gotram – Penubala Gotram• He was the founder and the greatest ruler of Surname – Janumpally Gadwal Samsthana. 120 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Wanaparthy ruler who was given “Sawai” title • Diwan of Munagala Ruler Raja Nayani by Delhi Sultans was Venkat Reddy. Venkat Ranga Rao was Sri Komarraju• The lake “Sarala Sagar” was built on the Venkat Lakshman Rao. Komarraju have name of Wanaparthy Queen “Sarala Devi”. established many libraries in Telangana.• Wanaparthy ruler Rameshwar Rao – II have Palvancha Samsthanam: constructed tanks, wells for agricultural • The present day Palvancha region of development. Bhadradri district was known as Palvancha or Shankargiri Samsthanam.Raja Bahiri Gopala Rayalu: • The area under this Samsthanam was• He minted coins known as Nuguru Sikka. Rekapalli, Bhadrachalam.• Titles: Bahiri, Astabasha Kavi. • Capital : Palvancha.• His literary works: Ramachandrodayam, • Dynasty : Machi Raju. Sringara Manjari Banam. • Palvancha ruler Parthasarathi Apparao hadRamakrishna Rao-I: a title “Sahitya Visharada”.• His title: Raj Bahadur (Given by Nizam Domakonda Samsthana: Sikander Jah). • Initially, Domakonda samsthana was known• He changed the capital from Nuguru to as Bikkavolu. Wanaparthy. • At present Bikkavolu is known as Biknuru.Raja Rameshwar Rao: • The presiding deity of Domakonda rulers –• His titles: Bikkavolu Siddarameshwara Swamy. • 1st Capital – Bikkanavuru. Balwanth (by Nasirudddulah) • Later capital was changed to Domakonda. His Highness (by British) • Domakonda ruler Malla Reddy–II was a• He gave Survey numbers by measuring the great poet. He wrote Padma puranam, land and issued Pattas to farmers. Shadchakravarthi Charita.• 1st Samsthana to issue patas to farmers was Wanaparthy. Amarchinta (Atmakuru)• He started reforms prior to Salar Jung, he Samsthana: acquired the position of commander in chief • Atmakuru Samsthana in Mahbubnagar district of Army of Nizam. was flourished as Amarchinta Samsthana. 1st capital : Tivudampalli.• Suravaram Pratap Reddy described Raja Rameshwar Rao as “Pradhamandhra • Later capital was changed to Atmakur. Samskarta”. • Dynasty: Pakanati Reddy. • Surname was Mukkera; so, rulers wereMunagala Samsthanam: known as “Mukkeravaru”.• Initially, this samsthanam is in Krishna district, • Progenitor of this Samsthana was Gopal Nandigama Taluq. Reddy.• Later, after the formation of Andhra Pradesh • The famous Kurumurthy Jatara is celebrated in 1959 it was included into Nalgonda district. in Kurumurthy temple, which was constructed 1st Capital: Repala. by Chandra Reddy ruler of Amarchinta.
PNR Publications 121 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureLiterature: Papannapet Samsthana (Medak):• The important poet in Atmakuru samsthana – • 1st Capital : Kalpaguru. Surapuram Keshavaiah. • Papannapet ruler Rani Shankaramma was• The book written by Surapuram Keshavaiah daring and brave women. She had good – Niroshtya Ramayanam. administration experience.• Tirumala Bukkapatnam Srinivasa • Nizam gave her title “Rai Bagan” (means Charyulu his works are Jambavati lioness). Parinayam and Tathva Marthanda Prabhava • The title of Papannapet rulers – Char Hazam. Mandalam.• Atmakuru ruler Bhagya Lakshamma helped Sirnapalli Samsthana: Suravaram Pratapa Reddy in publishing • This is in Nizamabad district. Golconda Kavula Sanchika. • After the death of Sirnapalli ruler Raja Pratap• The best quality Muslin clothe was produced Reddy, his wife Cheelam Janaki Bai took in Amarchinta Samsthana. up the administrative responsibilities. • She undertook many developmental projectsJataprolu (Kolhapur) Samsthana: like constructing lakes, tanks canals for• It is in Mahbubnagar district. agricultural progress.• Dynasty: Padma Nayakas• Gotram: Recharla Boravelli Samsthana:• Surname: Surabhi • This Samsthana was merged into Gadwal• Progenitor: Chevi Reddy (Bethala Nayaka) samsthana. 1st Capital : Jataprolu • Progenitor : Nadagoudu Tamma Reddy. 2nd Capital : Kolhapur • Dynasty : Pakanati Reddy. • Gotram : Midimalla.Vellala Sadashiva Sastri: • Suranme : Mushti palli.• His literary works: Velugoti Vamshacharitra, Nami reddy charitra, Kavyalankara sangraha, Vimarshanam and Veerabhadriya Khandanam12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Structure of Telangana Feudal System1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• The lands in the Nizam’s dominion were held Diwani lands: under different types. • These lands are known as Khalsa or 1) Sarf-e-Khas 2) Diwani / Khalsa lands Ryotwari lands. 3) Jagirdar lands • The lands which are under direct control ofSarf-e-Khas lands: Nizam are known as Diwani lands.• Sarf-e-Khas is an Arabic word. • The revenue obtained from these lands is used• The revenue obtained from Sarf-e-Khas lands for welfare measures as it is transferred to is used for king’s personal expenditure. Government exchequer. Sarf-e-Khas lands are Nizams own lands. 122 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureJagir lands: Tankha-e-Mahlaq Jagirs:• The word Jagir is a Persian word. • These jagirs are given to army chiefs or to those who financially supported to Nizam• Jagir lands are given by Nizam to those who government in difficult situations. did service for Nizam government or Nizam Nawab. Ilaqa Jagirs:• The person who have authority over Jagir lands • Ilaqa Jagirs are given to the important officers is “Jagirdar”. in Nizam government.• The word “Jagir” is 1st appeared in a farman • Among all jagirs, Salarjung Ilaqa jagir was the issued by Mughal emperor Akbar. biggest jagir.• In Hyderabad state, the 1st Jagir was given Madad-I-Mash Jagir: by nizam-ul-Mulk in 1726 and the last Jagir • Madad-I-Mash means livelihood based. was given by Mir Mahboob Ali Khan in 1890. • These are given to the families who sacrificed• The percentage of Agricultural land present in their lives for society. Hyderabad state as in the year 1940. Sarf-e-Khas lands – 10% Mashrooti Jagir: Jagir lands – 30% • These are given to social workers and to those who thrive for religious development. Diwani lands – 60% Inam lands:Types of Jagirs: • Inam is an Arabic word.Paigah Jagirs: • Inam means favour or reward.• Paigah means Stable.• Paigah Jagirs are given to those who • The lands given for the services rendered by maintained Nizam’s personal army. the person are known as Inam lands.• Paigah in Persian language is known as • The one who get Inam lands need not pay the Cavalry. taxes.• Paigah Jagirs are first given by Nizam Ali • Inam lands are given to the persons who are Khan. related to temples or Masjids / Mosques.• Paigah Jagirs are also known as “Nageh • “Balotha Inams” are given to village people Dasth Jamiyath”. and government employees.Al – Tamgha Jagir: Ijara lands:• Al – Tamgha Jagirs are directly given by Royal • In this system, the empty lands was given to Assent of Nizam. tenants for cultivation with less price but• These are hereditary in nature and permanent. gradually it will be increased within 30 to 40• These Jagirs do not pay taxes. years to the normal tax rates.3) Zat Jagirs: • Ijara land tenure system was started in• These are given to those who did services for Hyderabad state in 1878 by Salar jung – I. Nizam government.• These are personal jagirs. PNR Publications 123 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Land Revenue System Shikmidari: • The legal occupant of the land gives over the• The land is mainly divided into two types. land to the cultivators on certain terms like1) Diwani lands (Lands under government these farmers were known as Shikmidari. control, this does not include jagir or inam • These cultivators do not have the right to lands). get land pattas.2) Jagir lands Asami – Shikmidari:• The land system in Diwani region – • These are tenants at will. They can move out Ryotwari system of the land at owners will.Sarbasta / Tehud:• The right to collect the tax was given through Malgujari Land Revenue Act (1907) auction system. This is known Sarbasta. • This was the 1 st Land reform act in• Generally, these rights are conferred to Telangana during Nizam period. influential people or richest people in the city. • This act was enacted for the protection of• These rights are given by auction to private tenants. persons is known as Tehud system. · According to this act, the tenants who cultivatePan-Makta: the land for 12 consecutive years will• the taxes collected from government lands in become permanent tenants. Diwani region is known as Pan – Makta. • In 1939, M.S. Barucha committee was• The persons who were allotted lands under appointed to study the conditions of tenants. Pan-Makta system are known as Based on the suggestions given by this, Asami Maktedars. Shakmi act was passed in 1944.Peshkash: • In 1936, “Record of Rights Section” was established to maintain registers which informs• Peshkash means tribute. the rights on the land.• The tax paid by Samsthana to Nizam government is Peshkash. • New Records of Rights act was passed in 1949.• During Nizam period, the land tax is decided every 30 years.• The barren lands which are grazed by animals Landlords in Telangana: is known as “Gairan”. • In Telangana, there are different types of• The land grazed by Government animals is landlords. known as “Bancherai”. 1) Jagirdars 2) Zamindars 3) Deshmukhs 4) MaqtadarsLand Ownership 5) Deshpande 6) Patel• Land Ownership in Ryotwari system. 7) Patwari 8) MalipatelPattedari:• In this land is cultivated by the legal occupant • Deshmukhs and Deshpandes are in highest or through hired labour. positions. They appoint many employees regionally to collect the taxes.Pot – Pattedari: • Patel, Patwaris are employees who collect• Two or more farmers cultivate the land with the principle of equal rights. the taxes at village level.
124 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Gadi’s (Fortresses)• In Telangana, the forts of landlords are known • He constructed this Gadi by using bonded as Gadi’s. Gadi’s are dwelling places of labour from 60 villagers’ people. landlords who had wielded power on local • Many modern facilities were there in this Gadi. communities during & after Nizam era. • Teak from Burma and glass from Belgium were• Gadi means fort. Gadi is a Marati word. used.• In Telangana, Gadi’s are present in some • He laid special electricity line from Azamajhi places, these are constructed with clay and mills. sand, lime stone. • In those days only, he imported a car from• These Gadi’s have tall boundary walls. England.• The backside of the gadi is used as the • He maintained separate private army. residence of the landlord and in the front side • This Visnuru Deshmukh used to harass general the landlords used to conduct enquiries by public and also small landlords. calling village people. This is known as Gadi • Ramachandra Reddy kidnapped Indian palana (Gadi ruling). National Congress leaders who came to• During Nizam period, Gadi’s were the centres study the lives of people of Telangana. They for administration, tax collection and for are: maintaining law & order. 1) Vavilala GopalakrishnaiahImportant Gadi’s in Telangana: 2) Nireekshana Rao1) Visnuru Gadi: 3) Bogathula Rama Rao.• This was in Janagama Taluq of Nalgonda district. Kantathmakur Gadi:• The owner of this Gadi – • This is in Kantathmakur of Nalgonda district. Rapaka Venkata Ramchandra Reddy • The owner of Gadi – Pingali Pratap Reddy.• This place played important role in • He occupied thousands of acres of lands from Telangana’s armed struggle ( 1946 – 51). poor peasants.Rapaka Venkat Ramachandra Reddy: • His officer “Vadla Peddanna” took fingerprints of public on white papers and• Ramachandra Reddy’s mother was created forged papers. Janakamma. • The person who was accused and punished• Janakamma used to stay at Kadavendi. She for robbing the house of Gumasta Vadla committed many atrocities in this place. Peddanna was – “Danamalu”.• Ramachandra Reddy constructed Visnuru Gadi in 1935-36. Kalleda Gadi:• He lived luxurious life and committed many • This is in Parvathgiri mandal of atrocities. Warangal district.• He accumulated Rifles and Pistols. • In 1936, this was constructed by• For construction of Visnuru Gadi. He used Errabelli Venkateshwar Rao Teak and other wood from his Jagir. • The rulers of this Gadi did not harass the public. PNR Publications 125 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The last ruler of this gadi have leased out this • Vetti means forced labour. gadi for running a School. • Nizam government have identified some• In Telangana, kalleda region became care of section of people as Baluthadars. They were address for archery. given Balutha inam lands. Baluthadars used to serve the villagers.Sanjeevan Rao Pet Gadi: • Gradually Baluthadars lost their lands due to• This was in Narayankhed of Sangareddy the evil attitude of the landlords. But they district. remained as forced labours (Vetti).• The owner of this Gadi – • The lower castes Dalit should be available to Sanjeevan Rao Deshmukh landlords all the day and should do domestic• Prime minister – Doddappa. and agricultural services. This is known as Vetti.• The rulers of this Gadi did many developmental • Vetti is also known as Bhegar. programs for the farmers like construction of lakes, tanks. • Landlords exploited the lives of girls and women.Pollampally Gadi: • M.S.Rajalingam in his autobiography have• This was in Timmapur mandal of Karimnagar described the conditions of Vetti and their district. vulnerable lives.• The owner was • In 1911, Nizam Osman ali Khan have Anaberi Venkateshwar Rao. abolished Vetti and Bhegar systems.• Son of Anaberi Venkateshwar Rao – • Some poets have described the conditions of Anaberi Prabhakar Rao Vetti in their books.• Anaberi Prabhakar Rao although he was born • The important books are: in Deshmukh family, he fought for the rights of Bollimuntha Shiva Rama Krishna – general public and opposed the system of Mruthyu Needalu Deshmukhs.• He was the leader for Telangana armed Dasarathi Rangacharya – Chillara devullu Struggle. Vattikota alwar swamy – Prajala Manishi, GanguBethavolu Gadi: • 1 , 6 and 7 Andhra Mahasabas have st th th• This was in Bethavolu village of Nalgonda passed resolution for abolition of Vetti & district. opposing of Vetti.• Owner – Tadakamalla Sita Ramachandra Rao Baghela System: • Landlords used to give loans to landless daliths Telangana’s Vetti and for high interest rates and took services from Baghela System them till the loan is repaid. This is known as Baghela system.Vetti System: • If the person who took loan could not repay it• Vetti system means extracting the agricultural within his life time, then his family members & domestic services from an individual forcibly are forced to do free services to the landlord with out any remuneration and exploiting their till the debt is repaid. lives.126 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Socio - Cultural Revival / 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Renaissance in Telangana 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
• Arya Samaj, Brahma Samaj and Theosophical • Arya Samaj encouraged inter–caste marriages society were established in Hyderabad state and widow remarriages. which did efforts for cultural revival. Hyderabad Arya Samaj Branch:• Along with these other organizations and • In 1892, Hyderabad Arya Samaj branch persons fought for the cultural development in was established in Residency Bazar (Sultan Telangana. Bazar) of Hyderabad. • Hyderabad Arya Samaj Branch: Arya Samaj 1st President –• In 1875, Swamy Dayananda Saraswati Pandit Kamal Prasadji Mishra founded Arya Samaj in Bombay. Secretary – Lakshman Desji• For the protection of Vedic dharma / culture. • Important members of Hyderabad Arya• Arya Samaj undertook many social and Samaj are: religious movements. It is known as “ Vedic Swamy Shraddanand, Pandit Narendraji, Dharma reform movement”. Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao, Keshav• Swamy Dayananda Saraswati gave slogan Rao Karotkar, Aadipudi Somanadha Rao, “Back to Vedas”. Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya and Narayan• His book “Satyarth Prakashika” was Rao Pawar. treated as a holy sacred book for Arya Samaj. • During Nizam period, a organization known• In Satyarth Prakashika book, he criticized as “Tabligh Islam” was established to Islam, Christianity and Sikh religions. convert non-muslims into Islam.• Satyarth Prakashika book was translated into • In 1929, Siddiqui Deendhar have started telugu by Aadipudi Somanatha Rao. Deendhar movement to convert Hindus into• Dayananda Saraswathi instructed all the Muslims. members of Arya Samaj to perform • M.I.M president Bahadur Yar Jung tried to “Sandhya Vandanam”. convert Dalits into Islam by distributing secret• The principles of Arya Samaj are published circulars. These secret circulars are brought by “Vaidika Adarsh” newspaper. to the notice of Arya Samaj by postal employee Venkat Swamy.Principles of Arya Samaj: • Swamy Dayananda Saraswati started• No person will be ascribed any caste by birth, “Shuddi Program” to re-convert Hindus they are categorized into Brahmin, Kshatriya who were converted into other religions. and Vaishya based on their occupation. • In Hyderabad, Shuddi Program was• It opposed Idol worship and animal sacrifices. conducted under the leadership of Swamy• It also opposed caste system, untouchability Shraddhanand. Because of this, he was and child marriages. murdered by Khaja Hasan Nizam.
PNR Publications 127 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1894, nizam government expelled • “Sadhanagandi” Gym was established in Balakrishna Sharma and Nityananda from Warangal by Arya Samaj leader Bolusugodu Hyderabad state for organizing Shuddi Achari. This Gym was developed by Arya Programs. Samaj leader Bathini Moghilaiah Goud.• Nizam government arrested Arya Samaj All India Arya Samaj Conference- leaders Vishvananda Saraswati and Vidhyananda Brahmachary. 1938:• In 1934, Arya Samaj newspaper Vaidika • In December, 1938 All India Arya Samaj Adarsh was banned by Nizam government. conference was held in Sholapur. • The president for this conference –Arya Samaj Satyagraha: Sri Madhava Rao Anne.• On 24th October, 1938 Hindu Civil liberty • The chief guest was Veer Savarkar. union conducted Satyagraha against Nizam Government. During this Satyagraha, Nizam Note: in 1895, Ganesh celebrations were government arrested Pandith Narendraji and organized for the 1st time in Hyderabad by sent to Mannanuru jail in Mahbubnagar Arya Samaj at Shalibanda, Chadharghat. district. • Arya Samaj also conducted many• Mannanuru jail is called as Telangana’s developmental programs. Kalapani (Black Water). • In July, 1940 Arya Samaj established “Kesav• Mannanuru jail is situated near Amrabad in Memorial Educational Institutions” at Nallamalla forests. Hyderabad.• After the release of narendraji, he toured in • In Nalgonda, they established Upadeshik Warangal. During his tour, Kaloji Narayan Educational Institutions. Rao wrote a poem on him. Which says that “he came to Warangal to fill courage in the people” (Dairyam leni daddammalaku Brahma Samaj dairyamu cheppaga Vachavu enadu). • In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded• Pandit Narendraji have commented that Brahma Samaj in Bombay. “Hyderabad state is a larger area jail”, for this he was arrested by imposing a act of • In 1869, Brahma Samaj branch was sedition. established in Hyderabad.• During Satyagraha movement of Arya Samaj, • In Hyderabad, 1st Brahma Samaj meeting was a 17-year-old Ramachandra Rao continued held at Sultan Bazar in 1914 under the saying Vandemataram while cops were beating presidency of Narayana Govind Vellinkar. him. So, he was named as Vandemataram • The important member of Brahma Samaj in Ramachandra Rao. Andhra during those days was Raghupati• Discussions were held between the Venkataratnam Naidu. representatives of Arya Samaj Laladesh Bandu Gupta and Nizam government for Theosophical Society withdrawing Satyagraha movement. Later, Satyagraha was withdrawn on 7th August, • Theosophical society was founded in 1939. Newyork in the year 1875.
128 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Founders: • Keshav Rao Koratkar, Vaman Nayak along with Madam Helena Blavatsky (Russia) Ganapati rao Hardikar have established Colonel Olcott (America) Vivekavardini school (Telugu medium) in 1906.• Hyderabad branch of Theosophical society was established in 1882 at Chaderghat. Hyderabad Young mens Union: • Established : 1917. Other Organizations • President : Vaman Nayak.
Hindu Social Club: Hyderabad State Reforms• In 1892, Hindu Social Club was founded by Association: Raja Murali Manohar Bahadur. • Founded: 1918.• It opposed the discrimination done on Hindu • Founders: Keshav Rao Karotkar, Vaman Nayak students. Hindu Dharma Parishad – 1925:• He encouraged higher studies through this club. • in 1925, Hyderabad State Youth held aSociety of Union & Progress: meeting on 1st April which was presided over• It was founded in 1929 against the religious by Raja Pratap Giriji. In this meeting, they indifferences shown by Nizam government. founded “Hindu Dharma Parishad”.• Founders: • Its motto was to preserve, propagate hindu religion. Mir Akbar Ali Khan • In this meeting, Bhagya Reddy Varma have Padmaja Naidu. introduced a proposal for the development ofSwadeshi League: Harijans.• It was established by Padmaja Naidu and • The special guest for this was Pandit others in the year 1930. Sheshadri.• Secretary of swadeshi league: Fazlu Hindu Standing Committee Rehaman. (Hindu Sthayi Sangam):• This league had spread the importance of • In 1932, it was founded by Kashinath Rao Khadi. Vaidya at Residency Bazar.Nizam Subjects league: Humanitarian league:• It was established in 1934. • Founder: Rai Balamukund.• The president was Sir Nizamath Jung. • High court judge Rai Balamukund founded• This is also known as Mulki League (1935). Humanitarian league with the help of Bhagya• It was established for the protection of Mulki Reddy Varma and Lalji Meghaji. rights & Civil rights. • This fought for the development & welfare of Harijans.Hyderabad Social service league: Comrades Association:• Established in 1915. • On 13th Dec, 1939 Hyderabad Comrades• Founders: Keshav Rao Koratkar, Vaman Association was established. Nayak. PNR Publications 129 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The president for inaugural meeting was • In 1922, Margaret Cousins, Sarojini Naidu Kashinath Rao Vaidya. and others founded Hyderabad Womens• Founders: Social Development Association. Raja Bahadur Gour • In 1930, Durgabhai Deshmukh and others founded “Andhra Mahila Sangam”. Makhdoom Mohiuddin • These associations and organizations fought Omkar Prasad Syed Ibrahim for the development of Women’s education and for the betterment of their social and Students Organizations economic conditions.• 1st student’s organization in India – All India Labour Unions Students Federation, founded in 1936 in Lucknow. • 1st Labour Union in India – All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC). Founded by• Its branch subsidiary to this All Hyderabad N.M.Joshi. Student Union (AHSU) was founded in • 1st labour union in Hyderabad was Calendar 1941 in Hyderabad. Company Workers Union founded by• Aquil Ali Khan and Omkar Prasad played V.V.Giri in Secunderabad in 1920. important role in AHSU. • In 1928, Railway employees and workers• The student from Karimnagar who joined in went on strike for the 1 st time in AHSU was Anabheri Prabakar Rao. Hyderabad. The leaders were Fatehullah• With the establishment of AHSU, all the Khan, Raghavendra Rao. This was the 1st student’s hostels were turned into political strike in the history of Hyderabad. centres and political discussions started. • In 1935, Devuri Shesha Giri Rao founded• The student leaders who participated in this, Singareni Colleries Workers Union. later became the members of Andhra Maha • Warangal Azam Jahi Mills, labour union Sabha and communist party. leader – Sarvadevabhatla Ramanadham.• AHSU also played active role in Jion India • During that time, Vattikota Alwar Swamy Campaign before Hyderabad was merged into became popular as labour union leader in Indian Union. Secunderabad. • In 1941, Railway Workers Union went on Women Organizations strike. This was supported by Comrades• 1 st Women organization in Hyderabad: association under the leadership of “Bharatha Mahila samajam”. Founded by Makhdoom Mohiuddin. Raavi Chettu Laxmi Narasamma and Sitha Bai • Later, all the labour unions were united and in 1907. formed All Hyderabad Trade Union• In 1917, Nadimpalli Sundaramma, Pandhiti Congress (AHTUC). Veer Raghavulamma founded Andhra • President of AHTUC – Sodhari Samajam. This published the Makhdoom Mohiuddin newspaper “Savithri”. • Secretary – Dr. Raj Bahadur Gour.• In 1922, Yamini Purna tilakam founded • On 16th August, 1946 All Hyderabad Trade home for Young girls at secunderabad. Union Congress merged with All India Trade Union Congress.130 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureTrade Unions: Yadava Sangam: • In 1920 by Seetaramaiah Yadav.• During Nizam period, traders faced many problems. Mudiraj Sangam: • Mudiraj Mahasabha held in 1922.• Whenever Government officials visited villages, these traders should supply goods to President: G. Ramakrishnaiah. them at free of cost. Munnuru Kapu Sangam (1922):• Traders have to supply goods to Deshmukhs, • In 1935, Nizam Rashtra Andhra Munnuru Deshpandes, Patel and Patwari for meagre Kapu Mahasabha was held. prices. • The author of the book Munnuru Kapu KulaSuryapet Traders Association: Abyudayam – Bojja Narsimhulu.• On 2 nd December, 1922 Puvvada Gouda Sangam: Venkatappaiah, Bhagari Laxmaiah and • Hostels were established for Goud students others founded this in Suryapet. by Chiragu Veeranna.• The rules and regulations for this association Padmashali Sangam: are formed by Madapati Hanumanth Rao. • The following persons fought for the These became model rules and regulations for development of Padmashali’s they are; other associations. Konda Laxman BapujiBhuvanagiri Traders Association: Guntaka Narsaiah Panthulu• with the support of Arutla Laxmi Narsimha Hakim Narayan Das. Reddy, Bhuvanagiri Mitra Mandali was • In 1929, All India Padmashali Sabha was formed. The secretary was G.S.Gupta. held in Hyderabad.Traders Mahasabhas: • In 1950, Konda Laxman Bapuji established• Suryapet Sabha – 1923, Hyderabad Handloom Weavers Central Co-operative Association. Later, it was Miryalagudem Sabha – 1928, changed as “HYCO”. Nalgonda Sabha – 1928, • The author of “Mohturbha Maggam Pannu” Tipparthi Sabha – 1929. (tax on weaving) – Mateti Papayya.• The president for Tipparthi meetings was • In this book, he criticized Mohturbha tax. Pulijala Venkat Ranga Rao. • In 1946, Nizam state Padmashali Mahasabha• In Tipparthi meeting, Pabbati Yellaiah have was held in Warangal, it was presided by published a book “Vartaka Konda Laxman Bapuji. Swatantrayam”, which was written by Vaishya Sangam: Mandamula Ramachandra Rao, on behalf • In 1939, K.C.Gupta founded Vaishya Yuva of Tipparthi Traders association. Jana Sangam. Caste Associations • Vishwa Brahman Sabha – Chintapalli Raghava CharyReddy Sangam: • Sri Vaishnava Mahasabha –• Reddy hostel (1918) – Raja Bahadur Tirunagari Venkatappayya Venkata Rama Reddy. In this, admissions • Kalavanthula Sangam – are given to everyone irrespective of religion Tirunagari Venkatappayya and caste. PNR Publications 131 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Telangana Adi - Hindu Movement12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• In Hyderabad state, Adi – Hindu movement • Bhagya Reddy varma established many was started to fight against the discrimination organizations as part of Adi Hindu movement: on part of Dalit’s, Untouchability and Caste 1) Jagan Mitra Mandali – 1906 differences. 2) Adi Hindu Karyakartala Dalam – 1906• The main person behind this movement was 3) Vaidika Dharma Prachaini Sabha – 1910 Maderi Bhagya Reddy Varma. 4) Manya Sangam – 1911 Maderi Bhagya Reddy Varma 5) Ahimsa Samajam – 1912 6) Swastik Volunteers Sangam – 1912• He was born on 22nd May, 1888 into a “Mala” family in Hyderabad. 7) Jeeva Raksha Gnana Pracharak Mandali – 1915• His original name is Maderi Bhagaiah. His family guru have changed his name as Bhagya 8) Vishwa Gruha Paricharak Sammelanam – Reddy. 1916• Raavichettu Ranga Rao have financially 9) Adi Hindu Social Service league – 1922. supported Bhagya Reddy for his education. Jagan Mitra Mandali – 1906:• Bhagya Reddy Varma is known as the • Bhagya Reddy Varma established Jagan Mitra Father of Telangana Dalit Movement. Mandali in 1906 with a aim to bring awareness• He was named as “Dalit Vaithalika”. among Dalits, for educational development• Titles of Bhagya Reddy are: and to unite them. Varma • As part of Jagan Mitra mandali programs, he Shiva Shresta established Primary school at Islamia Sangamanya Bazar in 1910. Later, established many Adi Hindu Schools.• Recognizing the services of Bhagya Reddy Varma to Arya Samaj, he was awarded with • In 1929, Gandhiji visited the Adi Hindu the title “Varma” by Arya Samaj member School established by Bhagya Reddy Varma. Balaji Krishna Rao. • During a meeting organized by Bhagya Reddy• The title “Shiva Shresta” was given by Varma at Victory Play Ground in Vaman Nayak. Chaderghat, Gandhiji warned Hindus that Practicing Untouchability is a Sin and it is a• “Sangamanya” title was given in the Adi bad mark for Hinduism. Andhra Mahasabha held in Elluru. • From 1934, Nizam government took up the• Bhagya Reddy Varma was attracted to responsibility of 26 Adi Hindu Schools Buddhism and he celebrated Buddha Jayanthi founded by Bhagya Reddy Varma. every year from 1913 to 1937. Note: Initially, school for Dalit girls in• 1st Dalit Story “Vetti Madiga” in telugu Hyderabad were established by Katta literature was written by Bhagya Reddy Ramakka and Jangam Sarvaiah. Varma.
132 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Katta Ramakka started school infront of her • 1st Adi Hindu League Conference in 1921, house at Secunderabad Kalva Basthi for presided over by Papanna. Dalit girls. • Kusuma Dharmanna who attended thisManya Sangam: conference have sung a song, “ Maa Koddhu Nalla Dorathanam”.• Jagan Mitra Mandali established in 1906 was changed as Manya Sangam in 1911. This • 2nd Adi Hindu league Conference was was later changed as Adi Hindu Social presided by Keshav Rao Koratkar in 1922. Service league in 1922. All India Adi Hindu SocialImportant programs of Manya Sangam: Conference: Spreading awareness regarding education. • In 1922, March Bhagya Reddy Varma Abolition of Devadasi and Jogini systems. organized 1st All India Adi Hindu Social Abolition of Child Marriages. Conference at Residency Bazar in Ban of Alcohol. Hyderabad. For this Conference President To prohibit meat in special occasions. was M.L.Adaiah.• The president for Manya Sangam working • Due to consistent efforts of Bhagya Reddy Committee – Valthati Sheshaiah. Varma, the words for tribes like “Panchama”• Bhagya Reddy Varma established Devadasi and “Parayalu” were removed from eradication organization to abolish the government records and they were called as Devadasi system. Adi Dravida in Tamil regions and Adi Andhra• In 1915, he established Sanga Samskara in Andhra regions. as per G.O. issued by Nataka Mandali and made Harijans to play Madras Government on 25 th March, dramas in it. 1922.• In 1916, he established Vishwa Gruha Adi Hindu Sabha: Paricharika Sammelanam. It worked for • In 1925, Bhagya Reddy Varma organized the maid servants. Adi Hindu Sabha with Subedar Sayanna• Bhagya Reddy Varma took up Self – respect (who prominently known as leader for movements for Dalits in Hyderabad as well Arundhati’s) as president. as in Andhra region also. • In 1925, Bhagya Reddy Varma organized• In 1917, 1 Adi Andhra Conference (or) st exhibition of Portraits and sculptures created 1st Pradeshika Panchama Mahajana Sabha by Adi-Hindus in Residency Bazar of was held in Vijayawada by Guduru Hyderabad state. Ramachandra Rao. • In 1925, Bhagya Reddy Varma conducted• The president for this meeting was Adi Hindu Youth Gymnastic competitions Bhagya Reddy Varma. (Under the leadership of Kodi Rammoorthy• In this meeting, he named Dalits as Adi Hindus Nayudu) at Prem Theater Ground in & told them to call like Adi Hindus only. Hyderabad to encourage the Adi – Hindu Youth.Adi Hindu League Conferences: • In 1925, when Plague & Cholera were• Four Adi Hindu League Conferences were held spreaded in Hyderabad, he established in Hyderabad under the leadership of Bhagya Volunteer Medical Camps for prevention Reddy Varma from 1921-24. and treatment. PNR Publications 133 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1927, Bhagya Reddy Varma was a • He completed his studies at Secunderabad. representative of South India in All India • He spreaded the principles of Vaishnavism, Downtrodden Castes conference held at Brahma Samaj and the doctrine of Achala. Allahabad. • He established Sunitha Bala Samajam in• Bhagya Reddy Varma was the President of 1912 at Secunderabad and fought for the Mathangi Sabha held at Mallepalli in education of Dalits. March, 1927. In this meeting, they passed • This organization also fought for the abolition resolution for the ban of Alcohol. of Devadasi system and for ban / Prohibition• In 1930, he was the president for All India of Alcohol. Adi Hindu Conference held at Lucknow.• In this conference, 9 crores Adi Hindus have Adi Hindu Jathiyonnathi Sabha: Unanimously elected Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as • In 1922, Arige Ramaswamy established Adi their representative. Hindu Jathiyonnathi sabha.• In 1931, November Adi Hindu Political • The president was Konda Venkat Swamy. Conference was held at Bollarum, • Secretaries – Papayya, Arige Ramaswamy. Secunderabad which was presided by Bhagya • The main aim of this Sabha was; Reddy Varma. to oppose the concept of Shudras /• Bhagya Reddy Varma also took part in Andhra Neecha Janma theory. Mahasabha and passed many resolutions to establish equality among people. related to Dalits. • In 1927, it was changed as Adi Hindu• In 1931, due to the efforts of Bhagya Reddy Mahasabha. Varma, Nizam government have named • In 1931, he established Arundhatiya untouchables as Adi – Hindus in 1931 census. Mahasabha.• In 1913, he celebrated Buddha Jayanthi for • On 1st June, 1931 he conducted Arundatiya the 1st time on Vaishaka Shudda Purnima. conference in Reddy hostel of Nizam State.• In 1937, he celebrated last Buddha Jayanthi • In 1935, he contested on behalf of Adi Hindu under his leadership. Social Service league and was elected as the• In 1937, he founded Jambavarna Seva 1 st Dalit Councillor in Hyderabad Samithi, this fought for upliftment of Dalits. Municipal Corporation.• Bhagya Reddy Varma was running Parallel Note: Arige Ramaswamy was the only Dalit Judicial system in Telangana. He conducted poet who took part in Golconda Kavula Nyaya Panchayats at village level with the Sanchika published by Suravaram Pratap support of his disciples. Reddy.• Bhagya Reddy Varma died in February, 1939.• After his death, his son M.B.Goutham have B.S.Venkat Rao established Adi Hindu Social Service • B.S.Venkat Rao is well known as Hyderabad organization. Ambedkar. Arige Ramaswamy • His original name is Bathula Ashaiah. • He was popular as “Rao Saheb” among his• He was born in Ramankola of Ranga followers. Reddy district in 1875.134 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1922, he established Adi Dravida • The land for this school was donated by Sangam. “William Barter”.• Its objectives were: • Later, the name of school was changed as To eradicate Devadasi system. M.L.Adeyya Memorial high school. To bring awareness & unity among Dalits.• In 1927, he founded Adi Hindu Mahasabha. Peesari Veeranna Under this Organization, he constructed • In 1937, when Gandhiji visited Hyderabad, libraries and temples for Dalits at Gasmandy, Peesari Veeranna opposed the word Secunderabad. “Harijan” used by Gandhiji and argued• Later, the name Gasmandy was changed as that they are Adi – Hindus. Adeyya Nagar. • He fought against Vetti. He said people in• He presided over the Mahar Mahasabha villages not to do Vetti & encouraged them. held at Pune in May, 1936.• In 1936, he established Ambedkar Youth B. Shyam Sunder league and fought for the upliftment of Dalit • The book with a title “They Burn” written Youth. by him explain the conditions of Dalits in• In 1938, he established Hyderabad State Hyderabad those days. Depressed Classes Association. • P.R.Venkat Swamy described “the entry of• B.S.Venkat Rao have convinced Nizam and Shyam Sunder into Dalit movement is a red- created welfare fund known as Scheduled letter day in the history of depressed classes Castes Trust Fund with 1 crore rupees for movement”. the development of Dalits. This was 1st of • Shyam Sunder was the president for its kind in the country. Depressed Classes Conference held in• B.S.Venkat Rao established Adi Hindu Parbhani, Martawada on 30th May, 1942. Library. • He convinced Nizam to contribute 5 lakh• He became education minister under Mir Laiq rupees to the people’s education trust Ali cabinet in 1947. created by Dr. B.R.Ambedkar in• In 1952, he was elected as Rajya Sabha Aurangabad. member from Hyderabad Legislative • He was a part of Nizam’s delegation to France Assembly. along with Moin Nawaz Jung and Zaheer• As a appreciation to the services rendered by Ahmed for the formation of Nizam State. B.S.Venkat Rao, Nizam has awarded him a • B. Shyam Sunder explained the conditions of title “Khusro-e-Alim”. Dalits at United Nation Security Council and other international dias. M.L.Adeyya • He installed the statues of Ambedkar at Bidar• M.L.Adeyya, was called as the Bhishma of as a mark of Self – Respect of Dalits. Dalit Communities. • In 1954, Shyam Sunder became the president• In 1906, he established a school for Adi of all India Depressed Classes Hindus with the name “Sir William Barter” association. at Secunderabad.
PNR Publications 135 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
P.R.Venkat Swamy Bhagya Nagar:• He wrote a book on Telangana’s Dalit • It was started by Bhagya Reddy Varma in movement. 1931.• The title of the book: Our Struggles for • In 1937, it was changed as Adi Hindu Emanicipation. Newspaper.
News Papers Important literary works of Dalits: • Unnava Lakshmi Narayana – Maalapalli.The Panchama: • Boyi Bhimanna – Paleru nundi Padmashri• st 1 Dalit newspaper published in varaku (Paleru to Padmashri). Telangana. • Boyi Bhimanna used the word “Mamalu”• The editor was J.S. Mathaiah. (Mala – Madiga), which became popular.• This is an English, monthly magazine. • Gurram Jashuva – Gabbilam. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Andhra Mahasabha 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
Nizam Rashtrandhra Jana Sangam Hostel, Hyderabad. The president was(1921): Konda Venkat Ranga Reddy.• In November, 1921 Nizam State Social • On 1st April, 1923 the representatives of Reformation meeting (Sanga Samskarana Nizam State Jana Sangam gathered at Mahasabha) was held at Vivekavardini school, Hanumakonda and changed the name as Hyderabad under the Chairmanship of Andhra Jana Kendra Sangam. D.K.Karvay. • Andhra Jana Kendra Sangam:• All the speakers in this meeting addressed in 1st President – Urdu, Marathi, Kannada and English Baarister Raja Gopal Reddy languages. A prominent advocate of Hyderabad Aalampalli Venkat Rama Rao 1st Secretary – started to speak in Telugu, for which Marathi’s Madapati Hanumanth Rao and Kannada people opposed him. Andhra Jana Kendra Sangam (1923):• Telugu people felt humiliated about this • 1st meeting of Andhra Jana Kendra Sangam incident, and gathered at Tekumalla was held at Madapati Hanumanth Rao’s house Rangarao house on 12th November, 1921. (Hyderabad) in July, 1923. And established Nizam State Jana Sangam. • Rao Bahadur Venkat Reddy was elected• The important role was played by Madapati as the President of Andhra Jana Kendra Hanumanth Rao in the formation of Nizam Sangam. State Jana Sangam.(Nizam Rashtra Andhra • 2nd meeting was held in 1924, at the office of Jana Sangam). Nilgiri newspaper in Nalgonda for which• On 14th Feb, 1922 1st meeting of Nizam Shabnavisu Venkat Narsimha Rao was the State Jana Sangam was held at Reddy editor.136 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureActivities of Andhra Jana Kendra Sangam: • Andhra Mahasabha Meetings were held to Collection of Palm – leaf manuscripts bring social and cultural awareness in people. (Talapatra Grandham). Jogipet Andhra Mahasabha (1930): Research into ancient history and bringing • 1st Andhra Mahasabha was held from 3rd to light on the greatness of Andhra people. 5th March, 1930 in Jogipet of SangaReddy Establishing libraries district. Publishing Pamplets and books. Those are: • President: Suravaram Pratap Reddy. 1) Freedom of Trade: Against Sirbarahi. • The President for inaugural committee: Supply of goods at free of cost to the Tekumalla Anantha Venkat Rao government officials when government visit (High Court Lawyer) the villages. This is known as Sirbarahi • President for 1st Andhra Mahila Sabha: system. Nadimpalli Sundaramma. 2) Vetti Chakiri: Abolition of Vetti. Resolutions of Jogipet Sabha: 3) Mohathurba Maggam Tax: for the • In 1926, Nizam passed an ordinance “Gasthi abolition of tax imposed on weavers. Nishan–53” to ban meetings and Note: Mateti Papayya has written a book conferences. Jogipet Sabha passed a “Mohathurba Maggam Pannu”. resolution to abolish Gasthi Nishan–53.• Under the aegis of Andhra Jana Kendra • Bhagya Reddy Varma passed a resolution to Sangam, Aadiraju Veerabhadra Rao abolish untouchability. established “Andhra Parishodaka • Nizam government should provide facilities for Sangam”. Later, the name of Andhra the education of Adi Hindus. Parishodaka Sangam changed as “Lakshman • Compulsory primary education should be Raya Parishodana Mandali”. implemented.• Veerabhadra Rao collected many Palm leaf • Regional languages should be encouraged in manuscripts and inscriptions. State libraries.Andhra Mahasabha (1930-1946) • Child marriages should be discouraged.• In 1930, Andhra Jana Kendra Sangam was Widow remarriages should be encouraged. changed as Nizam Rashtra Andhra • On the request of inaugural committee, Nizam Mahasabha (Andhra Mahasabha). government have sent Veterinary doctors and• Telangana’s 1st Political organization – officials of Agricultural department to spread Nizam Rashtra Andhra Mahasabha awareness among people.• From 1930 to 1946, 13 meetings of Andhra Devarakonda Andhra Mahasabha Mahasabha were held. (1931):• Due to the efforts of Durgabhai Deshmukh, • 2 nd Andhra Mahasabha was held in Andhra Mahila Sabhas were held along with devarakonda of Nalgonda district. Andhra Mahasabha. President: Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
PNR Publications 137 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture President of Mahila Sabha: • 8th Andhra Mahasabha held at Chilkuru T. Vara Lakshmi (Nalgonda) in 1941, presided by Raavi President of inaugural committee: Narayana Reddy. In this, the membership Pulijala Venkat Ranga Rao fee was decreased from one rupee to 4 annas.• Raavi Narayana Reddy and other students of • After the 8th Andhra Mahasabha, campaign Reddy Hostel came on foot from Nizam programs were conducted for one week which college to Devarakonda to attend this was known as “Begar Week”. meeting. • 10th Andhra Mahasabha held in HyderabadBhagya Reddy Varma Resolution: in the year 1943. For the 1st time, elections were held to the post of President.• Passed a resolution related to untouchability K.V.Ranga Reddy was elected as the and Vetti of lower castes and to give equal President. rights and respect to them. • In 1944, 11th Andhra Mahasabha were heldImportant points of other Mahasabhas: at Bhuvangiri, for which Raavi Narayana• 3 rd Andhra Mahasabha was held in Reddy was the President. In this, membership Khammam, in which importance was given fee was reduced from 4 annas to 1anna. to the problems of farmers & introduced • In the 11th meeting, Andhra Mahasabha was resolutions on farmers problems. divided into extremists and moderates and• In 1940, 7th Mahasabha held at Malkapuram, they held the meetings separately. in which a resolution was passed to ban the • After 1946, extremists of Andhra Mahasabha constitutional reforms announced by the joined communist party and moderates into Nizam Government. Hyderabad state congress. Year Venue President Women Presidents1. 1930 Jogipet Suravaram Pratap Reddy Nadimpalli Sundaramma2. 1931 Devarakonda Burgula Ramakrishna Rao T. Varalakshmi3. 1934 Khammam Pulijala Venkata Ranga Rao Yellapragada Seethakumari4. 1935 Sircilla Madapati Hanumanth Rao Madapati Manikyamma5. 1936 Shad nagar Konda Venkat Ranga Reddy Burgula Anantha Laxmi6. 1937 Nizamabad Mandamula Narsingha Rao Nandagiri Indira devi7. 1940 Malkapuram Mandamula Ramchandra Rao Yogya Sheela devi8. 1941 Chilkuru Raavi Narayana Reddy Rangamma Obul Reddy9. 1942 Dharmaram Madiraju Ramakoteshwara Rao Rangamma Obul Reddy10. 1943 Hyderabad Konda Venkat Ranga Reddy Yellapragada Seethakumari11. 1944 Bhuvanagiri Raavi Narayana Reddy Nimmagadda Sathyavathi12. 1945 Madikonda (Moderates) Mandamula Narsingh Rao – 1945 Khammam (Extremists) Raavi Narayana Reddy –13 1946 Kandi (Moderates) Jamalapuram Keshav Rao – 1946 Karimnagar (Extremists) Baddam Yella Reddy –138 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Literary, Library Movement12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 and Newspapers123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
was established by Marathi’s for the Library Movement development of their language and culture.• The main aim of library movement is to bring • In 1896, Albert Reading room was all the books related to Telangana history with established at Bollarum. in the reach of general public and to bring awareness among them. Libraries established in Telangana as a part of library movement:• Library movement played an important role in bringing awareness among public related to • Father of library movement – Komarraju social, cultural and political issues. Laxmana Rao.• Suravaram Pratap Reddy named Library Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Basha movement as the 1 st movement in Nilayam: Telangana. • This was established by Komarraju Laxman• Father of Telangana library movement: Rao at Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad in 1901. Komarraju Laxmana Rao. • The persons who helped for the establishment• Library movement started by the of this library are: establishment of Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Basha Nilayam by Komarraju Laxman Rao Munagala Raja Nayini Venkat Ranga Rao in 1901. Raavi Chettu Ranga Rao. • This library was established in the own houseLibraries established in Telangana before of Raavi Chettu Ranga Rao.1901: • This was the 1 st library established in• In 1872, Somasundar Mudaliyar Telangana’s library movement. established “Secunderabad Library” this was the 1st library in Hyderabad and Telugu • The literary festivals organized by this library. regions. Pothanna Death anniversary Week – 1940,• In 1884, this library was merged with Reddy Yuga Saraswatha Week – 1941, Mahbubia college. Bhuvana Vijaya Week – 1942,• In 1872, Mudigonda Shankaracharyulu Ramayana Kalpa Vruksha Week – 1950. established Shankarananda library and Saarvajanika library at Secunderabad. Sri Raja Raja Narendra Andhra• In 1879, Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya Basha Nilayam: established Young Mens Improvement • Established in Warangal in 1904. Society Library. • Established by Komarraju Laxmana Rao.• In 1891, Established – Asafiya State Library. Andhra Samvardhani Library:• In 1895, Bharat Gunavardhak Association Library was established at Shalibanda. This • Established in Secunderabad in 1905 by Komarraju Laxman Rao. PNR Publications 139 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureVignana Chandrika Mandali: • Suravaram lost his secretary position because• Established in Hyderabad in 1906. the book which was banned by Nizam government was present in Reddy hostel• Established by Komarraju Laxmana Rao. library i.e; “War of Independence” written by• This have conducted competitions in Novels Veer Savarkar. and conducted exams in Telugu language. This • The persons who played important role in have published many books related to history library movement: in Telugu language, Andhra literature and Vignana Shastram (Science). Komarraju Laxman Rao• The books published by this mandali: Somanatha Rao Chilkuri Veera Bhadra Rao – Kodati Narayana Rao Andhrula Charitra • The autobiography of Kodati Narayana Rao Gadicherla Hari Sarvothama Rao – is “Narayanatrayam” have explained about Abraham Lincoln History the library movement. Achanta Lakshmipathi – Other Libraries: Jeeva Shastram (Biology) • Andhra Basha Nilayam – 1910 (Khammam). Suravaram Pratap Reddy – • Pratapa Rudra Andhra Basha Nilayam – Andhrula Sangika Charitra 1913 (Madikonda – Warangal). (Social history of Andhras) • Samskruta Kala Vardhini – Khandavalli Lakshmi Rajanam – 1913 (Secunderabad). Andhrula Charitra - Samskruthi • Andhra Vignana Prakashini – Kattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy – 1918 (Suryapet) Arthashastra, Musalamma Maranam Established by Puvvada Venkatapayya. (Death of old lady) • He established an organization “Krushi Vishwanadha Sharma – Pracharini Grandamala” and printed Telugu Rasayana Shastram (Chemistry). books.Reddy Hostel Library (1918) – • Andhra Saraswaati library – 1918 (Nalgonda)Hyderabad: Established by Shabnavisu Venkata• In 1918, Raja Bahadur Venkat Rami Rama Narasimha Rao. Reddy established Reddy Hostel in Abids, Hyderabad for the accommodation of the • Basha Kalpavalli library – students. Reddy Hostel library is established 1920 (Secunderabad) in the premises of Reddy Hostel. • Sri Vignana Vidhyuth Pravahinyandhra Basha• From 1924-32, Suravaram Pratap Reddy Nilayam – 1918 (Khammam). worked as a Secretary for Reddy hostle From this library, a written monthly library. magazine “Jyothi” by Yellapragada Note: Suravaram Pratap Reddy has written Krishnamurthy, Kodati Narayana Roa was a book “Telangana-Andhrula Kartavyam” published. for the Maintenance of libraries and for those Later, this library was changed as in library movement. student’s library.
140 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Vignana Pracharini Printing Press – Telangana’s 1st Mobile library: By 1919 (Inugurthi - Mahabubabad). T.K. Balaiah. Established by Oddiraju brothers. • Nizamabad district, Armoor Taluq officer• Bahiramiya library – 1921 (Kolanupaka) T.K.Balaiah have started Telangana’s first• Bala Saraswathi library – 1923 (Afzalgunj) mobile library.• Vemana Andhra Basha Nilayam – 1923 • He used to take books on bullock carts to (Hyderabad) remote Villages and distributed to them. This was established by Konda Venkat Arjun Pusthaka Bandagar: Ranga Reddy with his own money. • Suryapet Dharma Biksham along with his• Viganana Pracharini library -1923 (Manthanni) friends established this bandagar and runs it Established by Avadhani Krishnaiah secretly. In this Bandagar, they supplied Arya Another name for this library is Osmania Samaj books, Golconda, Mejaan, Raiyat Andhra Basha Nilayam. Newspapers.• Andra Sodari Samaja Grandhalayam – 1925 • This also became a centre for political, literary (Hyderabad). discussions.• Adi Hindu library – 1926 (Hyderabad). Nizam Rashtra Grandalaya Founded by B.S.Venkat Rao. Mahasabha:• Deccan Vaishya Sanga Grandhalayam – 1926. • First Nizam Rashtra Grandalaya• Jogipet Library – 1930 (Medak). Mahasabha was held at Madhira in 1925.• Vidyabi Vardhini Grandhalayam – 1939 The president was (Tatapalli – Karimnagar). Pingali Venkat Rama Reddy. Founded by President of inaugural committess – Boinpally Venkat Rama Rao. Madapati Tirumal Rao. Along with this library, he also established • 2 nd Mahasabha was conducted in a Mobile library, a Harijan school and Suryapet (1928). had a collection of Oriental manuscripts. President was Vaman Nayak.• Gandhi library – 1940 (Hanumakonda). Telangana Literary Founded by Bandari Naga Bhushan Rao. organizations• Raithu Grandhalayam – 1941 (chilukuru). • In 1934, Suravaraam Pratap Reddy compiled a list of 354 Telangana poets under Founded by Raavi Narayana Reddy. the title “Golconda Kavula Snchika”. This• Sri Hanumadaandhra Grandhalayam – 1943 stands as a mark of self-respect to Telangana. (Mulkapalli – Khammam). • In 1911, Chandala Kesavadasu have written This was established by Andhra Sarasvatha a drama with title “Kanaka Tara”, which Parishad. became a basis for the modern drama.• Viveka Vikasini Grandhalayam – 1943 • Kodati Narayana Rao have run Pragathi and (Pillalamarri – Suryapet). Bala Saraswati newspapers. Found by Ummethula Ramanuja Rao PNR Publications 141 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Ratnamamba Desai have written many Ana Grandhamala (1939): poems in Hithabodhini newspaper for • In 1939, K.C. Gupta established Ana encouraging women in education and poetry. Grandhamala.• The literary works of Pasham Narayan Reddy. • 1st publication of Ana Grandhamala – Life History of Dayananda Saraswati. Hyderabad Constitutional Reforms Thayaga Murthulu. • In1943, Ana Grandhamala published the Sadashiva Reddy (A poem on following stories written by Papannapet ruler Sadashiva Reddy who Kaloji Narayan Rao. opposed Nizam for Mitra Dharma • Maname Nayam (We are better) – (friendship)). related to cruelty on animals.• Many literary organizations were established Teliyaka prema Telisi Dwesham – as a part of Telangana literary movement. related to Caste discrimination (Love without Knowledge,Sahiti Mekala (1936): Hatred with Knowledge).• This was the 1 literary organization. st Vibhuthi –• This was started by Ambatipudi Venkat the story Criticizes about Modernization. Ratna Shastri in Nalgonda. Deshoddaraka Grandhamala (1938):• The books published by Sahiti Mekala are: • Established by Vattikota Alwar Swamy. 1) Dasharathi Krishnamacharyulu – • The publications are: Agnidhara Kaloji Narayana Rao – 2) Ambati Pudi Venkat Ratnam – Naa Godava (Poems) Tarka Basha Suravaram Pratap Reddy – 3) Punna Anjaiah – Nilgiri Kavulu Sanchika Prajadikaramulu 4) Pulijala Gopal Rao – Kadga Tikkana Viveka Vardhini Parishad (1941):Sadhana Samithi (1939): • Established by Suravaram Pratapa Reddy.• The important founders are: • The publications of this parishad are: Burgula Ranganatha Rao Suravaram Pratap Reddy – Bhaskarbattla Krishna Rao Ramayana Visheshalu, Mruthyu Siddantham Veldurthi Manikya Rao and Andhra Prataprudra Yashobhushanam.
The books published by this Samithi are: Andhra Saraswatha Parishad (1943):1) Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao – • Nizam Rashtra Saraswatha Parishad was Navya Kavitha Nirajanam (Essays) formed during the meeting at Reddy Hostel,2) Burgula Ranganatha Rao – Vahyali (Stories) Hyderabad on 26th May, 1943.3) Bogi Narayana Murthy – • The important founding members are: Pariksha – Chaduvu (Drama) Madapati Hanumantha Rao4) Gadiraju Venkata Ramanaiah – Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao Bojaraju (poem) Burgula Ranganatha Rao
142 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The objectives of this Parishad are: The books Published as a part of Bala1) To develop respect towards Mother tongue. Saraswatham:2) To give awards for the best literary works. • Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao – Mana desham3) To increase literary rate by conducting schools • Gadiyaram Ramakrishan Sharma – in Villages during night time. Veera Gadhalu • Adiraju Veera Bhadra Rao – Mithai Chettu1 st Andhra Saraswatha ParishadMahasabha: • The newspaper published by Andhra Saraswatha Parishad – Andhra Sri• Held in the year 1943.• Venue: Reddy Hostel. Other literary Organizations:• President – • Navya Sahithi Samithi – Lokanandi Shankara Narayan Rao Raavi Narayana Reddy
• 1 st anniversary of Andhra Saraswatha • Vaithalika Samithi – Kaloji Narayana Rao. Parishad was held in Warangal in 1944. The President was Suravaram Pratap Reddy. News Papers• In 1949, the word Nizam Rashtra was • Bengal gazette was the 1st newspaper in removed and changed as Andhra Saraswatha India. It was started by James Augustus Hicky in 1780. Parishad. • Many English, Telugu and Urdu newspapers• This Saraswatha Parishad published three are published to bring awareness among books known as Panditha Saraswatham, Praja people by overcoming the ordinances issued Saraswatham and Bala Saraswatham. by Nizam Government in the form of GastiThe books Published as a Part of Panditha Nishan 53, which prohibited the freedom ofSaraswatham: expression and press.• Suryanarayana Shastri – Printing Press: Kavyalankarana Sangraham Brahma Vidya Vilasam Printing Press• Burguala Ramakrishna Rao – (1870): Saraswatha Vyasa Mukthavalli • Established in 1870 by Wanaparthy rulers.• Divakarla Venkata Avadhani – • This printing press was the 1 st in theSahitya Sopanalu, Andhra Vagmaya Charitra Hyderabad State.• Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Shastri – • In 1875, a printing press was established in Shalivahana Gadha, Saptha Shathisaram. Gadwal Samsthanam.
The books published as a part of Praja Newspapers:Saraswatham: Jubdoot-Ul-Akbar - 1833:• Suravaram Pratap Reddy – • Jubdoot-Ul-Akbar was one of the first Andhrula Sanghika Charitra newspaper of India. It was established at Hyderabad in 1833 A.D.• Nelaturi Venkaiah – Andhrula Charitra• Krishna Shastri – Pallepadalu, Streela Risala Tabbi – 1859: Pouranika Patalu (Epic songs). • This was a medical journal, published in Urdu language. PNR Publications 143 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This was the 1st newspaper published in Deenvarthaman: Hyderabad. • As per researchers Rapolu Andhra BhaskarOctareshfak – 1878: and Veludurthi Manikya Rao this was the 1st• This was in Parsi language. daily Telugu newspaper started in 1890 – 91.• Some opine that this was the 1st newspaper in • This was run by Narayana Swamy Mudaliar Nizam State. in Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad. • In 1878, Narayana Swamy also ran Asaf-Ul-Deccan times – 1864: Akbar, weekly magazine.• 1st English newspaper from Hyderabad.• Established by Abdul Khader. Hithabodhini (1913): • In 1913, it was established by BandaruHyderabad Recorder – 1885: Srinivasa Sharma.• English newspaper published from • This was the 1 st Telugu newspaper Hyderabad. distributed all over Telangana.• This was the 1st newspaper which was • It is a weekly magazine. banned by the Nizam Government. • Published from Mahabubnagar.• This paper have described the British Resident • Atmakuru ruler Sri Rama Bhupala Bahiri as Kaizer. For this, British pressurized the Balawant Bahadur financially supported to Nizam Government to ban it in 1892. purchase the printing machine for this paper.Maulim-e-Niswan (1892): Nilgiri - 1922:• Maulvi Mohib Hussain started this • Editor was Shabnaveesu Venkatarama Newspaper to propagate the reforms for Narsimha Rao. Muslim women. He was known as the father of Journalism in Hyderabad. • It was the 1st political weekly magazine in Telangana.• The titles of Maulvi Mohib Hussain: Hyderabad Women’s Education Vaithalika. • Shabnaveesu established a library with a name “Samskarini” and printed many books.• Telangana Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. • He wrote a poem – BalikaVilapam. Telugu Newspapers Tenugu Vara Patrika - 1922:Shedya Chandrika – 1886: • Founders: Oddiraju Sitaramachandra Rao,• Recent researchers argued that it was the 1 st Oddiraju Raghava Ranga Rao. Telugu newspaper published in Telangana. • Oddiraju brothers started Inugurthi printing According to a Researcher Sangishetty press in Inugurthi village of Mahabubabad Srinivas, this was started in the year 1886. district. This paper was printing here only.• This was a translation of Urdu Magazine – • Oddiraju brothers also established Vignana “Punoon”. Pracharini Sri Grandhamala (1919) and• This was published by Munshi Mohammed printed many educational books. Musthak Ahmed Malik. Golconda Patrika - 1925:• Shedya Chandrika newspaper gave • It was started on 10th May, 1925, agricultural information. Suravaram Pratap Reddy as editor.144 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The main centre was Nalgonda. Kakatiya Vaara Patrika - 1946:• This is half-weekly newspaper was released • Founder: P.V. Narasimha Rao. every Wednesday and Saturday. • Editor: Pamulaparthi Sadashiva Rao.• First Suravaram tried to name it as Andhra Patrika but Nizam government opposed it, So, Shoba - 1947: he chosen the name Golconda. • Founder: Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao.• Golconda Patrika published Political, • It was a literary monthly magazine. Devulapalli Economical, Social and Cultural news ran a secret newspaper from Karil with a title happening in Telangana. “State Congress Vartha Sanchika” in 1947.• Golconda Patrika was closed in 1966.Sujatha Patrika - 1927: Urdu Newspapers• It was a literary monthly magazine published Payam – 1935: in Hyderabad. • Founder – Khaji Abdul Gaffar.• Editor: Pasumamula Narsimaha Sharma. • this was a Urdu daily Newspaper, which• The name “Sujatha” was suggested by supported the independence struggle of Nizam Rayaprolu Subba Rao. people.Bhagyanagar Patrika - 1931: Rayyat – 1927:• This was established by Bhagya Reddy Varma • It was started and edited by Mandamula in 1931 for the development of Dalits. Narsingh Rao.• The Front page of this paper contains the • Rayyat means a farmer. pictures of Charminar, Mecca Masjid and the paintings of Ellora and Ajanta. • This was a Urdu weekly magazine.• From 1937, it was changed as Adi Hindu • It gave information to National leaders Newspaper. regarding the movement against Nizam in Hyderabad. It demanded the formation ofPhula Thota Patrika: responsible government in Nizam State and• It was published from Hanumakonda in fought for the rights of the people. between 1930-35. • Shoyabullah Khan editor of Imroze paper,• Editor: Kambampati Appanna Shastri. initially worked in this.• This was the 1st children’s paper in Telangana. Imroze - 1947:Telugu Talli - 1939: • Shoyabullah Khan started Urdu weekly• Editor: Rachamalla Satyavati Devi. magazine “Imroze (means fire)”.• This was the 1st paper published by a • Through this paper, he criticized Razakars. Women editor in Telangana. • He wrote editorials that describes Hyderabad• It was a monthly magazine. state should be merged into Indian union. AsTelangana Patrika - 1942: a result, in 1948, Shoyabullah Khan was• Founded by Rajgopal Mudaliyar. murdered by Razakars.• Editor: Bukkapatnam Ramanuja Chary. • Payam, Rayyat and Imroze Newspapers• It was the 1 daily newspaper from st supported the freedom struggle of Nizam Telangana. people. PNR Publications 145 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureRahbar-e-Deccan: • Nedu Patrika (1925) – Bhaskar• Editors: 1) Ahmed Mohinuddin • Andhra Abhyudayam (1925) – 2) Abdullahkhan Kokila Sitarama Sharma• This Newspaper supported by MIM party. • Deshabandhu (1926) – Bellamkonda Narasimha CharyuluMeezan -1944: Tagline: Andhra Vignana Prabodha monthly• Meezan is a Arabic word, which means “the magazine balance”. (Trasu) • Deccan Kesari (1934) –• It was the 1st paper in Telangana which was Adusumalli Venkat Dattatreya Sharma published in three languages. • Vibuthi (1939) – Chidiremattam Veerabhadra• Founder – Gulam Mohammed (Gulam Sharma Alauddin) belongs to Calcutta. • Sandesham (1941) – Quazi Abdul Gaffar• It was published in Telugu, English and • Andhra Kesari (1941) – Urdu languages. Gundavaram Hanumanth Rao• Urdu edition was supported Razakars. • Telugu Desam (1948) –• English edition supported Nizam and telugu Suryadevara Rajya Lakshmi edition supported communists and other • Sudarshan Patrika – Sudarshana Devi radicalists. Published from Wanaparthy as monthly• Editor of Meezam telugu edition was Adavi magazine. Bapiraju. • Janashakti (1950-54) –• Sub-editor : Vidwan Viswam. Juvvadi GoutamRaju, Raghuveerarao• Adavi Bapiraju published the stories and songs • Prajavani (1951) – Suravaram Pratap Reddy written by Avula Pichaiah of suryapet. • Navayuga (1954) –• It was the 1st daily news paper that started a Telangana Writers Association novel serials in daily newspaper. • PadmaPrakash Monthly Magazine –• Himabindu, Gona Gannareddy and Toofan Burgula Ramakrishnaiah novels of Adavi Bapiraju are published as • Hyderabad Weekly – Maari Chenna Reddy serials in meezam newspaper. Telugu Book Stall in Nizam State:Other important newspapers & theireditors: • During Nizam Period, there was only one Telugu book stall besides Srikrishna Devaraya• The Panchama (1918-20) – J.S. Mathaiah Andhra Basha Nilayam in Hyderabad.• Desivajmaya (1921) – • It was run by Nampalli Gouri Shankar Telangana Literacy Association Sharma• Shaivamata Pracharini (1923) – Mudigonda • He distributed Telugu books all over the Veeresha Linga Shastri Nizam state, for that he regarded as language• Shaivamani (1924) – Mudigonda Buchaiah servant.• Ahakam Sube Warangal (1925) – It was run by Revenue officers from Warangal .It was the 1st Fortnight paper in Telangana according to researchers.146 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • The important literary work –Telanganas Important poets “Andhra Veerulu” and their literary works Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao :Komarraju Venkat Laxman Rao • Under the aegis of Andhra Jana Kendra(1876–1923): Sangam, he established Andhra Research• He was the 1st to do research in Telangana’s Council. (Andhra Parishodaka Mandali) literature. • He was the 1st to give speech in Hyderabad• He worked as a Diwan at Munagala Zamindar Radio. Raja Nayani Venkat Ranga Rao.• He established many libraries and wrote many Suravaram Pratap Reddy books. (1896-1953):• Books : • He was born in Itikalapadu village of Mahabubanagar district. Shivaji Chritra • Andhra poets commented that there were no Haindava Chakravarthulu poets in Telangana, for which Pratap Reddy Hindu Mahayugam felt distressed and started research in Mohammadain Mahayugam Telangana literature. AndhraVignana Sarvasvam • In 1934, he compiled a list of Writings of 354 (1st Vignana Sarvasvam in Telugu). Telangana poets under the title “Golconda• In 1910, first story in Telangana was written Kavulu” to prove that Telangana also had by Komarraju Laxman Rao with a title literature and poetry. “Ebadivella Bheramu”. But some opine that • He wrote a social history of the Telugu people the story “Hrudaya Shalyamu” written by with the title “Andhrulu Saanghika Madapathi Hanumanthrao in 1912 is the Charitra”. In 1955, thus book won the best 1st story. national book award i.e., Kendra sahityaManavalli Ramakrishna Kavi : Academy Puraskaram.(1866-1957) Note: he was the 1st Telugu poet to win• He worked as a personal secretary to Kendra Sahitya Academy award. Wanaparthy ruler Sawai Rameshwar Rao • Autobiography of Suravaram: “Svavishaya Bahadur. Sangraham”.• Manavalli collected all the inscriptions and • In 1925, he started “Golconda Patrika”. published with a title “Lithic Records of • In 1951-52, he run “Prajavani Patrika”. Hyderabad State”. • He wrote many books with different pen• He published ancient texts in a book series names. under the title “Visrutha kavulu”. • Some important pen names are.Seshadri Ramana Kavulu : Chitra Gupta Jagam Basavaiah• Seshadri Ramana Kavulu have established Vishwamitra Yugapati Historical Research Council (Charitraka Parishodaka Mandali) in Hanumakonda. In Amrutha Kalasi Sangrama Simha 1931, he organized Akhilandhra Historical Bhava Kabi Ram Murthy Bahadur conference. PNR Publications 147 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The stories written by Suravaram: Mogalayi Sri Krishna Devaraya – Kathalu. Jambavati Parinayam• Verrivengalappa and Kavilekattalu are the Palkuriki Somanatha – comedy sarcastic writings of Suravaram. Panditharadhya Charitra, Basavodaharanam• His research-oriented writings are; Srinatha – Shiva Ratri Mahatyam Golconda Kavula Sanchika – 1934. Madiki Singanna – Padma Puranam Hinduvula Pandugalu – 1931. Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu Ramayana Visheshalu – 1943. (1925-1987): Prapancha Grandalaya Charitra. • He was born in Chinnaguduru village of Lipi Samskaranalu. Warangal district.Dramas: • Presently this village is in Mahabubabad Uchchala Vishadamu (Based on the story district. of Kalhana in Rajatarangini). • He had B.A degree in English literature from Baktha Tukaram. Osmania University. Some Period he workedNovels: as a teacher and speaker in Akashavani. Arevirulu • He served as the Court poet of Andhra Suddantha Katha. Pradesh from 1977-83.Poetry & Prose: • His titles : Kalaprapurna and Abhyudhaya Bhaavi.• Hamsaveera Sambhavam, Padmini, Mohammed Ghazni, Deshanata. • Daasarathi received Kendra Sahitya Academy award for his poetic work book• In 1952, in 1st general elections of Hyderabad “Timiramto Samaram” (Fight against state he was elected as the member of darkness) in 1974. legislative assembly (Congress Party) from Wanaparthy Constituency. • As a part of Andhra Mahasabha, he travelled from village to village to enlighten the public.Biruduraju Ramaraju: In 1947, he was arrested by the Nizam• He was the native of Devanuru village of government and was sent to Induru Fort Jail Warangal district. of Nizamabad for his role in Public Agitation.• He did research in folklore literature and was • Along with Daasarathi, another poet Vattikota conferred doctorate (Ph.D.) in Telugu Alwar Swamy was also arrested. literature by Osmania University in 1956. • He used to write poems on the walls of theLiterary Works: jail with Charcoal (which is given to Brush the teeth). The police thought that these were Maruguna Padina Manikyalu written by Vattikota and punished him. Charitra Kekkina Charitardulu. • In 1953, Daasarathi established Telangana’s Andhra Yogulu Writers Association (Telangana• He discovered and did research in the Rachayithala Sangam) and worked as a following books: president. Kakatiya Prataparudra – • In 1961, he entered into Cinema field by Usha Ragodhayam writing lyrics for the movie Iddaru Mitrulu.148 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureDasarathi literary works: • Daasarathi Rangacharya is known as Agnidhara Akshara Vachaspathi (Alphabetic text) and (related to Telangana Armed Struggle) Telangana Karadeepika (Hand book). Rudraveena Navami • He participated in Telangana Armed Struggle Punarnavam Mahashilpi Jakkanna against Nizam. Mahandrodyamam • Autobiography of Ranga Charya: Jeevanayanam. Kavitha Pushpakam Timiramto Samaram His Literary works: Amruthabishekam Mahaboddhi Chillara Devullu Modugupulu Ghalib Geethalu Alochanalochanalu Janapadam Maya Jalataru Note: He was awarded Andhra Pradesh Saratalpam Sahitya Academy Award for Kavitha Ranunnadi Edi nizam Pushpakam. Sri Madramayanam.Quotes of Daasarathi: Sri Mahabharatam.• Naa Telangana Koti Ratanaala Veena. • Amongst all, Chillara Devullu and• Raithude Telanganamu Raithude, Musali Modugupulu are the prominent ones. Nakkaku Racharikambu Dakkune (Criticizing In this, he described about the Telangana Nizam). Struggles & the conditions before the• Maa Nizam Raju Janma Janmala Bhuju Telangana Independence. (Cricizing Nizam). • Kendra Sahitya Academy award was• A Challani Samudra garbham song ( on the presented to Modugu Pulu. social conditions in Telangana ). • Chillera Devullu won a National literature award.Daasarathi Krishnamacharya Award: • A movie “Chillera Devullu” was made based• 1st Daasarathi Krishnamacharya Award was on the Ranga Chary book and it was a grand given to Tirumala Srinivasa Charyulu success. The director was T. Madhusudhan (Karimnagar) by the Telangana Government. Rao.Daasarathi Rangacharya Translations:(1928-2015): • Daasarathi rangacharya translated all the 4• He was born in Chinna guduru village of Vedas into Telugu language. Warangal district in Nizam state. • He translated the important Historic novel of• He is the brother of Daasarathi Urdu literature “Umrao Jaan” into Telugu. Krishnamacharya. Vattikota Alwar Swamy• He was expelled from the school in the 6th standard for organizing children and took up (1915-1961): strike by wearing Gandhiji’s cap instead of • He was born in Cheruvu Madaram village uniform prescribed by Nizam. of Nalgonda district.• He worked as a teacher from 1951-57. • He was called as Telangana Vaithalika (Pioneer) and Telangana Gorki.
PNR Publications 149 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• As his father died when he was young, he Telangana lo Jathiyodhyamalu completed his education while being with his (Telangana Nationalist Movement). teacher Seetharama Rao. Saraswatha Navaneetham.• He was jailed for participating in Quit India Telugu Seemalo Samskrutika Punarjeevam Movement (1942-43). With the influence of (Cultural Revival in Telugu Seema). communists, he turned as communist. Hyderabad Swatantryodhyamam• He was active in the library movement and he (Freedom Movement of Hyderabad). fought against Nizam. Fifty Years of Remembrance (1929 – 79).• For this, he was arrested and sent to Induru Tenugu Literature. Jail of Nizamabad district from 1946 – 1951 Veguchukkalu (Lucifer). and was put to rigorous Punishment. Upanyasa Toranam.Vattikota Literary works: Kavya Mala.• Jailu lopala: he described his & prisoners’ Talupula Dumaramu life when he was inside the jail. Five Year Plans.• Prajala Manishi (People’s man): My radio speeches. Conditions of Telangana people in between 1934-38. Our Village – Orugallu.• Gangu: Telangana people’s history from Mana desham – Telugu Seema. 1940-45. Gadiyaram Ramakrishna Sharma:• Telangana • His autobiography: Satapatram (Hundred• Chinnappude (during young). Petals).• Ramappa Rabhasa (against the social evils). • In 2007, he won the Kendra Sahitya This was published in “Telugu Vidyarthi” Academy award for his autobiography patrika and was distributed from Satapatram after his death. Machilipatnam. His literary works:• He established Deshoddaraka Grandhamala. The 1 book published by this st Madhava Vidyaranya Charitra. was “Prajadhikaramulu” of Suravaram Alampura Kshethra Charitra. Pratap Reddy. Veera Gadalu Vignana vallariDevulapalli Ramanuja Rao Dasharupaka Saram(1917-1993): Panchajanyam• He was born in Desai peta village of Warangal district. Mana Vastu Sampada• His newspaper was “Shobha” (Literary Umamaheshwara Charitra Monthly Magazine). Dr. Cingi Reddy Narayana Reddy• He was the president of Andhra Saraswatha (1931–2017): Parishad in 1953 held at Alampur. • He was born in 1931 in Hanumajipet of Literary Works: Karimnagar district. He is better known as History of Telangana Armed Struggle. C.Narayan Reddy.150 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He won prestigious Jnanpith award for • He became popular by a song “Nannu Viswambhara in 1988. And he was the 1st Dochukunduvate Vannela Dorasani”. person from Telangana to receive Jnanpith.• He received Post-graduate degree and Tadakamalla Krishna Rao doctorate in Telugu literature from Osmania (1830-1890): University and later became the professor • He wrote 1st Novel in Telangana – of that University. “Kambukandhara Charitra”.Awards: Palla Durgaiah (1916-1983): 1973–Kendra sahitya Academy Award • Literary works: (For his poetry collection Mantalu-Manavudu) Gangiredhu (Abull) 1977 – Padma Shri. Prabhanda Vajmaya Vikasam, 1978 – Kala Prapoorna. Palavelli. 1988 – Jnanpith Award. Note: Gangula Sai Reddy – Kapu Bidda 1992 – Padma Bhushan Palla Durgaiah – Gangireddu 2014 – C. Narayana Reddy – Ruthu Chakram. Kendra Sahitya Academy Fellowship • All the above poems are treated as ModernLiterary works of C. Narayana Reddy: dialect Kavyatrayam. 1st work – Navvani Puvvu (1953) Bunna Ilaiah: Manishi – Chiluka. • His research book – Ajanta Sundari Telangana Sahitya Samasthalu (centres). Ruthu Chakram (Cycle of Seasons). • In this, he mentioned about all the Birth / Vishwambhara founding history of literary centres from Kalam Sakshiga Adilabad to Hyderabad. Karpura Vasantha Rayalu • He described the lives of Telangana people in Mantalu Manavudu a story “Kaluva Mallaiah”. Nagarjuna Sagar Literary works: Bhugolamantha Manishi Nippu Kanika Bhoomika Rahasya Chitram. Marpu Na Teerpu. Ramappa Divvela Muvvalu Vyakthithvam (Individuality) Mattimanishi Aakasham Mukhamukhi.Cinema Career:• His first film as a lyricist was “Gulebhakavali Katha” in 1962. By this he entered film industry and wrote more than 3000 songs. PNR Publications 151 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Telangana Peasants and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Tribal Rebellion 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
• The important reason for the rebellion of Peasant Rebellion farmers and other people in the village is the• In Telangana, Peasants revolted because of collection of illegal and exorbitant taxes. the atrocities of the landlords and due to the • Different taxes imposed by Bethavolu extraction of money in the name of different Maktadar are: taxes. 1. Cents Tax 2. Pullari TaxKolanpaka Peasants Agitation: 3. God Tax 4. Marriage Tax• Kolanpaka village is near Alair of Bhuvanagiri 5. Relatives Tax 6. Adoption Tax Taluq. 7. Illarikam Tax• Leaders of Andhra Maha Sabha Arutla 8. Adabidda Gampalu (Baskets) Lakshmi Narsimha Reddy and Arutla 9. Koulu Pannu (Tenant Tax) Ram Chandra Reddy belongs to this village. 10.Maggam Pannu (Weavers Tax)• Kolanpaka Jagirdar – Nawab Turaj Yar Jung 11. Manthrasani Pannu (Midwife Tax)• Jagirdar used to collect illegal taxes from 12. Santhana Pannu 13. Prostitute Tax farmers and performed Vetti with them. • Farmers felt frustrated with all the taxes and• Kolanpaka Jagirdar Took a Programme i.e revolted against the Maktadar. forcefully converted Dalits in the village into • The demands of the agitating peasants were Islam. Arutla Brothers opposed the conversion abolition of illegal taxes and to give rights on and called Arya Samaj members, performed the land. Shuddi program and re-converted them into • In this agitation, Suryapet Pleader Amrutha Hindu Religion. Reddy fought in favour of peasants and• The main reason for the agitation of Kolanpaka Vemulapalli Venkata Krishna fought for the Peasants is the forcefull religion conversions Zamindar. did by the Jagirdar. • In this, Bethavolu Patwari was in favour of peasants: Pragada Raj Gopala Rao.Bethavolu Peasants Agitation:• Bethavolu is a Zamindari region. Shaik Bandagi land agitation – against Visnoor Deshmukh:• Bethavolu was in Huzur Nagar Taluq of Nalgonda district. At present, it is in Suryapet •Visnoor Deshmukh in Janagaon Taluq was district. Rapaka Ramchandra Reddy. • He is cruel & committed many atrocities on• Bethavolu is a collection of some Makta villages. the people. • Shaik Bandagi was a poor Muslim peasant.• Bethavolu Maktadar – Tadakamalla Sitha Ramchandra Rao • Shaik Bandagi’s Village – Kamareddy Gudem152 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Shaik Bandagi was having 4 brothers (total 5 Paritala Peasants Struggle: with him). The elder brother Abbas Ali was • Paritala Jagirdar – Nawab Kamal Yar Jung. working as clerk near Ramachandra Reddy. • He harassed the people in Jagir and extracted And remaining 4 were doing cultivation. money in the form of illegal taxes.• The 5 brothers were separated and divided • Paritala jagir villages was not connected either the land amongst themselves. to the Nizam government or to the British ruled• Abbas Ali was given 8 acres more as he was Andhra State. eldest in the family. • Paritala Jagirdar ’s agent was Lanka• Later, he was sold off his land an wanted to Subramaniya Shastri, he tortured the people annex the land of his brothers. in different ways.• Shaik Bandagi protested against this on behalf • People revolted and killed Subramaniya of other brothers. Panchayat was held near Shastri. Deshmukh and he gave judgement in favour • In the following places also, agitations against of Abbas Ali. landlords took place:• Then, Shaik Bandagi approached the court. Ammula Palem Landlord – Deshmukh was angered by this and humiliated Kalluri Rajeshwar Rao Shaik Bandagi and threatened him. Mella Cheruvu Landlord –• But Shaik Bandagi continued his protest in Chennuru Veera Bhadra Rao court and got judgement in his favour. Bakkamanthula Gudem Landlord –• Deshmukh felt humiliated by the court Boghala Veera Reddy judgement and planned to kill Shaik Bandagi Errabadu Landlord – with Abbas Ali. Jinna Reddy Pratap Reddy• On 26th July, 1940 Shaik Bandagi was going Dharmapuram Zamindar – to Hyderabad to bring the judgement copy. Vekuri Raghav Rao While going, the goons of Deshmukh Mundrai Landlord – murdered Bandagi near the Bus stop. Kadari Narsimha Rao• Brothers and friends of Shaik Bandagi have Mulkala gudem Landlord – buried him near the bus stop only & Tomb Pingali Ranga Reddy was built there only. • The Lambada tribe people in Dharmapuram• Every year “Urus / Ursu” (death anniversary) and Mundrai villages of Jangoan Taluq will be held here. had 200 acres of land, which was taken over by the Landlords.Munugodu Peasants Revolt: • Then Lambada people protested and took• Munugodu village was in Nalgonda Taluq. back their lands with the help of Andhra• Munugodu Deshmukh – Mahasabha and Communists. Kancharla Rami Reddy• He have harassed the general public in the Tribal Rebellion village. • Tribals where ever they live, will have• One day, while Deshmukh was going to inseparable relation with the forests and forests Nalgonda in bullock cart. Then, people also protects the Tribals and give many things stopped and killed him and set cart ablaze. to Tribals. PNR Publications 153 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The landlords and merchants of plainlands government. British have sent large number started to exploit the tribals in forest regions. of army which was led by the Army chief• In Hyderabad State, Sala Jung for the 1st time Colonel Robert to the Nirmal region for established Forest Department in 1857. suppressing the rebellion. Later in 1890, 1900 the Forest policy were • British and Nizam army have attacked and announced. Because of this, the rights of tortured the Gonds and Rohillas. Government on the Forest were expanded. • Initially, Ramji along with his army fought a• But the traditional rights of Tribals on the Guerrilla Warfare campaign against the British forests were abolished. Podu cultivation in the and defeated them. Later the Gonds were reserved forests and the collection of forest defeated due to the weapons and large army produce was also abolished. of British and Nizam.• This led to the major changes in the social and • Finally, Ramji Gond was captured along with economic condition of the Tribals. his 1000 soldiers and they were hanged to a• Vexed up with the laws made by Nizam State, Banyan tree on 9th April, 1860 in Nirmal the tribals of Gond community in Adilabad near the Khajana Cheruvu Gattu. revolted under the leadership of Ramji Gond • Since, then the tree came to be known as Veyyi and Komaram Bheem against the Urila Chettu or Veyyi Urila Marri. Unnecessary involvement of the officers and non-tribals and demanded for the control on Nayakpod and Kolam Rebellion: forests. • During 1879-80, the Nayakpod, Kolam and• The important tribal rebellion in the Hyderabad other tribals of forests between State are against Nizam. Bhadrachalam – Rekapalli region revolted together.Ramji Gond Rebellion (1857-60): • They revolted against the forest officers,• During 1851-60, Ramji Gond was the 1 st government for collecting three times more tax Tribal Freedom fighter to fight against the on Podu cultivation by violating forests acts. British Government by making Jangaon (Asifabad) of Adilabad district as his Konda Reddy’s Rebellion: centre. • In 1915-16, the Konda Reddy tribes of the• During 1857 Sepoy mutiny, large number of Papikonda forest area between Rohilla soldiers under the leadership of Tantia Bhadrachalam – West Godavari started this Tope entered into Adilabad and made Nirmal revolt. as their centre and fought against the British. • They revolted against the forest officers, Police• In Adilabad district from 1857-60 many Gond for supporting the extraction by the non – Tribals and Rohilla Muslims started a rebellion tribals and the Government. under the leadership of Ramji Gond and Haji Komaram Bheem Rebellion Rohilla. (1938-40):• Ramji Gond formed an army with Maratas, Telugu, Rohilla and the the Gonds and trained • The Gond tribal leader Komaram Bheem was them. Later, he liberated Nirmal and born in the forest region of Sankenapalli of surrounding places and started self – Jodeghat, Asifabad division of Adilabad district on Oct 22, 1901.
154 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Gonds and other tribals of Jodeghat region Asifabad Taluqdar Abdul Sattar along with did Podu cultivation. 300 armed poice attacked on the camp of• In 1935, a paper mill was established in Sirpur Komaram Bheem in Jodeghat, without any – Khagaznagar region. Many acres of forest intimation. land was taken over by the Government for • Police indiscriminately opened fire on the establishing this mill. The tribals could not do tribals killing 140 members. In this fire only anything against the Government and joined Komaram Bheem fought bravely with the as labourers in this factory. Nizam soldier, but Succumbed to the bullets• In Sardapur tribal gudem / region, the tribals of the Nizam soldiers. did Podu cultivation and crop produce was • In 2014, the Telangana government have forcefully taken over by the Zamindar officially organized the death anniversary of Siddique. Komaram Bheem and it is practised by the• Komaram Bheem revolted against Siddique government every year. for the forceful extaction of the crop produce • After the Jodeghat incident, the Nizam Mir during this, Komaram Bheem had hit Osman Ali khan have appointed Christopher Siddique with a stick on his head and there Von Furer Haimendorf, a Austrian by Siddique died immediately. ethnologist and a Professor in London• Nizam government lodged a murder case on University to study the conditions of Gonds. Komaram Bheem. There by he escaped to • As per the number, Gonds are the largest Maharashtra. There he worked with a Vittoba tribal group in the country. (social worker) in his printing press. • Earlier Bastar region of present day• The police arrested Vittoba, then Komaram Chattisgarh state is the native place of Gonds. Bheem went to Assam and worked in tea, • In Telangana, Gonds are more in Adilabad and Coffe plantations for 5 years. Asifabad regions. The gonds in these are• During that period, he was inspired by the known as Raj Gonds. freedom struggle of India and came back to • Haimen Dorf stayed at Marlawai Village to Jodeghat of Adilabad district to fight for study the conditions of the Gonds. Later he the tribal rights. gave suggestions to Nizam Government.• Komaram Bheem had made Jodeghat, • Based on the suggestions given by Haimen Babejari as his centres and fought for the rights Dorf, the Nizam and the Revenue Minister of the tribals by giving a slogan Jal – Jungle Wilfred Gregson brought “Dastar–Ul– – Jameen (Water – Forest – Land). Amal” act in 1940.• He fought for the Independence of 12 Tribal regions with the name “Maavenot – Maaveraj” (Maa Gudem lo Maa Rajyam).• Komaram Bheem revolted against the Local Taluqdar Sattar. He continued Guerrilla campaign against the Nizam nawab in surrounding areas of Asifabad.• On 27th October, 1940 with the information given by the betrayer Kurdupatel, the
PNR Publications 155 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• Telangana armed struggle took place in Mahasabha and they supported peasants in between 1946 to 51. their struggle.• Armed struggle in Telangana was conducted • Landlords have extorted the crop produce of by the communists. the peasants in the name of taxes. Along with• The main objective of the struggle was for the the tax, the peasants should give bribe to the land, food and freedom (Bhoomi, Bhukti and Patel, Patwari & Revenue inspectors. Vimukti). 2. Money lenders and Nagu Vaddi• Around 4000 members became Martyrs in System: this revolt. Note: in the Nagu Vaddi system, the loan• By this struggle many villages got amount will be doubled in a year. independence from the atrocities of Razakars 3. Hukki Malikana Tax: on the Toddy and landlords. Telangana peasants fought workers / Toddy tappers. against the extraction of Deshmukhs, Patel – Patwari and the landlords. 4. Vetti / Baghela systems. 5. Programs against Hinduism.Main Reasons for the ArmedStruggle: 6. Formation of Andhra Mahasabha.1. Landlordism (Feudal System): 7. Formation of Telangana Communist Party.• During that period, hundreds of acres of land was under the control of the landlords. Telangana - Communist Party: Peasants remained as Tenants. These Peasants • In 1939, December Maqdoom Mohiuddin, should work in the fields of landlords first and Sayyad Ibrahim and Raj Bhadur Gour have then after they should cultivate their lands. established a organization and named as• The lands under the control of Jagirdars and “Comrades Association”. Zamindars. • In 1940, Raavi Narayana Reddy and Janna Reddy Pratap Reddy (Suryapet Deshmukh) – 1,50,000 acres Baddam Yella Reddy established Communist party in hyderabad. Kalluru Zamindar ( Khammam) – 1,00,000 acres • Important communist leaders of Hyderabad: Narsapur Zamindar (Laksettipet) – Raavi Narayana Reddy, Baddam yella Reddy, 50,000 acres Maqdoom Mohiuddin, Bheem Reddy Visnoor Ramachandra Reddy(Jangoan) – Narsimha Reddy, Arutla Brothers, Devulapalli 40,000 acres Venkateshwar Rao.• To abolish this type of landlordism, the Telangana Armed Struggle - Phases: peasants themselves have started this armed • From the establishment of Communist Party struggle. Later, the “Sangam” were formed in 1940 till 1951, Telangana Armed Struggle in villages by Communists through Andhra is divided into 4 phases.156 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• 1st Phase : 1940-46: Chakali Ailamma Struggle In this stage, Communists were strengthened. (Chityala Ailamma):• 2nd Phase : 1946 – 47: • Chakali Ailamma belongs to Palakurthi Revolted against landlords and Deshmukhs Village of jangoan Taluq. She belongs to (Doras). Rajaka Caste.• 3rd Phase : 1947 – 48: • Palakurthi Village was under the control of Armed Rebellion against Nizam. Visnoor Deshmukh.• 4th Phase : 1948 – 51: • Her husband was Chityala Narsaiah. Revolted against the Indian government. • She took some land from Jayaprada Devi 1st phase (1940-46) wife of Mallampalli Maktadar Narsimha Rao on lease and was cultivating it.• In this phase, communists conducted education week and Beghar week to gain • During the Armed Struggle, she was the support of the people. supporting Andhra Mahasabha and Communsit Party against Visnoor Deshmukh• During this phase, communists gradually and the police. For this, Palakurthi became strong in Hyderabad. Conspiracy case lodged on her husband and• The members of Andhra Mahasabhas formed son and they were arrested. as “Sangam” and went to village to enlighten • During this period, Visnoor Deshmukh took the people. away the lease land of Chakali Ailamma and• The important incident in this phase was the he made to wrote his name on lease land and Shaik Bandagi’s murder. sent his goons to take the crop produce.• A poor Muslim farmer Shaik Bandagi who • During this, the Andhra Mahasabha members fought with the Visnoor Deshmukh for his land Chakilam Yadagiri Rao, Bheem reddy rights was murdered by the Deshmukh. This Narsimha Reddy and Nalla Pratap Reddy incident became inspiration for the Telangana fought with the goons and brought the crop Armed Struggle. produce to Ailamma’s house.• The play “Maa Bhoomi” which influenced • Ailamma showed great courage during this Telangana Armed Struggle starts with a tribute incident and became heroic lady. to Shaik Bandagi. Note: Authors of Maa Bhoomi: Palakurthi Conspiracy Case: 1) Sunkara Satyanarayana • Andhra Mahasabha leader Arutla Ram 2) Vasireddy Bhaskar Rao. Chandra Reddy came to Palakurthi village in Jangaon Taluq for an inaugural function of a• In this play concept was “ Dunne Vadide village library. Bhoomi ( land for the tiller)”. • Visnoor Deshmukh tried to destroy this• During the armed struggles, Maa Bhoomi drama was played in the Villages. meeting secretly by sending his goons and but the people attacked them and beat severely. 2nd Phase • By this incident, Deshmukh got anger and• From 4 July, 1946 to 12 June, 1947 the th th attacked the village along with his goons and important incidents during the 2nd phase the police and lodged false cases on the Armed Struggle. people.
PNR Publications 157 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This is known as Palakurthi Conspiracy Case. Important incidents in the Telangana Armed• The lawyer who argued in favour of the Struggle: villagers – Konda Laxman Bapuji. • In 1946, October in Balemulla village Patel Matta Reddy and Garlapati Ananth ReddyDoddi Komaraiah Death / died during the revolt.Immortality:• Doddi Komaraiah belongs to Kadavendi Akunur Incident: village of jangaon taluq. • Akunur village was under the control of• He belongs to Kuruma (Shepherd) caste. Visnoor Deshmukh in Jangaon Taluq.• Visnoor Deshmukh Ramchandra Reddy • The police officers have forcefully extracted mother was Janakamma (Dorasani). the grains from the farmers in the name of levy.• Janakamma lived in Kadavendi and committed • The people of Akunur Village of Jangaon many atrocities on people. Taluq have refused to pay levy and revolted• Doddi Komaraiah was the brother of Doddi against them. Mallaiah who was a committee member of • The people revolted under the leadership of a Andhra Mahasabha. village police Patel Sithal Prasad.• The leaders of Andhra Mahasabha who • The same incident took place in Machireddy revolted against Janakamma were Erram palli village. Reddy Mohan Reddy, Nalla Narsimhulu. • The officers felt humiliated by the above• Then, Janakamma made a plan to kill them incidents with the help of police force, they and appointed goons. attacked the villages and molested the women.• These goons attacked the houses of the • The Akunur and Machireddy palli incidents members of Andhra Mahasabha Sangam. are published in the national paper – “Free• Then, the Sangam members opposed and they Press Journal (Editor – Sri Sadananda)”. marched towards the Gadi along with village • Based on these incidents, Devulapalli people with sticks. Venkateshwar Rao wrote a book• Doddi Komaraiah observed this and he also “Akunur, Machireddy palli Duranthalu”. joined them with a stick. • On these incidents, Gandhiji wrote a letter to• On 4th July, 1946 the goons saw the people Hyderabad Prime minister Sir Akbar Hydari. marching towards them and opened fire on Then Akbar hydari appointed a committee to them indiscriminately. enquire into it.
• Doddi Komaraiah died in this shooting and Errabadu Incident: became Martyr. • Suryapet Taluq Errabadu landlord was Janna• With this incident (Death of Komaraiah), the Reddy Pratap Reddy. farmers and people started the armed struggle. • He annexed 1000 acres of land from the• The statue of Doddi Komaraiah is built in farmers of surrounding villages. Moscow by Russians. • Farmers frustrated by this, revolted against• Doddi Komaraiah became the 1 martyr in st Pratap Reddy under the leadership of Gajula the Telangana Armed Struggle. Ramachandraiah.
158 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During this period, Gandhiji asked Padmaja Objectives of Armed Struggle: Naidu to study the conditions in Telangana and • Taking over the weapons from Landlords, to send a report. Police and Razakars.• Padmaja Naidu prepared a report with the • Occupying landlords and government barren help of Andhra Mahasabha leaders and send lands to distribute among poor. to Gandhi. • Should obstruct the government activities by• During the Armed Struggle, the communists not paying taxes. stimulated the public by playing Burra Katha, • Establishing Guerrilla camps at District, Taluq Oggu Katha and Maa Bhoomi drama. and Village level for protecting the people.• Government banned Maa Bhoomi drama. Finally abolition of Nizam rule and the Feudal• In 1946, October the Government had system. established military camps in Warangal and • As part of armed struggle, communists Nalgonda to suppress the activities of the followed three strategies. communists. • According to these strategies, the communists• Then, communists have changed their centre formed 3 groups with the village people. They to Vijayawada. are:• During that time, Vijayawada was known as 1. Village Protection Group Stalin Grad. 2. Abolition Group (Nirmulana Dalam)• In 1946, November Nizam government- 3. Guerrilla group. imposed ban on communist party. 1) Village Protection Group is formed with• Nizam appointed a commission to suppress enthusiastic young men. the Telangana Armed Struggle. The chairmn • They did patrolling on the outskirts of the of commission was Mirja Ali Hyder. village by sitting on the trees. 3rd Phase • Whenever Razakars or Nizam Police are going• From 12th June, 1947 to 17th September, to enter the village, they used to give 1948. information to the villagers by making different• On 12th June, 1947 Nizam Mir Osman Ali sounds. declared himself as Sovereign 2) Abolition groups were formed to stop the independent and suppressed the people who enemies and their vehicles to enter into the opposed him. village.• Then, on 11th September, 1947 communists • These groups have destroyed the bridges to decided to start armed struggle against the prevent the Razakars and Nizam soldiers to Nizam & made an announcement. enter into the villages.• This declaration / announcement was given by; 3) Guerrilla groups were formed to retaliate to Raavi Narayana Reddy the attacks of landlords, razakars and the Baddam Yella Reddy Police. These Guerrilla groups along with Maqdoom Mohiuddin people’s support attacked on the Deshmukh houses and police camps. PNR Publications 159 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In some villages, they established democracy 4th Phase by abolishing government’s authority. (17th September, 1948 to 21st October, 1951):• 1st attack of guerrilla group was on the police • Due to the call given by the National camp at Ravula Penta. Communist Party secretary Randeeva the• The main objective of attacking the Ravula armed struggle continued from 17 th September, 1948 against the Indian Penta police camp was to take the possession Government. of the weapons. But in this attack, the leaders Venkat Reddy and Devabathini • Along with this, the then Indian Home Minister Vallabhai Patel visited Hyderabad Venkateshwar Rao died. This attack was and announced that I will make there should a failure. not be even one communist on Telangana• During the armed struggle, Bheem Reddy land. Narsimha Reddy started a program known • J.N.Chowdary, the military Governor of as “Udara” to clear the camps of Razakars Hyderabad were given all powers to suppress and soldiers. the communists.• In this “Udara” program, they set fire to the • The military government prepared a “Briggs grass and hit into the houses of the Razakars Plan” under the leadership of Nanjappa to and soldiers camps and when they come out suppress the communists Later Nanjappa due to suffocation, the members of armed killed many communists indiscriminately. struggle will take weapons from them. Conclusion of armed Struggle:• During the armed struggle Anabheri • On 21st October, 1951 on the suggestion of Prabhakar Rao (Karimnagar) and Bhupathi the Russia’s Soviet Union Communist party Reddy (Siricilla) took the control of villages leader Stalin the communists have stopped and run the parallel government. Later, they the armed struggle. both were killed by the Razakars.• The important Guerrilla leaders who became Women in the Armed Struggle: martyrs during this 3 rd Phase of Armed • In this struggle, the women of Koya, Chenchu Struggle are: tribes supported the Guerrilla forces and the communist members. Anabheri Prabhakar Rao – Karimnagar • The 1st women who sacrificed her life in this Bhupathi Reddy – Siricilla armed struggle was 11-year-old girl Renikunta Rami Reddy – Bhuvanagiri Ramulamma of Mangalpally village of Pasunuri Venkat Reddy – Nalgonda Nalgonda Taluq. Erra Satyam – Huzur Nagar Other women in Armed Struggle are: Gopal Reddy – Suryapet 1. Mallu Swarajyam – Nalgonda.• On 29 November, 1947 Nizam Osman Ali th 2. Arutla Kamala Devi – Bhuvanagiri. Khan made standstill agreement with the 3. Lalitha – Suryapet. Indian Government. • Along with them Raavi Sitha Devi, Brij Rani• On 17th September, 1948 Hyderabad State Gaur, Thai and Sarpu Behan also participated was merged into Indian Union Through in the Armed Struggle. Operation Polo. 160 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureMallu Swarajyam: 5) Madiraju Ramakoteshwar Rao –• She was born in Kothagudem village, Telangana Abhyudhaya Amshalu Thungathurthy mandal of Suryapet (Progress factors) district in 1931. During the freedom struggle, 6) Raavi Narayana Reddy – the family members were influenced by the Veera Telangana, Naa anubhavalu Gnapakalu slogan “Swaraj” and named her as (My experiences – Memories) “Swarajyam”. 7) Arutla Ram Chandra Reddy – Telangana Porata Smruthulu• She was turned into revolutionary after reading a book “Mother” of Maxim Gorky. 8) Chndra Rajeshwar Rao – Veera Telangana Viplava Poratam• According to the call given by the Andhra 9) Ayyapu Venkata Ramanaiah – Naji Naijam Mahasabha, she fought against Vetti Chakiri. 10) Maqdoom Mohiuddin – Haveli• Later, she became the commander of Dalam 11) Kundurthi Anjaneyulu – fighting against the Zamindars. For this, the Telangana, Nagaramlo Vana Nizam Government announced a prize of 12) K.V. Ramana Reddy – Rs. 10,000 on her head. Bhuvana Gosha, Adavi (Forest)• Mallu Swarajyam husband Mallu Venkat 13) Vattikota Alwar Swamy – Telangana Narsimha Reddy and brother Bheem Reddy 14) Krishna Prasad – Simha Garjana (Novel) Narsimha Reddy influenced her. 15) Mahendar Ram Mohan Rao –• As part of Armed Struggle, she took away Onamalu, Radha Chakralu, the lands from Zamindars and distributed Mruthyuvu Needalo (Novel) among the poor.• She sang folk songs in the villages and attracted Comments: the people. • Maa Nizam Raju Janma Janmala Buju –• In 1978, 1983 she was elected to the Andhra Dasarathi Krishnama Charya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from • Pagaleyi Nizam Kota, egarey Erabavuta – Thungathurthy Constituency. Rentala Gopala Krishna (Destroy Nizam Fort and Hoist the Red flag)Books on Armed Struggle: • Maa Nizam Rajyam Kalthi Leni Madya1) Devulapalli Venkateshwara Rao – Yugapu Bhuswamya Vyavasta – History of the People’s Armed Struggle of Raavi Narayana Reddy Telangana • “Andhra Thesis” slogan – (Telangana Prajala Sayudha Porata Charita) Chandra Rajeshwar Rao2) Puchchlapalli Sundarayya – • Mana kompalarchina, Manalni Champajusina, Telangana People’s Struggle & its lessons Manava Adamulanu MandalidheeshulanuVeera Telangana Viplava Poratam, Guna Patalu Kalambu ragane Katesi Teerale – Kaloji.3) Devulapally Ramanuja Rao – Results of Telangana Armed struggle: History of Telangana Armed Struggle • People were enlightened due to village4) Nalla Narsimhulu – protection forces.Telangana Armed Struggle – my experiences
PNR Publications 161 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Due to this struggle, the people were relieved Important incidents before Operation from Zamindars and Razakars. Polo:• Changes took place in landlordism (Feudalism). Akhila Bharatha Samsthanala Praja Mahasabha:• Along with Vetti, other kinds of taxes, bribery was also abolished. • In 1946, British government announced that independence will be granted to India.• Due to the efforts of communists, the land reforms were introduced in 1949. • After this declaration, in June, 1946 a conference was held with the representatives• In 1950, June the tenancy act was passed. of princely states under the chairmanship of According to this, the tenants who are Jawaharlal Nehru. cultivating the lands of Deshmukhs will get the ownership rights. • Members of Hyderabad state congress who attended this conference are:• This Armed Struggle brought agricultural revolution into lime light. This became the basis Swamy Ramananda Tirtha for the other Peasant Struggles in India. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao• As a result, finally the Congress government • Members of Andhra Maha Sabha who took brought land reforms. part in this are Raavi Narayana Reddy Operation polo - Laxmi Narsaiah End of Nizam rule • They expressed the intention of merging• After the India’s independence on 15 th Hyderabad state with the Indian Union August, 1947, the state of Hyderabad did Jayaprakash Narayan’s Hyderabad not merge into Union of India. visit:• On 17th September, 1948 a police action • On 7th May, 1947 the General Secretary of took place which was named “operation polo” socialist party Jaya Prakash Narayan visited for the merging of Hyderabad state into Indian Hyderabad. Union. • He addressed a public meeting in Karbala• At the time of independence, India had 562 Garden and stated that Hyderabad state princely states. Out of these except 4 princely should be merged with the Indian Union. states all the other were integrated into Indian • The labour leaders who addressed in this Union after the Independence. meeting are:• That 4 princely states were Madhav Singh 1) Travencore (Kerala) Narendra Prasad Saxena 2) Junagadh (Gujarath) • Nizam government was aggravate by the 3) Kashmir (Jammu & Kashmir) statement of Jaya Prakash Narayana and ousted him from the Hyderabad state. 4) Hyderabad • Hyderabad state congress opposed the• Out of the above 4 states Hyderabad as the decision of the Nizam government and agitated largest. by forming a committee under the leadership of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao.162 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 12th June, 1947 Nizam Osman Ali khan • Hyderabad state defence, foreign affairs declared that he is Sovereign independent. and communications will be under the control Once again on 13th August, 1947 he declared of the Indian government. that Hyderabad state is an independent state. • Indian currency will be valid in the Hyderabad• During this period, Nizam have sent Walter state. Mankton, Chattari Nawab and Sultan Ahmed • Indian banks and insurance companies can be for negotiations with Mountbatten. established in the Nizam state.• On 7 th August, 1947 Hyderabad state • The citizens of Hyderabad state are given congress leaders held “Join India Union freedom of speech, and freedom of meeting Day”. or gathering.• Later, Sardar Vallabhai Patel & Nehru have • The arrested Hyderabad state congress mobilized armed forces Surrounding the leaders should be released. boundaries of Hyderabad. • Within one year of this agreement, a• By noticing this Nizam government made democratic government should be formed in “Standstill Agreement” with the Indian Hyderabad state. government. • If a war arises between India and Pakistan,Standstill Agreement: Hyderabad should play a neutral role.• On 29 th November, 1947 the Indian Attack on Nizam Osman Ali Khan: government and Nizam entered into a • On 4th December, 1947 Narayan Rao standstill agreement for a period of one year. Pawar of Aryasamaj Kranthi Kar Dal have• The Nizams prime minister during this attacked Nizam Osman Ali Khan with a bomb agreement was Mehdi Yar Jung. at King kothi, Hyderabad.• The persons who signed the standstill • But this attack was a failure. agreement are: • In this attack, Police arrested Narayan Rao Hyderabad Nizam – Pawar, Jagadeeshwar and Gandaiah. Mir Osman Ali Khan • In this attack, the 7th accused was Konda Indian Governor General – Laxman Bapuji. Lord Mount Batten • Narayan Rao Pawar is known as the• According to standstill agreement, K.M. Telangana Bhagat singh. Munshi was appointed as Indian Government • Nizam Osman Ali Khan’s prime minister Agent General in Hyderabad. Mehdi Yar Jung resigned on the day on which• Zain Yar Jung was appointed as the standstill agreement was signed. Later Nizam Hyderabad Agent General in Delhi. appointed Laiq Ali as the prime minister.Important points of the agreement: • On 18 th December, 1947 Nizam have• All the relations of the Nizam with British abolished the Council of Minister and formed government before 15th August, 1947 will be a new cabinet under the leadership of Prime continued temporarily between the Nizam and Minister Laiq Ali. In this cabinet 4 Hindus were Indian government without any change. As there. such this is known as Standstill Agreement. 1. Pingali Venkatrami Reddy – Deputy Prime Minister
PNR Publications 163 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 2. B.S. Venkatrao • Restrictions were imposed on the securities 3. Mallikarjun Rao of Indian government which were given to the 4. J.V. Joshi Hyderabad state. Gold, Diamonds & Coins exports from Hyderabad State were Banned.• As Laiq Ali was appointed as the Prime Minister, the breach of standstill agreement was • The relation were banned between the started. Imperial bank of India and the Hyderabad state bank. By this, the relations wereBreach of Standstill Agreement: worsened between the Hyderabad state & the• Nizam government declared that Indian Indian Government. currency not valid in the Hyderabad state. • The then Indian Governor general Mount• Nizam have sent General El Edroos to batten held mediation and tried to calm down Europe for purchasing the weapons. the situations between the Indian Government• Sydney cotton of Australia was a dealer in and Nizam. weapons, who supplied weapons to Nizam • Mount Batten have sent his secretary Allen from Goa illegally. The information of this illegal Campbell to Hyderabad for mediation trade was brought to the notice of Indian between two Governments, but it was failure. government by Vandemataram K.M.Munshi Negotiations: Ramchandra Rao and Rama Rao. • According to the standstill agreement,• The prime minister Laiq Ali tried to purchase K.M.Munshi was appointed as the Indian Goa from Portuguese. Government Agent General in Hyderabad.• Hyderabad Nizam have given Rs 20 crores • But Nizam felt that Agent General is not equal of loan to Pakistan from Indian securities. to British Resident and hence Nizam did not• Nizam established ordinance factories for give residency building to K.M.Munshi. manufacturing arms at Moti Mahal, • K.M.Munshi stayed in the Indian Government Golkonda and Chaderghat. building known as deccan house at Bollaram.• Due to this, Indian government have imposed • K.M.Munshi said to Nizam to conduct a financial restrictions on Hyderabad state. The Plebiscite or to form a democratic Indian army took over the control of a place government immediately. “Nanaj” in Hyderabad state.• During this period, Nizam sent Walter Bhagya Nagar Radio Station: Mankton, Chattari Nawab and Sultan Ahmed • In Deccan Radio of Nizam government, the for negotiations with Mount Batten. Hyderabad Commander-in-Chief Syed Ahmed El- Edroos warned the people to beIndian Government Restrictions on ready for all the circ*mstances or situations inthe Nizam State: the Hyderabad state.• Deccan airways of the Hyderabad were • As the Deccan radio was spreading false news, banned by the Indian government. the leaders have started Bhagya Nagar Radio• By this, Hyderabad did not have the transport station and encouraged the people by giving facilities, communication with the rest of the all the information from time to time. world. • Bhagya Nagar Radio station was established• The telephone lines were disturbed. by Paaga Pulla Reddy.
164 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This was a secret Radio. • Goddard prepared a plan and handed over• The socialist leader Achyut Patwardhan have to Sardar Vallabhai Patel. arranged the Radio apparatus for Paaga Pulla • By noticing this Nizam sent a committee to Reddy in Bombay. United nation security council to complain• Radio programmes were broadcasted in against the Indian government. Telugu, English and Urdu languages. • This committee was headed by the• The broadcasts in Telugu by Ramakrishna Hyderabad External Affairs Minister Sharma. “Moin Nawaz Jung”.• Broadcasts in Urdu by T. Nagappa. • Before this on 21st August, 1948 Nizam• The Radio programmes created awareness government sent a complaint against the Indian among people on the atrocities of Razakars government through Cable-Gram to UN and Nizam. These helped to stage protest security council. against Nizam. • Sir Walton Monckton was appointed in UN• By this, Nizam have banned the Bhagya Nagar security council for helping the Nizam Radio station. government. Note: The then UNO security councilLawyers Activities: president – Alexander Candogen• The lawyers of Hyderabad court started • Indian government also sent a group of agitations against Nizam rule and demanded representatives under the leadership of to merge Hyderabad with Indian Union. Ramaswamy Mudaliar of Madras to the• In February, 1948 a Lawyer’s protest UN security council. committee was formed under the • Nizam has written letters to different countries presidentship of Vinayakarao Vidyalankar. for support to stop the merging of Hyderabad• Later, Nyayavadula Prathigatana Samithi with India. (Lawyer’s Resistance Committee) was British Emperor – 6th George formed under the presidentship of Ganapathi British Prime Minister – Clement Atlee Lal. This committee wrote a letter to Nizam Britain Opposition Leader – regarding the boycott of the court duties. Winston ChurchillBakar Ali Mirza: America President – Harry. S. Truman.• Under the leadership of Bakar Ali Mirza many • Nizam personally wrote letters to them and Muslims have written a letter to Nizam for they expressed their inability. merging the Hyderabad state with India. By this, nizam has house arrested Bakar Ali Mirza. Operation Polo:• Sardar Vallabhai Patel described the • The Indian government informed Pakistan Hyderabad state as “an ulcer in the heart of High commissioner and the American India which needed to be removed surgically”. government that “Operation Polo” being conducted in the Hyderabad state to stop the• The then Indian home minister Sardar Vallabhai atrocities of communists and Razakars and to Patel ordered southern commander-in-chief establish Peace. E.N.Goddard to prepare a plan for police action on the Hyderabad state. • The Indian government has named this military action as Police action because according to
PNR Publications 165 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture the principles of the United Nations an • Pune Airbase was used to attack with the Independent country can’t conduct a help of aircrafts. This Airbase was under the Military action on the other independent command of Mukherjee. country. • On 13th September, 1948 the military attacks• Therefore, the expenses incurred during this started from all the corners of Hyderabad. operation were shown in the accounts of • Lt. Col. Ram Singh of the strike force under Education department instead of home (or) the leadership of J. N. Chaudari annexed Defence Ministry. Naldurg city in Maharashtra on 13 th• This operation was named as Police Action September 1948. by C. Raja Gopala Chary. • 1st city annexed as a part of Operation Polo -• This was also named as Operation Polo in Naldurg. military sense. • The military attacks were started on 13th Operation Polo: September and entered into an Hyderabad on • Started on 13th September, 1948. 17th September, 1948. • Ended on 17th September, 1948. • On 17th September , 1948 Osman Ali • Planned by – E.N. Goddard. Khan met K. M. Munshi in the Lake View Guest House, Hyderabad and said that During Operation Polo: Hyderabad state is going to be merged with • Indian Army Chief – Sir Roy Bucher the Indian Union. • Indian Defence Minister – Baldev Singh • On 17th September, 1948 at 7pm Nizam • Indian Home Minister – Osman Ali Khan made an announcement in Sardar Vallabhai Patel the Deccan Radio on the name of Indian Governor General Raja Gopala Chary that • Indian Governor General – Hyderabad is became the part of Indian C. Rajagopala Chary Union. • Indian Secretary of Princely States – • And also declare that the Indian Army camps V.P. Menon can be allowed to stay at Bollaram, • Hyderabad Army Commander-in-Chief – Secunderabad Military Camps. General El Edroos Note: Nizam’s government official radio- • Hyderabad Prime Minister – Mir Laiq Ali Deccan Radio • Hyderabad Police Commissioner – • 1 st Director of Deccan Radio- Fazlur Deen Yar Jung Rehman• This police action took place under the • The military action ended on 17th September, leadership of Southern commander Lt. 1948 after the Radio announcement made by General Maharaja Rajendra Singh. the Nizam. Then Nizam rule ended and• Maharaja Rajendra Singh have divided the Hyderabad state merged with Indian army into following forces/ units. Union. 1) Solapur- J. N. Chaudhari • On 18th September, Hyderabad Commander- 2) Vijayawada- A. A. Rudra in-Chief El Edroos along with his troops 3) Berar/ Hospeta- Shiva Dattu Singh surrendered before Indian Major General J. N. Chaudari. 4) Bombay- D. S. Dhar166 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• According to the military rules, J.N. Chaudari J. N. Chaudhari Farmana: appointed as the Hyderabad Military • On 6th February,1949 J.N.Chaudhari have General, who first entered into Hyderabad. issued a Farmana. According to the Farmana:• On 18th Sept, 1948 the leader of Razakars The Nizam government currency Hali Qasim Razvi was arrested and was imprisoned Sikka will be banned. (Hali Sikka was in the military camp at Tirumalgiri and the Prime completely banned on 1st April, 1955) Minister Laiq Ali was house arrested. Nizam personal lands known as Sarf-e-• On 18th September, 1948 Nizam Osman Ali Khas will be taken over by the Khan welcomed Sardar Vallabhai Patel at government. Begumpet Airport, who came to visit In Hyderabad state, all the government Hyderabad state. institutions are given holiday on• On 22 nd September, 1948 Nizam has Sunday instead of Friday. withdrawn the complaint filed against the Indian • In August, 1949 “Hyderabad State government in United Nations. Abolition of Jagirdars & Regulation Act”• In Karnataka, 17th September is celebrated was passed and all the Jagir lands were taken as Hyderabad – Karnataka Liberation over by the government. Day and in Maharashtra as Marathwada Sangram Mukti Divas. Attacks on Communists & Muslims:• In Telangana, communist and Muslims name • The Indian military during Operation Polo and September 17th as Betrayal Day and some the J.N. Chaudhari government have calls as Telangana Liberation Day. indiscriminately attacked the Communist and Muslims.J.N. Chaudhari Military Rule • Hundreds of Communists were killed and th (24 September, 1948 - thousands of Muslims were massacred. 31st December, 1949) • These attacks were brought to the notice of Jawaharlal Nehru by the popular journalist• On 18th September, 1948 Jayanto Nath Younis Salim. Chaudhari took the responsibilities as the • Nehru appointed Sundarlal committee in Hyderabad Military Governor in the presence October 1949 to enquire into these attacks. of Jawaharlal Nehru. Sundarlal Committee - 1949:• The working committee of Military governor • Chairman – Pandit Sundarlal are: • Members : 1) Khazi Abdul Gaffar Military Governor – J.N. Chaudari 2) Maulana Abdul Misri Chief Civil Administrator – D.S .Bakley • This committee visited Hyderabad and given Additional Chief Civil Administrator – report to the government. D.R. Pradhan • According to this report, after the Police Note: J. N. Chaudhari took part in the 2nd action nearly 40 thousand people died in the Hyderabad state. world war and he was the Indian Army Chief during a war with Pakistan in 1965. • The government did not disclose this report completely. Now this Report is at “Nehru• J. N. Chaudhari was born in Haripura, Bengal Memorial Musium Library” Delhi. PNR Publications 167 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Along with Sundarlal committee, the 5) Mulchand Gandhi – conditions of Muslims in Hyderabad state are Medical, health & Regional institutions studied by Farid Mirza. 6) Yar Jung Bahadur – public works• During Operation Polo, the times magazine 7) CVS Rao – Finance & Commerce reporter Ramesh Thapar visited the • In April, 1952 Hyderabad and Secunderabad Hyderabad state and has written a book Municipal corporations were formed. “HYDERABAD TOOFAN’’. • Hyderabad First Mayor was Madapati M.K. Vellodi Civil Hanumantha Rao and Secunderabad first Mayor was Vasudeva Mudaliyar. Government • In Hyderabad First General elections were• After the submission of Sundarlal committee held in the year 1952 and Burgula report in December, 1949 the central Ramakrishna Rao was elected as Chief government have removed J. N. Chaudhari. minister.• Later, in his place the ICS officer of Kerala Important Books and the Writer’s M.K. Vellodi was appointed as the chief Regarding Hyderabad History, minister of Hyderabad state. His full name Independence Movement: Mullath Kadingi Vellodi Menon. • The End of an Era – K.M.Munshi• M.K. Vellodi ruled from 26th January, 1950 • Tragedy of Hyderabad – Laiq ali to 6th March, 1952. • Hyderabad in Retrospect – Ali Yavar Jung• On 26th January, 1950 Nizam Osman Ali Khan was appointed as the Hyderabad Raj • Hyderabad of the Seven Loaves – Pramukh. General El Edroos• Nizam continued as Raj Pramukh till the • Destruction of Hyderabad – A.G. Nurani formation of Andhra Pradesh on 1 st • Hyderabad Swatantra Porata Smruthulu – November, 1956. Swamy Ramananda Tirtha• Nizam Osman Ali Khan contested and won • Veera Telangana-Na Anubhavalu – the general loksabha elections held in the year Raavi Narayana Reddy 1956 &1961. • History of Hyderabad Independence –• Nizam Osman Ali Khan died on 24 February, th Veldurthi Manikya Rao 1967 he was buried in the King koti palace. • Integration of Indian states – V.P. Menon• Nizam tomb is named as ‘Judi Mosque’ • Operation Polo – J. N. Chaudari
Ministers in M.K.Vellodi Government: • The last Nizam- The fallen Empire – Zubaida Yazdani1) M.K. Vellodi – Civil Administrator (Chief Minister) • Hyderabad of Introspect – Maulvi Sayyed Mehdi2) Burgula Ramakrishna Rao – Education, Excise departments • Telangana: The Era of Mass Politics – B. Narsing Rao3) M. Seshadri – Home, Communication & Law departments • Hyderabad Under Salar Jung – Maulvi Chirag Ali4) V.B. Raju – Labour, Customs, Industries & Housing Departments • Hyderabad Toofan – Ramesh Thapar
168 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
History of Telangana Movement and State Formation12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Idea of Telangana (1948- 1970)123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• Hyderabadi culture is also known as Deccan Telangana Society, culture. The area between Narmada and Arts & Crafts Tungabhadra rivers is known as Deccan. This region is Multilingual.Unique Culture of Telangana in • In Telangana, mostly nature is worshipped.Hyderabad Princely State: Here worship of rivers, trees, mountains, hills,• In India in the southern part 82,698 sq. Miles land, water, sun and moon became part of of area was Hyderabad state under the Nizam people’s lives. rule. • The cultural values are developed due to the• The area of Hyderabad state was equal to the relation between nature and the man. area of Great Britain in those days. Telangana State Geography:• Asaf Jahi dynasty ruled the Hyderabad state Geographically Telangana State is situated • from 1724 – 1948. between 15046I to 19047I North latitudes• Nizam kingdom was founded by Nizam-Ul- and 77016I to 81043I East longitudes. Mulk, he had title “Asaf Jahi”, hence the • Telangana region has Eastern Ghats, Deccan dynasty is named as Asaf Jahi and they called plateau and rivers. Telangana is known to have as Nizams from 2nd Asaf Jahi ruler Nizam Ali subtropical climate. Khan. • Climate of Telangana is suitable for living• Nizam kingdom(Hyderabad Province) had conditions of the people. The levels of humidity Telangana, Marathwada and Kannada in air will be less. regions as integral parts. • Telangana region have Gondwana rocks and• In Hyderabad Province mostly people spoke Black lead(Graphite). Telugu, Marathi, Kannada and Urdu • In Eastern Ghats, the basin of Krishna river is languages. divided into Nallamalla hills and Eramalla hills.• In Hyderabad Province, the Telangana culture • Nallamalla hills are present in Nagar Kurnool in Hyderabad & other districts was different and in Nalgonda districts. from Marathwada and Kannada cultures. • The Sahayadri hills of Western Ghats are• Telangana had composite culture. Some known with different names in Telangana say it as an Inclusive culture. This composite districts. culture is the mixture of different cultures. This In Nirmal – Nirmal Ghats has Hyderabadi (Deccan) culture, Telangana Karimnagar – Rakhi Ghats rural culture, Vedic culture and Tribal culture. Warangal - Khammam – Kandikal Ghats PNR Publications 169 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Golconda fort and Hyderabad city are • On 2nd June, 2014 Telangana State was constructed on the Eastern edge of the formed with 10 districts. Balaghat hills. Gondwana Rocks is prominently 1) Karimnagar 6) Medak present in Bhadradri Kothagudem & 2) Adilabad 7) Mahbubnagar Nizamabad which is rich in Iron – Ore. 3) Warangal 8) NalgondaEvolutionary Sequence of Districts in 4) Khammam 9) HyderabadTelangana Region: 5) Nizamabad 10) Ranga Reddy• For the administrative convenience, • After the formation of Telangana State on 11th Hyderabad province was divided into 5 October, 2016 (on Dussehra festival) the Subas. These Subas are divided into 16 districts were increased from 10 to 31 Districts. according to the districts Re-Organization• In 16 Districts, 8 Districts are Telugu, 5 are Act -1974. Marathwada and the remaining 3 are Kannada • On 17th February, 2017, two (Mulugu & Districts. Narayan pet) districts were formed and the• The Hyderabad province along with 16 number increased to 33. districts was formed into Hyderabad state on Previous district Newly formed 26th January, 1950. Districts8 Telangana Districts in Hyderabad Princely 1) Adilabad 1) AdilabadState: 2) Nirmal 1) Karimnagar 5) Medak 3) Mancherial 2) Adilabad 6) Mahbubnagar 4) Komaram Bheem Asifabad 3) Warangal 7) Nalgonda 2) Karimnagar 5) Karimnagar 4) Nizamabad 8) Atraf-i-Balda (Hyderabad 6) Jagityal and surrounding areas) 7) Peddapalli• On 1 st October, 1953 when Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was Hyderabad Chief 8) Rajanna Siricilla Minister Khammam district was formed by 3) Warangal 9) Warangal Urban dividing Warangal District. 10) Warangal Rural• When Andhra Pradesh state was formed 11) Jangoan on 1 st November,1956, there were 9 12) Mahabubabad Districts in Telangana region. 13) Jayashankar Bhupalapalli 1) Karimnagar 2) Adilabad 14) Mulugu 3) Warangal 4) Khammam 4) Khammam 15) Khammam 5) Nizamabad 6) Medak 16) Bhadradri Kothagudem 7) Mahbubnagar 8) Nalgonda 5) Nizamabad 17) Nizamabad 9) Hyderabad 18) Kamareddy• On 15th August,1978 Hyderabad District 6) Medak 19) Medak was divided and from it Ranga Reddy 20) Sangareddy District was formed. 21) Siddipet170 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 7) Ranga Reddy 22) Ranga Reddy • Ratio of Female to Male in Telangana state: 23) Vikarabad 988/1000 24) Medchal Malkajgiri • Ratio of Female to Male children: 932/1000 8) Hyderabad 25) Hyderabad • The districts with highest Female to Male ratio 9) Nalgonda 26) Nalgonda 1. Nirmal (1046) 27) Suryapet 2. Nizamabad (1044) 28) Yadadri Bhongir • The districts with lowest Female to Male ratio 10) Mahbubnagar 29) Mahabubnagar 1. Ranga Reddy (950) 30) Narayanpet 2. Hyderabad (954) 31) Nagarkurnool • Districts with highest population 32) Wanaparthy 1) Hyderabad 2) Ranga Reddy 33) Jogulamba Gadwal • District with lowest population: Mulugu • District with highest S.C population:Area of Telangana: Ranga Reddy• The geographical area of Telangana is • District with lowest S.C population : 1,12,077 Sq.Kms. it is 3.41% of Indian Komaram Bheem Asifabad geographical area. • District with highest S.T population :• Telangana is the 11th largest state in India as Bhadradri Kothagudem per geographical area. • District with lowest S.T population :• Largest districts in Telangana as per area Jogulamba Gadwal 1) Bhadradri Kothagudem (7,483 sq. Kms) Literacy: 2) Nalgonda (7,112 sq. Kms) • Percentage of literacy in Telangana state :• Smallest districts in area 66.54% 1) Hyderabad (217 sq. Kms) • Percentage of literacy in Males : 75.04% 2) Medchal (1,084 sq. Kms) • Percentage of literacy in Females : 57.99%Telangana Population (2011): • Districts with highest literacy rate:• Telangana state population – 3,50,03,674 1. Hyderabad (83.25%)• Male population – 1.76 crores 2. Medchal (82.49%)• Female population : 1.73 crores • Districts with lowest literacy rate:• Rural population (in %) : 61.12 % Jogulamba Gadwal (49.9%)• Urban population (in %) : 38.88 % Present Name Ancient Name• % of S.C population in Telangana : 15.44 % Karimnagar – Elagandula• % of S.T population in Telangana : 9.08 % Mahbubnagar – Palamuru,• % of state population in India’s population: Rukkammapeta 2.90% Adilabad – Edulapuram• Position of Telangana as per country’s Nizamabad – Indur population: 12 Medak – Methukudurgam,• Telangana state population density: 312 Siddapuram PNR Publications 171 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Nalgonda – Nilgiri • According to 1901 census, the Major Area Hyderbad – Bhagyanagaram Cultivated Crops in Hyderabad State was Khammam – Khammam mettu, • 1. Jowar (41.4% in area) Stambhadri 2. Cotton (10.7% in area) Mahbubabad – Manukota 3. Paddy (4.5% in area) Suryapet – Bhanupuri Biknuru – Bikkavolu Religions & caste’s in Telangana • In Hyderabad province, people of different Nagarkurnool – Kandanavolu religions and castes lived with fraternity.• Historically, Hyderabad Princely State has • Although rulers were Muslims, People of being ruled by different dynasties. Different different religions like Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, dynasties ruled by making different areas as Christians, Jains and Buddhists lived their capitals. peacefully in different parts of Telangana with• In Telangana, Satavahana’s rule started in the Religious tolerance. B.C century. After Satavahanas, Ikshvakas, • According to 1881 census, the percentage pf Vishnukundins, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Hindus was 90.32%, Muslims 9.4%, Bahmanis, Qutub Shahi’s, Mughals lastly Asaf Christians 0.09%, Jains 0.098%, and Parsis Jahi’s ruled Telangana. 0.006%.• During the reign of the 1st ruler Nizam-Ul-Mulk • Till the time 1991 census, the percentage of of Asaf Jahi dynasty, there were 6 Suba’s in Hindus were decreased by half and population the Hyderabad province. Later, due to the of Muslims increased. circ*mstances British government took away some places of Hyderabad. 4 Suba’s left over • In Muslims, Shia and Sunni two sects were in the Hyderabad province, out of which there. Telangana districts were in two Suba’s. • The people who were converted from 1. Gulshanabad Suba: Medak, Hinduism to Islam were known to be Nizamabad, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, Dudekula caste. They spoke Telugu. Atraf-i-balda (Hyderabad) districts. • In Hinduism, many castes and sub-castes 2. Warangal Suba: Warangal (includes were there. In Telangana the system of sub- Khammam also), Adilabad, Karimnagar caste was strong. districts. • According to the Varna system, there are 4 3. Aurangabad Suba: Aurangabad, main Varnas / Castes. Parbhani, Nanded, Beed districts. 1. Brahmins: in the society, they enjoyed 4. Osmanabad Suba: Osmanabad, supreme position. Based on the occupation, Gulbarga, Bidar and Raichur. they are of two types.• According to 1881 census, the population in Vaidikas (Conduct religious programmes) Hyderabad province was 98,45,594. Niyogas (Brahmins who does job)• In Hyderabad province, the major source of • Sects in Brahmins are 1) Dravid and 2) Gouda income was the tax collected from the land. • There are two sections in Brahmins.• The economic conditions of Hyderabad State Vaishnavas (worships lord Vishnu) depends on Land Revenue only. Smardhas (worships lord shiva)172 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Niyoga brahmins left their profession and • Tribes: Chenchus, Boya, Yanadi, Gonds, entered into army, agriculture and trade. Pawar, Koli, Erukala, Lambadi, Bhil, Koya,2. Kshatriyas: in society, they belong to second Konda Reddys. section. They also wore thread (Jandhyam) • Dependent castes: Pichakuntla, bhavanulu, like Brahmins. Ranjula, Pambalu, Budabukkalu, Bhattu,• Females of Kshatriyas observed Pardah Chandalu, Matangulu, Kommari dasu, Sudulu (purdah) system. and Taviridasu.• There were three sects in Kshatriyas • Kapus, Reddy: these were agriculturalists Surya vamsham and landlords. Chandra vamsham • Kammas: These were agriculturalists and they claimed as kshatriyas. The female Matsya vamsham observed Gosha system.3. Vaishyas: in the caste system, they occupy • Velamas: They migrated from North India third position. The main occupation of Vaishyas and settled here as leaders and rulers. is trade. They are known as Komati’s. • Ediga: Ediga (or) gouds are toddy tappers.4. Sudras: Most of the Telugu people were Shudras. • Gampalu: These are also Edigas, but are superior. They worked at Kapus.• In those days sub-castes were formed based on the profession. For different professions, • Salevaru : These are weavers, who does different castes were there. trade with foreign countries.• Agricultural castes: Kapu, Reddy, Velama, • There are different sects in weaving people. Kamma. Their specilizations are:• Trade castes: Komati, Balija, Telaga, Perika, 1. Padmashali – Clothes Gangula. 2. Togata – Jute• Priests castes: Brahmins, Jangas, Lingayats, 3. Devangalu – Cotton Jogus, Jatadhars, Jangalu. 4. Pattu salle – Good quality silk.• Animal rearing castes: Golla, Bestha, Boya Padmashali presiding diety – Yellamma. and Jalagari. • Kummari: Prepare pots and vessels with• Metal work: Vadrangi, Gayadala, Joguta, mud. Weavers, Vannegatlu, Pinjari Chitrakarulu. • Smiths (Metal works): They claimed as the• Entertainment: Dommari, Bogam, Vipra- descendants of Vishwakarma. These include vinodulu, Indrajalikulu and Bommalatavaru. Vadrangi, Kamsali and Kanchara. Kamaras• Servants: Chakali, Mangali, Medara, Idiga, does iron work. Vandrangi (carpenters) does Katika, Katipapala, Tlari, Masti, Chatri, Jetti wood work. and Charmakarulu. • Uppari: Their work is constructing houses and• Avadhuthas: Paramahamsas, Saints, digging wells. Shivasathus, Tambala, Yogis, Jains, • Barber (Nayi-Brahmin): They are barbers. Veeramushti, Kaliparas. They also play musical instruments in• Untouchables: Mala, Madiga, Adi-Hindus, marriages and temples. The females of this Maliyar, Mohatar, Chambar, Mochi. caste are Mid-wives during Deliveries.
PNR Publications 173 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Golla (Yadavas): they are appointed for the Scheduled Castes: animal sacrifice in temples. Animal rearing is • The castes in this category were treated as their main occupation. untouchables. Note: Kurumas will weave the blankets • Every caste in this category have special (Gongadi). occupation.• Chakali: their occupation is washing clothes. • Dakkali – They tell the story of genealogy of• Perikas: they are small cultivators and they Madigas stich jute bags. They used to prepare salt and • Arundatiya – Leather work sell by taking it on donkeys. • Bhyagari – Kati kapari• Balijas: Trade is the main occupation. These • Chakiri – Grama Kapari, Boya were known as “Settis” • Matangi – Begging by singing songs• Telikavaru (Gandlolu): They extract oil • Mang – Catching snakes from oil seeds and sell it. • Sindolu – Dramas, dancing• Chippi: they are the sect of Mera caste. They stich clothes. • Bhavuri – Manufacturing clothes• Beeranna: Their occupation is telling Golla • Mithula Ayyagaru – Priests to Mala & Madiga stories. They rear animals and used to sell milk, • Jambavulu – Leather work curd and ghee. They prepare Tabla with animal • Mala – Hunting skin and “flute” & combs from the Horns. • Madiga – Stitching footwear and beating• Telagas: They were soldiers during Qutub drums Shahi period. They were known as “Batrothu”. They did cultivation and used to sell fruits & Different Castes – Tools : vegitables. Kapu: Nagali (Plow), Shovel, Karru, guntuka, Gorru, Axe, Paggam & Bullock cart.• Boyas: They are also known as “Mudirajs”. Hunting was their main occupation. Vadrangi (carpenter): Badisha (Edge tool), Chisel (vuli), Chainsaw (rampam), Dugoda,• Yerukala: They prepare Mats & Baskets. Akurai, Burma, Sangedu, Patash, The females used to tell stories (Sodi) Girakachata.• Maala: They worked as agricultural Kummari: Tari (potter’s wheel) labourers. They used to eat animal meat. They did not go to Hindu temples. Gouds: Moku, Knives, Kallu lotti, Musthadi, Thadukolu, Kalagujji.• Madiga : Their main occupation is stitching foot wear. In Telangana, Maala and Madiga Kammari: Chisel(Sutthe), Sammeta, Sanam, are recognised as Adi-Hindus. Bolora, Pattukarru, Salike, Dagali.• Besthollu : They prepared net and used to Kamsali: Mussa, Pogaralu, Sravanam, catch fishes. Gottam, Neerkar, Dasavi, Rega Kammechchu.• Lambadis : They are also known as Banjaras and Sugale. They migrated to Telangana from Padmashali: Loom (maggam) Rajasthan. Mangali: Scissors, Comb, Knife, Gorgar.• They used to collect salt from sea shores and Uppari: Tapi, Tepu, Gundu daram, Kande, sell it. They worship Hindu goddess. Metna, Chisel, Corner patti, Level tape.
174 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Perikas: Dhabbudam, Knife, Jute thread. Castes Dependent Caste Mudiraj: Net, Basket, Gaalam, Tepu. (Ashritha Kulam) Mera: Scissors, Tape, Sewing machine Yadavas Mandechuvaru, Oogu varu Medhara: Knife, Chisel Padmashali Sadanasurulu, Kunapuli Mudiraj Pandavula Dependent castes in Rajulu Batrajulu Madiga Dakkali, Tappeta, Telangana Bhagavanthulu Budaga Jangalu Katipapalu, Peddammalollu• During medieval period, in Telangana different Reddy, Kamma Pichakuntla sub-castes were emerged. These sub-castes Brahmins Vipravinodulu earned their livelihood by praising the castes Komati Veeramusti and the genealogy of the castes and used to Vishwa Brahmins Rumjavaru beg from the castes present in Telangana. Rajakulu Patamvaru These sub-castes were known as dependent Kummari Pekkarlu castes. Kapu’s Kakipadagalavaru• They were given names based on from which Perukalu Varasabattulu castes they were begging. Gamalla Yanadi• Village servants were known as Balothadars. Malas Mushtiga They were in all the villages. • The landlords used to give crop produce• Karnam, Patel, Purohith, Vadrangi, Kammari, known as “Balotha” to balothadars based Kamsali, Chakkali, Kummari, Mangali, Mala, on the quantity of the produce from the given Madiga used to serve the people in the villages. Inam lands. They all had Inam lands.Ashrita Kala (Arts): Ashrita Kalarupam / Main Caste Program / Exhibition Dependent Caste Art Forms: 1. Dakkali story Madiga Jambapuranam 2. Nulaka chandayya Madiga Purana pravachanam 3. Baindla/Pamba/Bhavasalu Madiga Mandhata/ Yellamma story 4. Madiga mashti Madiga Yakshagana 5. Mala jangalu Madiga Chennaiah katha 6. Gurrapu patam katha Mala Bethala puranam 7. Mithilli ayyavarlu Mala Ramayana kathalu 8. Mala mashti Mala Purana pravachanam 9. Addapu patam katha Nayi brahmin Addapu puranam 10. Kunapuli patam katha Padmashali Markandeya puranam 11. Sadhanasurulu Padmashali Magic show 12. Pichakuntla Reddy Kunta mallareddy katha 13. Bandari Bakthulu Perika Perika puranam PNR Publications 175 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Ashrita Kalarupam Main Caste Program / Exhibition14. Masaiah patam katha Chakali Madelu puranam15. Enuti Patam katha Gouda Koundinya puranam/ gouda puranam16. Gowda jetti patam katha Gouda Kaundinya puranam17. Mandahechulu Golla Katamaraju Katha18. Oggu Golla Mallanna katha19. Terachapala katha Golla Mallanna katha20. Birannalu Kuruma Biranna katha21. Gangireddulu Erragolla / pujagolla Gangireddula pradarshana22. Vipravinodulu Brahmins Magic showTribal Ashrita Caste Artforms:23.Thotipatam katha/ Nayakpodu Padmanayakula vruthantham Korrajulapatam katha24. Pujaripatam katha Nayak podu Padmanayakula vruthantham25. Patteda Koya Koya puranam26. Doli Koya Dora puranam27. Pradhan Gondu Gondu puranam28. Bhatts Lambada Lambada vamsha charitra29. Dhadi Lambada Lambada vamsha charitra30. Katipapalu Budaga jangalu Magic show31. Peddammalollu Budaga jangalu Magic show32. Pittala Dora Budaga jangalu Pittala dora vesham33. Sharada katha Budaga jangalu Sharada kathalu34. Pagati veshalu/Bahurupulu Budaga jangalu Veshalu35. Balasanthulu Budaga jangalu Vesham36. Chekka bommalata Budaga jangalu Chekka bommala pradarshana37. Tatvalu Budaga jangalu Tatvalu38. Yerukala sodi Yerukalu Sodi39. Chintala Ramayanam All castes Ramayana play40. Jada kolatam All castes Ramayana songs41. Haridasu Mithili Songs42. Gussadi dance Gondu Dance43. Dhimsa dance Gondu Dance44. Chindu Madiga Chindu bhagavatham45.Tholubommalata Adamarara Puppet show
176 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • Important festival is Dandari festival. Scheduled Tribes in • Gonds hereditary storytellers are Pradhans. Telangana Pradhans beg before Gonds. In religious occasions, they play Fidel and Trumphet• In Telangana lakhs of tribes live in forest, instruments. mountain ranges and plains. They have special language, way of dressing, way of living, Lambadi / Banjara / Sugali: traditions, culture and food habits. • Lambadas are also known as Banjaras and• Many tribes are dependent on agriculture for Sugali. their livelihood. Chenchu tribes are dependent • The word Lambada is derived from Sanskrit on gathering food. word Lavanam, which means salt. They got• In 1976, the then Andhra Pradesh government the name Lambada because they used to collect salt and sell at different places. have recognised Lambadas as Scheduled Tribes. From then tribe’s population was • The word banjara came from the persion word increased. Berinj Arinj which means rice dealer.• In 2015, Telangana government have • Some opine that Banjara word came from the appointed Chellappa Commission to enquire Sanskrit word Banij, which means a trader / whether to include Valmiki boyas and Khaiti Business Man. Lambadas as Scheduled Tribes. • Sugali means the one who have good livestock.Important scheduled Tribes in • Banjaras are treated as the traders of grain,Telangana: who came from North India.Gonds: • In 17th Century B.C they supplied grains to• The name Gond came from Gondwana. South south India along with the army of Mughals. India is an integral part of Gondwana. The • The occupation of Lambadas is the trading Gond tribes are spread over the Gondwana of grains and salt. land. • In Telangana, Lambadas are the biggest• Majority of Gonds live in Telangana, group of scheduled tribes. They are spread Maharashtra, Chattisgarh states. all over Telangana.• In Telanagana, majority are in Komaram • Lambadas live separately in groups with all Bheem Asifabad and Adilabad districts. the essentials. These are known as “Thandas” (tribal hamlet). These will be away• According to the scientists, the 1st place of from the main village. Gonds was Bastar in Chattisgarh. • Lambadi men wear dhoti, shirt and a turban.• Gonds address themselves as Koyathur or Females wear lehenga and heavy embroidery Koya in Gondi language. blouse.• In Telangana, the important ones in Gonds are • The married Lambadi females will wear Rajgonds. bangles till their elbow, big ear rings, nose pin,• Gonds does settled agriculture. and heavy anklets (kada).• Gonds worship Naga devatha and • Married Lambadi females wear bangles made Persipen. up of elephant trunk from wrist to elbow. This• Gonds decorate themselves with ox horns. is known as Balia. PNR Publications 177 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Lambadis worship nature and different Gods Eg : Eegala penta, Domala penta. & Goddess. They treat “Sevalal” as their • In Chenchus, husband and wife have equal guru. responsibilities.• The traditional festivals are Teej, Sithla Bhavani • When there is a conflict between husband and and Tulja Bhavani. wife, they separate easily.• Unmarried girls celebrate Teej festival with • Chenchus mainly worship Bhairava, Garela great fervour. maisamma, Srisailam Mallikarjuna Swamy.• Lambadis are experts in animal rearing. They • They treat Srisailam mallikarjuna swamy as earn their livelihood by selling milk and milk their son-in-law. That’s why they celebrate products. “Shiva Ratri” festival with great pomp &• The traditional artists of lambadis are called fervour. as Dappans. • Till to date, there will be one Chenchu priest• During marriages, Dappan play the musical in Srisailam temple. instruments “Jange” and “Kinjri” by singing Chenchus Fairs: songs. • Salleshwaram Jatara, Mallela Tirdham,• The panchayat conducted by banjaras is Mannanuru Jatara and Loddi Mallayya Jatara. known as “Nasaab”. Kolam Tribe:Chenchus: • Kolams are known as “Kolavarlu” in their• In Telangana, Chenchus are the 1 st language. recognised Primitive tribal group. • They are mainly in Adilabad district.• Chenchus are mainly living in the Amrabad • They are also known as “Manneru varlu”, forest of Nagarkurnool district, Nalgonda which means the people who live in forests. district and in Nallamala forests. • Kolam occupation is “Shifting cultivation &• They gather their food by hunting and by Settled agriculture”. collecting the fruits, roots, tubers and honey from the plants. Later, in contemporary society • They speak in Kolam dialect. many changes took place in their food habits. • They treat themselves as the descendants of• Chenchus like to eat boiled flowers of ippa Bhima and Hidimbi of Mahabharatam. (known as Mahua). They prepare sara • In Kolams, when husband dies, his brother (alcoholic drink) from Ippa Puvvu (flowers of will marry the widow. This tradition is known Mahua). They drink this sara to come out of as Levirate. grief. • The staple food of Kolam is Jowar.• Initially Chenchus led Nomadic life in course of time due to changes in economic situations Nayakpod (Naikpod): they abandoned nomadic life and some period • They are prominent in the borders of of time they led settled life in Temporarily Maharashtra, Adilabad, Karimnagar, constructed Huts. Warangal district of Telangana.• They construct their houses in cone shape. • Their main food is Jowar, Ragi and Paddy. These houses are known as “Penta • They prepare nulaka mancham (charpoy) with (Traditional Chenchu Shelters)”. the coir collected the forest.
178 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureKoyas: Pradhans:• Koya tribes are in Warangal and Khammam • Pradhans earn their livelihood from Gonds by districts. reciting the stories, folk tales of the gond legends• In Telangana, they live on either side of the in the form of songs and their life history. Godavari river. There is a influence of Godavari • Pradhans live in the tribal area of Adilabad river on the social, economical and cultural district. conditions of Koya tribes. • Pradhans have highest literacy rate• Koyas worship sun and the moon. they among all other tribes in Telangana. address themselves as “Koya Dora”. • Pradhans play an important role in the Gonds• They treat themselves as the descendants of marriage and also in funeral procession. Bhima, because of the marital relation of Bhima • Pradhans protect (or) guardians of the with a Koya female. traditions and customs of Gonds.• Koyas mainly tells Thoti’s: Chilaka Josyam (Parrot astrology) • Thoti’s are also similar to Pradhans and they• They are prominent as “Dorala Sattam”. too play an important role in Gonds traditions.• The important festivals of Koya are • Gonds call Thoti’s as “Birdhals” and Thoti’s Sammakka Sarakka jatara call Gonds as “Dhani”. Muthyalamma festival. • Thoti tribe females are expert in making tattoos.• The priests of Koyas are from Patadi family. Andh Tribe:• The districts with high Koya population are • They are less in number and found in the west Bhadradri Kothagudem – Adilabad region. Bhadrachalam, Ashwarao peta • They celebrate “Rola” festival. As part of Jayashankar Bhupalpally – Eturnagaram this, they worship bull. • Their presiding diety –Konda Reddy’s: Khandoba and Bhavani.• In Telangana, they are in Khammam, Warangal Bhil’s: districts in the forest and mountain ranges on either side of Godavari river. • They are mainly in Madya Pradesh, Chattisgarh states.• Main occupations are collection of food, shifting cultivation and animal rearing. • They are very less in Telangana.• Konda reddys do not use plough. They Yerukala: destroy the forest and dig the holes with the • They are also known as “Kurru”. help of small sticks and then spread / Broad • Yerukala females are fortune (astrology) cast the seeds. tellers.• They depend on the forest produce when the • Their main occupation is Pig rearing, knitting grains obtained from shifting cultivation are of baskets and wires. finished.• Konda Reddy’s elect a head from themselves Yanadi’s: and he will have complete control on the Tribe • They are mainly in Andhra Pradesh. Some are People. present in borders of Telangana. PNR Publications 179 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureNakkala: • All women will form a circle around the Bathukamma and start singing song by clapping• They are Nomads. They are present in some their hands and revolving around places of Telangana. Bathukamma.• In Telangana, they are known as Pittalollu, • Later, the men will immerse the bathukamma Shikarilu and Guvvalollu. into water. After immersion, the women will• They treat their main god “Swamimuta” perform puja of goddess Gouri with the water (maliya) as their Heriditory asset. and will give vayinam to other women by telling “Estinamma Vayanam Puchchukunti- Telangana Festivals namma Vayanam”. • Women apply the turmeric of Gouramma toBathukamma Festival: their Mangala Sutra, because they believe it• Bathukamma festival is specific to Telangana as sacred. region. • This festival is celebrated for 9 days.• This festival is the symbol of Telangana culture • First day of the festival is known as Engili & traditions. pula bathukamma and 9th day is Saddula• This festival is celebrated for 9 days starting Bathukamma. from Bhadrapada Amavasya (Ashwayuja • Bathukamma is not played on the 6th day. It is Masam Shudda Padyami). known as Aligina Bathukamma (Arrem).• Women come to their maternal house for • Gouri is another name for the wife of Lord shiva celebrating this festival. Parvathi. Hence the 1st day of Bathukamma is• The important things in this festival are flowers, played in the Lord shiva temple. water and nature. • By celebrating this festival. People believe that• The flowers such as Thangedu (tanners cassia), husbands will be protected from evil and ill Gunugu (celosia agrentea), Marigold, Gaddi fate and they will be bestowed with wealth. poolu (amaranth), Lotus, Chrysantemum, Maleeda: Katla poolu (skyblue clustervine) are • On the Saddula Bathukamma (9th day), decorated as layers on a wide plate known as maleeda is offered as Naivedyam. Maleeda thambalam, in the shape of spire and on top is the combination of roti and joggery. Roti is of it Gouramma made of turmeric is prepared with rice flour or corn. placed. Day Name of the Bathukamma Naivedyam (food offering) 1st day Engili Pula Bathukamma Sesame seeds, Nookalu (Coarse rice). 2nd day Atukula Bathukamma Boiled lentils (pappu), Jaggery & Atukulu (Flattened rice). 3rd day Muddapappu Bathukamma Mashed dal, Milk & Jaggery. 4th day Nanabiyyam Bathukamma Nanesina Biyyam (wet rice), Milk, Jaggery. 5th day Atla Bathukamma Atlu (Pan cake) or Dosa. 6th day Aligina Bathukamma Bathukamma is not played. 7th day Vepakayala Bathukamma Rice flour is made in the shape of Neem tree fruits. 8th day Vennamuddala Bathukamma Sesame, Ghee & Jaggery. 9th day Saddula Bathukamma Sattu pindi, Nuvvula pindi & Jaggery.
180 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• After playing Bathukamma, the food offering • The process of Bonalu festival is termed as (naivedyam) are distributed to each other. “Uradi”.• On 16th June, 2014 Telangana government • Telangana people celebrate bonalu in the has declared Bathukamma as state festival. month of Ashadam.• Bandaru Sujatha Shekar did research on • During bonalu “Garaga” dance is performed. Telangana Bathukamma songs and written a • Women prepare rice cooked with milk and book “Telangana Bathukamma jaggery in earthen pot and lit a lamp on it. The Pauranika, Samajika, Samskrutika basha earthen pot is adorned with neem leaves, Parishilana”. turmeric and vermilion.Boddemma: • Women carry the pot on the head and goes to the temple in a procession along with musical• Bodde means small girl. Boddemma is played instruments playing and offer the Bonam to only by unmarried girls. the mother goddess.• Bathukamma is the mother’s festival and • During the festival, Mahankali goddess treated Boddemma is children’s festival. as Yellamma, Maisamma, Pochamma,• Boddemma is celebrated in the Bhadrapada Peddamma, Poleramma etc and Bonam is masam from Bahula Panchami till Mahalaya offered. Amavasya for nine days. Pothuraju:• On the first day of festival, on small table a • Pothuraju is the brother of Mother gopuram shape is prepared with mud and Goddess. He is represented by a well built Tangedu and Katla flowers are arranged base bodied man, wearing a small tightly around it. draped red dhoti and bells on his ankles with• A Kalasham is prepared with rice, new blouse turmeric on his body and vermilion on his piece is surrounded to it and Gouramma made forehead. He dances according to the drums. up of turmeric is placed on it. • Pothuraju is believed to be a “Baindla Pujari”.• All the children in the family celebrate this • Pothuraju is the 1st to start the puja programs festival together. and he treated as protector of the devotees.• During evening time, all the children will form • Devotees offer goat to the Pothuraju. a circle arund boddemma and start singing songs by revolving around it. Later dal & • Pothuraju will kill the goat with his teeth and jaggery is offered as naivedyam. separates the body and head. This is known as “Gaavu Pattadam”.• On the 9th day, a sweet is prepared with the rice in the kalasham and distributed. • Bonalu festival celebrations start on the 1st Sunday of ashadam at Yellamma temple in• Festivals from boddemma till Dasara are Golkonda fort. Boddemma – Pitru Amavasya – • On second Sunday, at Ujjaini Mahankali Bathukamma – Dasara temple, secunderabad and at BalkampetBonalu: yellamma temple.• The word “Bonam” means “Bhojanam” which • Lastly, it is celebrated at Akkanna-Madanna means a meal or a feast. This festival is the temple in Haribouli, old city. The procession offering of bhojanam to the mother goddess takes place with Ghatam and the models of of villages. Akkanna and Madanna on the elephant and PNR Publications 181 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture finally Ghatam is immersed at Nayapul • This festival is known as Harvesting Season in the old city. Festival because the farmers will get their crop• In 1908, during Musi river floods, the 6th produce. Nizam Mir Mahbub Ali Khan offered • This festival is celebrated for 3 days. i.e., bonam to Mahankali Goddess according to Bhogi, Sankranthi and Kanuma. Hindu traditions at Mir Alam Mandi. • On Bhogi and Sankranthi, the women willGhatothsavam: draw Rangoli infront of the house and place Gobbemma on it which is made up of cow• Ghatam is a copper pot, decorated in the form dung. of mother goddess. Ghatothsavam means welcoming the mother goddess with a kalasam • Kanuma is known as the animal’s festival, on (copper pot) and later the Ghatam is taken as this day animals are worshipped, especially a procession in the village. Cows.
Procession of Palaharam Bandi: Maha Shivaratri:• On the day of Bonalu or next day, the devotees • The day on which marriage of Lord Shiva and will prepare food offerings to the mother Parvati took place is Shivaratri. goddess and take them in the palaharam bandi • It is celebrated on Krishna Paksha (vehicle) and distribute to everyone. Chaturdasi of Magha masam. • Lord Shiva is worshipped with “Bilvapatras”Rangam: which are beloved to shiva.• Performing the oracle • People will fast on this day and stay awake• Rangam is held the next morning of the Bonalu the whole night. festival.• A woman stands atop of a wet earthen pot Holi: with open hair, holding neem stems in her head • This is celebrated on “Palguna Full Moon Day”. and with turmeric all over the face tells about • This festival welcomes the Spring Season. the future. • On this day, everyone will spray colours and• This earthen pot is prepared by the family coloured water on each other. Modugu members of Kummari Rathaiah. flowers are used to make natural colours and• The priest of goddess are of Mudiraj caste these were used in this festival. who fast on the day of bonalu and will perform • Before the day of Holi, there will be burning Rangam the following day. of Kama (Kamadahanam).• Village People surrounds her, Village • On the evening of Holi, an alcohol known as Headmans among People offers prayers for “Bhangu” is prepared & consumed. the welfare of Village People.• On 16th June, 2014 telangana government Ugadi: declared bonalu as a state festival. This festival is celebrated on Shuddha • Padyami of Chaitra Masam.Makara Sankranthi: • Telugu new year starts from the day of Ugadi.• Sankranti is celebrated in the Pushya Masam • The name Ugadi derived from the Sanskrit when sun enters into Makara Rasi. word Yuga (age) and adi (beginning), which means “The beginning of a new age”. 182 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On the day of festival, Ugadi Pachadi is • The colours are sprayed on each other and is prepared with six different flavours such as celebrated as Vasantotsavam like Holi. sweet, salt, sour, bitter, pepper(hot), and tangy. • Mainly Chirutala Bajana is played on Sri• Ugadi pachadi offered to the god and later Rama Navami day. consumed by all. • In Chirutala Bajana Ramayana story is• This Ugadi pachadi will prevent different explained from Rama’s birth till his coronation. diseases which may be caused due to changing seasons. Sri Krishna Janmashtami:• The other dishes include Bhakshalu (polelu), • The birth of lord Krishna is celebrated as Purapoli (sweet). Krishnastami, Gokulastami, Utla Panduga.• All the village people will gather at one place • Lord Krishna is born on the Ashtami of the and will listen to the Panchangam by Brahmin. Krishna Paksha in the month of Shravanam.• The places were new begins with Ugadi • On this day, butter, curd, jaggery are offered festival are Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, to the lord Krishna. Karnataka, Konkani and Bali Tribe. Vinayaka Chaturthi:Different names of Ugadi in different places: • Vinayaka Chaturthi is celebrated on the State Name Shukla Chaturdasi of Bhadrapada 1. Maharashtra Gudi padwa Masam. 2. Tamilnadu Puthandu • Later, lord Ganesh is worshipped for 9 days 3. Kerala Vishu and on the last day it is immersed in the water. 4. Punjab Baisakhi • On the day of festival, Vundrallu (Rice-flour balls), Payasam, Pulihora and lentils are 5. Weat Bengal Pohela Baisakhi offered to Ganesha as naivedyam. 6. AP, Karnataka Ugadi • On Vinayaka chavithi, Lord Ganesha isSri Rama Navami: offered with 21 varities of leaves.• It is celebrated on the day of Chaitra • Ganesha is offered with Garaka (grass), Shuddha Navami, which is the birthday of Maredu kaya, Yelakkaya and the corn. lord Sri Rama and also celebrated as Sri Rama • On this festival, people will refrain from Kalyanam. eating dal because they believe that they• Sri Rama is the 7th incarnation of lord Maha may be indebted with loans and they do Vishnu. not see moon believing that they may• In Telangana, Sri Rama Navami is celebrated face false allegations. with great pomp & fervour at Bhadrachalam. • Children believe that it is good to be• On this day, the state government will send cursed by the elders on this day. silk clothes and pearls for Sri Rama • Vinayaka’s vehicle mushikam (rat) name is kalyanotsavam to Bhadrachalam. This Anindhya. tradition is followed from Qutub Shahi • In Telangana, tallest Ganesh idol is installed at period. Khairatabad.• On this day, a drink is prepared with • In 1954, Singari Shankaraiah started the jaggery, pepper and milk is offered to the Khairatabad Ganesh idol with 1 feet height. devotees. PNR Publications 183 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The big laddu which will be placed in the hands Dhanatrayodashi / Deepavali: of Khairatabad Ganesh will be prepared in • Deepavali is celebrated as a mark of victory Tapeshwaram of East Godavari district. over Narakasura.Haritalika: • It is celebrated on Amavasya of Ashwyuja• This festival is celebrated one day before masam. Vinayaka Chavithi on Shukla tidhiya of • 2 days before this festival, the business men Bhadrapada masam. will celebrate Dhanteras (Dhanatrayodashi) by• On this day, fasting will be observed in the worshipping Kubera and Laxmi Narayana. morning and during night Shiva linga will be • In Marwadi’s, new bill books and portfolios made with sand. Lord Shiva and Parvathi are will be started on this day. worshipped. • This festival is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains.Dasara/ Dussehra:• Dasara or Vijayadashami is celebrated on the Sadar festival: day on which goddess Durga devi destroyed • This is also known as Mahisha festival. the demon Mahishasura. • This is celebrated for two to three days after• In Telangana, before dasara festival Deepavali. Bathukamma will be celebrated. • Buffalo, which is the vehicle of Yamadharma• According to Mahabharata, Pandavas kept Raju will be decorated with garlands, painted horns and ankle bells will tied and it will be their weapons on Jammi tree before going paraded through the streets. to exile and they collect the weapons while going back to the kingdom. It is also known • This festival is celebrated majorly by Yadava community. that this day is celebrated as Dasara. • It is believed that by celebrating this festival• From Ashwayuja Shudda Padyami to there will not be untimely deaths. Shudda Navami, Navaratri are celebrated for 9 days and on the 10th day Vijayadashami Kartika Pournami: is being celebrated. • Kartika masam (month) will be started on the• Jammi tree is worshipped on Dasara festival. next day of Diwali. In this month, every day the women will worship stars and they lit a oil• It is believed that seeing palapitta (Indian roller lamp before the sun rise. bird) on Dasara will bring good fortune. • On Karthika Pournami, oil lamps with 365• The friends and relatives hug (alai-balai) each wicks are lit in lord Shiva or Vishnu temples. other by giving the leaves of Jammi tree.• Jammi leaves are called as “Bangaram”. Polala Amavasya:• On Dasara, women will showcase the toys • It is celebrated during the end of Shravana (Bommala koluvu) masam and starting of Bhadrapadam. • On this day, bulls are decorated with colours• Dance performed during Dasara is known as and peaco*ck feathers are tied to the horns of “Bethala Dance”. bulls and they are worshipped.• On Dasara, Ravan vadh (killing of Ravana) • It is celebrated for the good crop produce. will take place in Ramlila maidan in Delhi.184 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureRakhi Pournami: Festivals celebrated by Telangana• It is celebrated on Purnima (full moon day) of Government: Shravanam. • Kites festival during Sankranthi – January• Sisters tie Rakhi to brothers as a mark of love. • Satavahana festival in Karimnagar – January• Shravana Purnima is known as Jandhyala • Deccan festival, Hyderabad – February Purnima. On this day, the old Jandhyam • Lumbini festival as the occasion of Buddha (thread) will be replaced with a new one. Jayanti – April, May • Kakatiya festival, Warangal – OctoberHanuman Jayanthi:• It is observed on the day of Chaitra shudda Tribal Festivals pournima. Teej Festival:• Lord Hanuman loves the garland of betel • This festival is celebrated by Banjaras leaves. (Lambadas) every year in the month ofMukkoti Ekadasi: Shravanam before planting the saplings.• This is celebrated on Margashira Shukla • Celebrated in Shravana masam. paksha ekadasi, when son moves to the north • The celebration start with the sowing of wheat side. On this day, devotees will only consume in a woven basket of date twigs on the 1st Tulasi water. day.• In Telangana, there is a tradition of donating • For the 9 days, these baskets are kept in a special place, watered well and are Bhagavt Geeta book on this day. worshipped. These seeds will be sprouted till• It is believed that lord Vishnu on his Garuda the 9th day. vehicle along with gods will come to the earth • On the 9th day, these baskets with seedlings to bless the devotees on this day. are immersed in the water.Vasantha Panchami: • 9th day is the important day. On this day, rice made with jaggery and ghee will be offered to• It is celebrated on the day of Magha Shudda god Sevabhayya. Panchami. • This is celebrated only by the unamarried• On this day, Saraswati Goddess is girls, with pure heart. worshipped. This festival day is also known • Married women, men and widows will be as “Vidyarudhi day”. away from these celebrations.• On this day in Basara, akshara abhyasam • On this day, the unmarried girl shouldn’t eat ceremony is conducted for toddlers. chillies, salt & meat. • As part of this festival, tribals worshipMrugashira: Meramma Goddess for safeguarding the• Farmers celebrate this day when rainy season children and women. is about to start. • The ritual in which the goat will be sacrificed• Celebrated in the villages during 1 week of st before the silver idol of Meramma Goddess June. is known as “Akado”.
PNR Publications 185 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The important ritual in Teej festival is “Boradi Aki pen Festival: Jhaskero”, which means piercing with the • Aki pen is the goddess of Gonds. thornes. • The first grown fruits, flowers and vegetablesSheetla (Sithla) Bhavani Festival: are 1st offered to the goddess Akipen by the• This festival is celebrated by Lambadas Gonds.• Every year in the beginning of the rainy season, Persa pen: 7 stones are installed under the neem tree • Persa pen is the God of Gonds which are treated as the 7 forms of Bhavani goddess and bonam is offered to the goddess Rajul Munda Festival: with Green grams & Bengal gram. • This is celebrated by tribals before plucking• During this festival, a goat will be sacrificed the leaves and cutting the teak wood. before the goddess and that place is crossed Masoba: by oxen. This is known as “Edla datudu featival” (crossing of oxen). • Masoba is trated as “Border deity” for the village.Sri Sri Sri Sevalal Maharaj Jayanthi: Dhund Utsav:• Sri Sevalal Jayanthi is celebrated by Banjaras • This is celebrated as a part of Holi festival by on 15th February. the tribals of Samya thanda of Karepalli• Sri Sevalal was born during Bhakthi mandal, Khammam district. movement. He did many efforts for eradicating the superstitions and for abolition of Sara • In this, the husbands will be trying to steal the (alcohol). food items and the wives try to protect the food by beating husbands with a stick.• On this festival, an offering known as “Bhog Bandar” will be prepared with cow ghee and Christian Festivals in joggery. TelanganaNishani Goddess Festival:• This festival is also known as Chaitrapurab / Christmas: Etikala or Etela festival. • Every year it is celebrated on 25th December,• It is celebrated during ugadi festival in Chaitra commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ. masam by the tribals. • On this day, Christian will give gifts to each• On this festival, the village priest will give a other; decorate the Christmas tree. Children bow and arrow to a child and direct him to to believe that Santa clause will come in a horse go into the forest and all other will follow him. cart to give them gifts.• The men who follow the child should hunt some Good Friday: animal and offer it to Nishani Goddess. • Good Friday is observed on the Friday,Pedda Devudu Festival (Big Deity): preceding Easter Sunday.• This festival is celebrated by tribals before the • It is commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus. rainy season in Vaishaka Masam, praying for Easter: good rains and for protection / welfare of village. • Easter is celebrated on the Sunday,• Parigi pitta (a bird) will be sacrificed on this day, which is beloved to the Pedda Devudu. commemorating the resurrection of Jesus. 186 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture show their grief. This is known as Matam Muslim Festivals in (chest beating). Telangana Ashurkhana:Muharram (Peerla Panduga): • These are also known as Iyambara, Barga and Alava.• Muharram is the 1st month in Islamic • Ashurkhana turns into a pilgrimage site where calender. alams (battle standards / peerlu) are installed• It is one of the 4 sacred months in which to commemorate the sacrifice of Imam warfare is forbidden. Hussain.• The name Muharram is originated from the word “Haram”, which means forbidden. Ramadan / Ramzan• Shia Muslims call Muharram as “Youme (Eid-ul-Fitr or Eid-al-Fitr): Ashura” • Ramadan is the 9th month of the Islamic calendar.• Muharram is not a festival. In this month of Muharram, Imam Hussain and his followers • It is a most sacred month for Muslims. were martyred in the battle of Karbala. • Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated in the Shawwal• These ten days, they spend in the month, as the moon sights in the sky. remembrance of martyrs • Ramadan month is spent by Muslims fasting• Shia Muslims celebrate Muharram. from dawn to dusk and by doing prayers.• Qutub Shahis were Shia Muslims, who gave • During Ramadan month, the food taken before sunrise is known as Sahar. more importance to Muharram in Golkonda kingdom. • The time after sunset when the fast is broken is known as Iftar.• On this day, after seeing the moon the fire work (Agni gundam) will be made. • During Iftar, a special dish known as “Haleem” is prepared in Hyderabad.• Shias observe 10th day Muharram as mourning day, because on this day Imam Hussain • 27 th day of Ramadan is celebrated as sacrified his life. “Laylat-ul-Qadr” (or) Shab-e-Qadr” (night of power). It is believed that the “Holy• During these days, they prepare different food Quran” was sent to the prophet on this night. items like rotis, sweet (sharbhat) and distribute.• In Telangana, Muharram is celebrated by Zakat: Hindu-Muslims. • Every Muslim will do charity as per his• In Hyderabad, a place known as Badeshahi capacity. This is known as Zakat. Ashurkhana has hundreds of years of history • Along with Zakat, Fitr is done as a charity to in celebrating Muharram. the poor who don’t even have food to eat.• In Hyderabad, on the last day “Peerlu”(Alam- Bakrid (Eid-al-Adha) or relic) is being carried on top of an elephant (Eid-ul-Zuha): and taken as a procession from Bibi ka Alam • It is celebrated as a commemoration of the to Chaderghat. sacrifice of the prophet Ibrahim.Matam: • On the day of Bakrid, Qurbani will be given.• During Muharram, the Shia muslims in old city Qurbani (meat of the sacrificed animal) will will hurt themselves till the blood flow out to be distributed among friends and relatives. PNR Publications 187 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureMilad-un-Nabi: Important Dargahs in Telangana:• Milad-un-Nabi is the festival of Muslims, • Janpahad Dargah (Saidulu Dargah) – Suryapet which commemorates the birthday of • Jahangir pir Dargah – Ranga Reddy prophet Muhammad. • Pahadi Sharif Dargah – Moula Ali, HyderabadShab-e-Barat: • Arvapalli Dargah – Suryapet• It is celebrated on the 14th day of Shaban • Shawali Dargah – Ranga Reddy month. • Tekmal Dargah, Peerlagutta Dargah – Medak• On this day Muslims, will visit the graveyards • Niranjan Shawali Dargah (Rangapur) – of their family members, give Fateha (offering) Nagar Kurnool and read 1st sura from the holi Quran. • Latif Shawali Dargah – NalgondaSufi’s: • Bade Pahad Dargah – Nizamabad• Sufism is a dimension of Islam, which began • Yousuf Saheb Sharif Baba Dargah (Yousufian very early in Islamic history (in theory Sufism Dargah) – Nampally, Hyderabad. / Sufi religion is earlier than Mahammedian Religion). Sufi saints believe in Allah. Telangana Jataras• They believe in a doctrine known as “Tawhid”, which means Allah is one and (Fairs) is everything. Sammakka - Saralakka Jatara• Sufi’s treat all religions equally. Sufi saints stay (Medaram): away from society and politics. Hence, people had respect for them. • Sammakka – Saralamma jatara takes place in Tadvai mandal, Medaram village in Mulugu• Sufi saints also approved the doctrines of district. Hinduism, hence received respect from • This is a tribal fair, performed by the ‘Koya’ Hindus also. tribe. But it is mainly celebrated by non-tribes.• Hindu-Muslim lived together happily because of Sufi saints. Because of this, mixed culture History of Jatara: can be seen in Hyderabad. During Kakatiyas period, the tribal king • “Medaraju” of tadvai region got his daughterUrs / Urus: Sammakka married to his nephew Pagididda• In Persia, Dargah is a shrine built over the Raju. tomb of a Sufi saint. • Sammakka- Pagididda Raju has two daughter,• In Persian language, Dargah means portal or one son. gateway. • Daughters – Saralamma, Nagulamma• People visit dargah to take the blessings of • Son – Jampanna the deceased / dead saint. • Saralamma husband – Govinda raju• The death anniversary of the Sufi saint, is • In 13th century A.D, Pagididda Raju was a celebrated as “Urs”. feudatory chief of kakatiyas, ruling over• During Urs, a musical concert known as Medaram region. “Qawal” will be conducted. • Due to severe famine in the region, the people of Medaram did not pay the taxes. Kakatiya 188 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture ruler Prataparudra- II became furious and • Vehicle of Sammakka – Tiger attacked medaram along with his army chief • Vehicle of Saralamma – Deer Yugandhara (Gannamanayaka). • In this Jatara, the tribals will be priests.• Family of Pagididda Raju with the help of local tribals revolted against Prataparudra-II. • The devotees offer Bangaram (jaggery) Pagididda Raju, Govinda Raju and Sarakka equal to their body weight. died during the revolt in the Battle field itself. • UNESCO recognised this fair (Jatara) as the• Jampanna didn’t want to be killed by the biggest Jatara in Asia. army, jumped into a stream “Sampenga • After Kumbh Mela, Medaram Jatara is the vagu” (Dayyala Madugu) and died. The largest in India. Medaram Jatara also known water of the stream turned in to red colour because of the blood of Jampanna. From then, as Telangana Kumbhmela. it is named as Jampanna vagu. • This was recognised as the state festival on• Sammakka fought valiantly with Kakatiya 1st February, 1996 by the then Andhra forces, finally she walked into the forest Pradesh government. towards Chilakalagutta and was disappeared. Nagoba Jatara:• At Chilakalagutta, where Sammakka • It is a Tribal festival held in Keslapur village, disappeared, the tribals found a box with Indravelli mandal of Adilabad district. vermilion and turmeric. • It is celebrated by Gond tribes on Bahula• Tribals treat the box with vermilion as a form Amavasya of Pushya masam. of Sammakka and celebrate Sammakka- • Nagoba means Naga Devata (snake Sarakka jatara for every two years on goddess). They worship goddess in snake Shudda Poornima of Magha masam. form.Features of Jatara: • Mainly this is celebrated by the Mesram clan• It is celebrated for 4 days. of Gond tribes. Day 1: Goddess Saralamma will be brought from Kannepally and placed on Gadde, the • About 20 members of Mesram clan tribes will sanctum sanctorum of this jatara. fetch water in new pots from Godavari in Godi seriyala region of Kadem mandal and will walk Day 2: Sammakka in the form of vermilion box, will be brought from Chilakala gutta for about 80 Kms. With this Nagoba Jatara and will be placed on Gadde. begins. Day 3: Two Goddess will be placed on • They reach Keslapur village along with Gadde. On this day, devotees perform holy Godavari water and will stay under the Banyan bath in Jampanna Vagu and visit the tree. On the Amavasya day, the Nagoba Goddess to seek blessings. The liquid goddess will be anointed (Abhishekam) with which is taken from Mahua flowers (Ippa the Godavari water. Puvvu) is offered to Goddess. • The Gonds also perform “Toom” puja, in the Day 4: The final day of Jatara. On this remembrance of the departed people in the day, the deities are taken back into the clan of that year. forest. This ceremony is called as Gonds perform “Gussadi dance” during • “Vanapravesham”. Nagoba jatara. PNR Publications 189 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureGond Darbar: Edupayala Jatara:• In 1940, prof. Christopher von Furer – • Edupayala Vana Durga Bhavani temple Haimendorf started Gond Darbar during is located at peddagutta tunnel in Nagasani Nagoba fair. The district collector will attend palli village of Papannapet mandal, the darbar and the tribals will tell their Medak district. The temple is situated at a grievances to the collector. This tradition is still place where a manjeera river divides into 7 followed. streams (7 payalu), hence it is known as Edupayala Jatara.Gollagatha Jatara • As this temple is in Peddagutta tunnel, this is(Peddagattu Jatara): also called as Garuda Ganda.• This is also known as Peddagattu Jatara, • Every year it is celebrated for 3 days, beginning Durajpally Jatara. from the day of Mahashivaratri.• This is celebrated Palasherlaiah gattu in • The goddess worshipped in this Jatara – Durajpally village of Suryapet district. Vanadurga Bhavani.• During this Jatara, Yadavas will fulfil their vows • People believe that taking bath in “Papala to the presiding deity, Sri Lingamanthula Madugu” will wash off the sins. Swamy. Papalamadugu located near Edupayala• The Jatara will commence with the bringing of temple. the divine box with 30 idols of deities known • During jatara, devotees will take bath in the as “Devarapette” to the temple and will be Edupayalu and spend one night in the temple. shown to the related persons. • The important feature of the Jatara is that the representatives from 18 communities will• The Yadavas of Khasimpet, will decorate perform pujas according to their traditions. the gold pot on the Gopuram of the temple. • The Jatara will be concluded by Rathotsavam.• Yadava community of Suryapet will bring “Makara Toranam” to the deity in procession. Kondagattu Jatara:• The pujas will be performed to the goddess • Kondagattu Jatara is celebrated at Anjaneya Choudamma, sister of Lingamanthula Swamy temple, situated at Muthyampeta Swamy. village of Mallial mandal, Jagtial district.• The rituals like Dishti Puja and lighting of • In this temple, the idol of god one side will Ganda Deepam are performed. be Narasimha Swamy face and the other side Anjaneya Swamy face.• Devotees will lick the Prasadam like dogs. • The idol of Anjaneya Swamy will have shell,• This Jatara is celebrated for 4 days, one in wheels and the picture of Sita Rama in the every 2 years. heart.• The Jatara concludes by performing Kesaram • Devotees believe that if puja is performed for to the God by the priests. 40 days, they will be blessed with children.• This is the 2nd largest jatara in Telangana, after • Bethala Swamy temple is located on the Sammakka- Sarakka jatara. hillock. NOTE : Lingamanthula temple is constructed • The tear of Sitarama and the foot prints of Sri by chola Chalukya (Yadava) kings. Rama are present on the hillock.190 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Kondal, Bojjapothana caves are present in • Sri Rama Chandra Murthy and Anjaneya Kondagattu. swamy temples are also present in Manyamkonda. During this festival, devoteesKomaravelli Mallanna Jatara: will observe Hanuman Diksha.• This is celebrated in Komaravelli village of • The important features are the water tank Siddipet district. which is not digged, the idol of god which is• The main deity in Komaravelli is not chiselled. Mallikarjuna Swamy (Mallanna). • Every day puja is performed with the leaves• Every year, jatara begins in Magha Masam of Jammi tree. and lasts till Ugadi.• The priests are “Oggu Pujaris” Koravi Jatara:• Devotees circumambulate round the gangireni • This jatara is celebrated in Koravi village of tree and pray god for their wishes at volla Mahbubabad district on the day of Shiva banda or vallubanda. Ratri.• Devotees believe that Mahadeva came in the • The deity in Koravi – form of mallanna and married Balimedala Devi Sri Veera Bhadra Swamy of Balija community. Bejjanki Jatara:Kurumurthy Jatara: • This is celebrated in Chaitra masam, Laxmi• This Jatara is celebrated in kurumurthy village, Narayana temple in Bejjanki of Siddipet Chinnachintakunta mandal of Mahbubnagar district. district. • Here the pillars of the temple are carved with• Jatara is celebrated during the brahmothsava Samudra madhana story, Rasanrutyam and the of Sri Venkateshwara Swamy. statue of Trimurthulu with his wifes.• During this jatara the Madigas of Vaddeman Velala Jatara: village will stitch foot wear (Uddalu) for • Celebrated on Mahashiva ratri in Velala, the god and the devotees will get hit by the Mancheriyal district. foot wear of the god. • In Velala, there is a temple of Gattu• Kurumurthy temple is known as second Mallanna on the hollock on the banks of Tirupati or Telangana Tirupati. Godavari river.• Similar to Tirupati, here also the god is present • The god played during this jatara is Lord Shiva. on seven hills. (Edukondalu) and there is Mokalla gundam same as Mokalla Parvatham Inavolu Mallanna Jatara: in Tirupati. • Celebrated in Inavolu of Warangal UrbanManyamkonda Jatara: district.• Jatara is celebrated at Manyamkonda in • The god in Inavolu is Mallikarjuna Swamy. Mahbubnagar district. • Initially known as “Mailar” god. The beloved• The god in Manyamkonda is Venkateshwara thing for god is Turmeric (Bandari). Swamy. • The Bramotsavas start with the ritual known• This temple is known as poor man’s Tirupati as Peddabandi, this tradition performed by the and Palamoor Tirupati. descendants of Marneni Clan. PNR Publications 191 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureTulja Bhavani Jatara: Maldakal Jatara:• Celebrated during Navaratri of Dasara festival • This Jatara is celebrated in Venkateshwara at Peddamunigal village of Chandampet Swamy temple at Maldakal of Jogulamba mandal, Nalgonda District. Gadwal district.• This Jatara is attended by the Lambadi tribes • Maldakal Venkateshwara Swamy is called and many others. “Timmappa”. Hence, it is also known as Timmappa Jatara.• The main priest is also a Lambadi. Kothakonda Jatara:Nallakonda Jatara: • Celebrated in Kothakonda of Bhimadevara-• Celebrated in Narasimha swamy temple in palli mandal, Warangal Urban district. Nallakonda village, Kodimial mandal of • The god here is Veera Bhadra Swamy. Jagtial district. • Here the deity will be with big moustache• According to puranas, Sri Maha Vishnu (kora meesalu). Hence also known as Kora stepped on this hill (konda) after destroying Meesala Veerabadhra Swamy. Hiranyakasyapa. • The devotees will offer Kora-Meesam to the Diety, this tradition is started by KedaraKetaki Sangameshwara Swamy Panditas during Kakatiya’s period.Jatara: • Kothakonda jatara is celebrated during• Sri Ketaki Sangameshwara Swamy temple is Sankranti festival every year. located in Jharasangam village (near Saleshwaram Jatara: Zaheerabad) of Sangareddy district. • This is celebrated in the Shiva temple, located• In this temple, there are Gods Brahma, Vishnu in Nallamala forest of Appaipalli village, and Maheshwara. Lingala Mandal of Nagar Kurnool district.• Every year brahmotsavams are conducted • This is known as the Telangana Amarnath. from Magha Bahula Dashami to Phalguna • This temple will be opened only for 5 days in Shudda Padyami. a year.• Devotees believe that if they take bath in the • This jatara is performed by Chenchu tribes. Amrutha Gundam near the temple, the skin Rangapur Jatara: diseases will be cured. • Celebrated in Rangapur village, AchampetJoginatha Jatara: mandal of Nagar Kurnool. • Here Uma Maheshwara temple is situated• Joginatha temple is located at Jogipet of on the hillock of Nallamala forest. Sanga Reddy district. • There is Hazarath Niranjan Shavali• Every year, the Jatara is celebrated in the dargah, down the hill. March month. Gangamma Jatara:Siddulagutta Jatara: Celebrated in Bikkamalla village of Suryapet •• Siddulagutta is situated in Armoor mandal of district. Nizamabad district. • Every year performed on Ugadi by the• Here lord Shiva is prayed as Sidda Masanapalli Yadavas. Lingeshwara Swamy. • Devotees take bath in Tanamcherla, present near the temple. 192 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Jataras (Fairs) Jatara District God (Deity)1) Bejjanki Siddipet Lakshmi Narayana Swamy2) Kudavelli / Kudelli Jatara Siddipet Rama Lingeshwara Swamy3) Pullur Banda Jatara Siddipet Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy4) Komaravelli Jatara Siddipet Mallikarjuna Swamy5) Duddeda Jatara Siddipet Shambu Devudu6) Singaraya Jatara Siddipet Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy7) Saleshwaram Nagar Kurnool Shiva8) Siricina Gandla Nagar Kurnool Sita Rama9) Rangapur Nagar Kurnool Uma Maheshwara10) Singotam Nagar Kurnool Lakshmi Narasimha11) Ketaki Sangameshwara Swamy Sangareddy Sangameshwarudu (Shiva)12) Joginathudu Sangareddy Shiva13) Shambu Lingeshwara Swamy Nalgonda Shambu Lingeshwara Swamy14) Cheruvu Gattu Nalgonda Jadala Ramalingeshwara Swamy15) Kodandapuram Jatara Nalgonda Venkateshwara Swamy16) Adavi Devulapalli Jatara Nalgonda Kanaka Durga17) Tulja Bhavani Jatara Nalgonda Tulja Bhavani Devi18) Gollagattu / Peddagattu Jatara Suryapet Lingamanthula Swamy19) Arvapally Jatara Suryapet Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy20) Mella Cheruvu Jatara Suryapet Shambu Lingeshwara Swamy21) Gangamma Jatara Suryapet Gangamma22) Kondagattu Jatara Jagitial Anjaneya Swamy23) Nalla konda Jatara Jagitial Narasimha Swamy24) Edupayala Jatara Medak Durga Bhavani25) Betala Swamy Jatara (Alladurg) Medak Bethala26) Renuka Yellamma Jatara (Alladurg) Medak Renuka Yellamma27) Velala Jatara Mancherial Shiva28) Katherasala Jatara Mancherial Mallanna Swamy29) Siddulagutta Jatara Nizamabad Sri Siddeshwara Swamy30) Limbadri gutta Nizamabad Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy31) Janda Balaji Jatara Nizamabad Balaji (Venkateshwar Swamy)32) Adelli Pochamma Jatara Nirmal Pochamma33) Maldakal Jatara Jogulamba Gadwal Sri Venkateshwara Swamy (Timmappa)34) Gadwal Jatara Jogulamba Gadwal Chenna Kesava Swamy
PNR Publications 193 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 35) Kothakonda Jatara Warangal urban Veera Bhadra Swamy 36) Inavolu Jatara Warangal urban Mallikarjun Swamy 37) Kodavatancha / Kotancha Jatara Jaya Shankar Bhupalpally Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy 38) Tegada Jatara Bhadradri Kothagudem Bhadrakali, Veera Bhadra temples 39) Tirdhala Jatara Khammam Sangameshwara Swamy 40) Singaraya Jatara Karimnagar Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy 41) Kurumurthy Jatara Mahbubnagar Venkateshwara Swamy 42) Manyamkonda Jatara Mahbubnagar Venkateshwara Swamy
Telangana Handicrafts & SkillsNirmal Arts / Handy Crafts Nirmal Paintings.(Nirmal district): • All these are known as Nirmal artware.• The origin of the Nirmal craft is traced back • Nirmal artists also make Ganijsha playing to the Kakatiya era. cards, these were allotted patent rights in 2010.• During Kakatiya period, Nirmal toys were are • Nirmal paintings & furniture was given widely used by Motifs. Geographical Indication status in the year• In 17th Century, Nimma Naidu prepared toys 2008-09. with teak woods, punika wood and Cheriyal Scroll Paintings encouraged the art from that time it got developed. (Siddipet district):• Nimma Naidu of Padma nayaka dynasty ruled • Cheriyal village in Siddipet district is well over the Nirmal province. known for the scroll paintings.• Nirmal wooden toys (koya bommalu), • Telangana is well known for the scroll paintings beautiful lacquer paintings, oil paintings and which will be in narrative format, much like a wood paintings are world renowned. film roll, depicting the stories from Indian Mythology on Cloth.• Nirmal toys will have golden shine which are prepared with natural dyes. • The artisans of scroll paintings are known as Nakashi these paintings are also known as• These are prepared with locally available “Theme Paintings”. variety of softwood called Puniki or white sander. This softwood can be easily carved Pembarthi Handicrafts into different shapes. (Jangaon district):• Duco paints are used for Nirmal arts. •Pembarthi village in Jangaon district is well• Nirmal city is the centre for the Nirmal toys, known for Handicrafts which are made on the crafts & paintings. These are known as hard-brass metal sheet. “Naqash”. • This brassware art forms were flourished• the artists are following the style of Brahma during the reign of Kakatiya empire. Routhu Padma Rao in the paintings. • These artforms are mainly made up of• Nirmal arts are mainly available in 3 forms. “Brass” metal. Nirmal toys. • In Pembarthi village, the family members of Nirmal household articles and “Kanchara” caste are experts in this art work.194 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture This Brassware art was changed as a secular Note: Silver filigree with the title “Tarakasi”, art due to the influence of Hindu – Muslims. manufactured at Cuttack in Odisha state is• Statues of God & Goddesses, Dwaja- very famous in India. sthambam and Attar daan (Perfume boxes), • Karimnagar Silver filigree received Chandelier, decorated pots are manufactured. Geographical Identification status in 2007.• Pembarthi artform is world renowed because • Silver filigree includes Pan Daan, Plates, Attar of Ayla Achary. Daan (Perfume box) and ear rings.• In 1956, under the leadership of Ayla Achary • The English word “Filigree” is shortened form “Vishwakarma Brass, Copper, Silver of “Filigreen” which is derived from a Latin industrial society” was formed. word “Filum”means thread.• The central Government has formed a cluster • In 2006, when American President George of Brassware artforms and allotted Rs. One Bush visited Hyderabad, he was gifted filigree and half crore for its development under miniature form. SFURTI (scheme of Fund for Dhokra Metal Craft: Regeneration of Traditional Industries). • Dhokra means Bell metal art.• It received Geographical identification April 2010 – March 2011, an honour for the craft. • Wax, mud and brass are used for making toys. • This artform is prominent in the tribal areas ofBidri Ware: Komaram Bheem Asifabad and Adilabad• The term “Bidri Ware” originates from Bidar districts. (Presently in Karnataka) which was a part of • This art can be in Ushgaon, jagaon (Jainuru erstwhile Hyderabad state. This artware was mandal) and Kerimeri mandal. developed in Bidar. • The “Oja” community is well known for this art.• This was migrated from Iran to the Hyderabad • The items include tribal designs, horses, State. peaco*cks, statues of deities are manufactured• Bidriware is Manufactured from an alloy of without any joints. Copper and Zinc (Gun Metal) by casting. • The famous item of Dhokra metal craft is the• Zinc gives artware a deep black colour, on “Dancing girl of Mohenjodaro”. which design is engraved on it with silver or • The name Dhokra is derived from the Dhokra Gold (Copper + Zinc + Silver). Damar tribes of West Bengal & Odisha, who• Decorative pieces, Flower Vases, Ornament are the traditional metalsmiths. boxes are made from Bidri ware.• Hyderabad is famous for the Bidri ware. Banjara Needle Craft (Hyderabad): • Banjara needle craft is developed by BanjarasSilver Filigree: of Telangana.• Silver Filigree is a delicate kind of Jewellery • Clothes are decorated with different colours metalwork and varieties of toys made with of embroidery threads, mirrors, small stones silver threads. and shells.• Around 200 years ago, this art was initiated at Elagandula village of Karimnagar district. Bronze Statues: In Karimnagar, this art was started by a • Shilparamam in Hyderabad is world famous Goldsmith named Kadarla Ramaiah. for Bronze statues.• In India, Karimnagar is the 2nd city for Silver • These include statues of Gods & goddess, filigree. decorative items and Nataraj idol. PNR Publications 195 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureWood Carvings: Gadwal Sarees:• In Telangana, Bhuvanagiri district & other • Gadwal is notable for handcrafted woven and places are famous for wood carvings. Different Zari sarees. handicrafts are prepared by carving the wood. • In Tirupati, during Brahmostsavas Lord• These include wooden panels, decorative Venkateshwar Swamy will adorned with Gadwal Saree. items, statues of deities, arches and chairs. • In 2011, it was given Geographical indicationPochampally Sarees (GI) status.(Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district): Siddipet Sarees:• Ikat fabrics of Pochampally village are world • Siddipet is well known for Siddipet famous. Gollabhama sarees.• Ikat is a dyeing technique used to pattern • The saree received Geographical indication textiles that employs dyeing to the yarns and (GI) status in 2011. weaving the fabric. Note: Telangana weaver who weaved a saree• In 2005, Pochampally sarees were given which fits in a matchbox is Parandamulu. Geographical indication (GI) status. Narayanpet Sarees:• Silk City of Telangana – Pochampally. • These sarees have golden border. They have• The method known as Telia Rumal is 100 years of History. originated from Pochampally, in which natural Warangal Carpets (Tivachi): vegetable dyes will be used. • Locally, Carpets are known as “Jamkanas”.• Using Ikat technique different pictures and • Warangal Carpets are also known as Durries. margins are made on the fabric. • Kothavada of Warangal district in Telangana• Firstly, the Yarn is dipped in the oil and is dried. is popular for Carpets. Then it is soaked overnight in the water with • Italy traveller Marcopolo visited Kakatiya goat dung. This is followed for 4 days, later Kingdom and mentioned about carpets in his the pictures are drawn using tie & dye book. technique. Ranjan pots:• On Telia rumal, small blocks, stars, lines and • Traditionally & Scientifically manufactured mud diamonds are painted. This Telia rumal was pots are known as Ranjan pots. exported during Nizam period. • The speciality of these pots is keeping the water• Pochampally is well known for tie & dye cool according to the season. technique. • Adilabad district is well known for these• Puttapaka village of samsthan pots. Narayanpuram Mandal, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri • These are also manufactured in Shadnagar of District is famous for weaving Telia rumal. Ranga Reddy district.• This Puttapaka Telia rumal got GI Tag Pearls: recognition in the year 2019-20. Making holes to the naturally obtained pearls •• Padmasri Award winner Gajam Anjaiah is is very delicate work. famous for the works of weaving Telia rumal • Artisans of Chandampet in Medak district and dyeing colours with Tie and Dye are well known experts for this work in all Technique. over India.196 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBangles:• Hyderabad is well known for the manufacture Geographical of Bangles.• Lad Bazar near Charminar is the main centre Indication (GI) for this. • A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used• During Nizam period, a Urdu poetess on products that have a specific geographical Chanda bai Mah Laqa ha introduced origin and possess qualities or a reputation that bangles studded with diamond stones. are due to that origin.• Lac bangles are prominent among other • The name of the product which was allotted Bangles. GI status, should not used to any other product• Lacs prepared by Knitting is known as Crosia in any other place. needle work. • Paris Convention, held in 1883 has decided to give GI status as a part of IntellectualKorutla Paper Making: property rights.• Jagityala District of Korutla famous for Art • GI status will be given according to the Trips of paper making. Agreement of (WTO) World Trade Organisation.Dummugudem Lace industry: • In 1999, India enacted Geographical• Dummugudem in Bhadradri Kothagudem indication act, which came into force in 2003. district of Telangana is well known for the • In India, Ministry of Industries and Lace industry. Commerce is the nodal agency for• Lace industry was introduced in india by Geographical indication. The headquarters of Christian missionaries. Geographical indication is at Chennai.Telangana Handicrafts Logo – • In India, 1st GI status was given in 2004 – 05Golconda: for the following products.• State government have selected “Golconda” Darjeeling Tea (West Bengal) logo for the Telangana state handicrafts Aranmula Kannadi (Handicraft of Kerala) development corporation. Pochampalli Ikat (Telangana)• Every item sold through Telangana State GI tagged Products in Telangana: handicraft development corporation will have GI tagged Product Year Golconda logo on it. 1) Pochampally Ikat 2004-05Pochampally handloom Park is given 2) Silver Filigree 2007-08Indian handloom Brand Recognition: 3) Nirmal toys 2008-09• In 2015, Central government has given the 4) Nirmal paintings 2008-09 recognition as Indian handloom brand to Ikat 5) Nirmal furniture 2008-09 clothes of Pochampally handloom park. 6) Cheriyal Paintings 2010-11• Hence, every product of Pochampally will have the logo of Indian handlooms and these 7) Pembarthi Metal Crafts 2010-11 products can be exported easily. 8) Gadwal Sarees 2010-11
PNR Publications 197 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture9) Hyderabad Haleem 2010-1110) Siddipet Gollabhama Sarees 2011-12 Folk dances of11) Narayanpet Handloom Sarees 2012-13 Telangana12) Adilabad Dhokra 2017-1813) Warangal Durries 2017-18 Gussadi Dance:14) Puttapaka telia Rumal 2019-20 • Gussadi dance is performed by men of “Gond” tribe in Adilabad district.Different places in Telangana – • This dance is performed before DeepavaliFamous Products: from ashwayuja Shuddha Pournami till• Paper making – Korutla Ashwayuja Bahula Chaturdasi.• Pearls – Chandampet • Gonds dress in colourful costumes and• Seeds – Ankapur decorate with ornaments go to neighbouring villages in troupes by singing and dancing.• Mats – Mahbubnagar • These troupe will have 15 to 20 members.• Zari Sarees – Siddipet, Gadwal Such troupes are known as Dandari troupes.• Ivory toys – Secunderabad From this big troupes, 5 members each from• Haleem, – Hyderabad other troupes. These troupes are known as Qurbani Sweet “Gussadi”.• Bronze Sculptures – Shilparamam • Each member in the group wears a turban of Peaco*ck feathers, horns of deer, artificial• Neem Trees – Bhimgallu moustaches and beard.• Ippa Trees (Mahua) – Navipet • The persons performing Gussadi dance will• Carpets – Warangal, Alampur wear lion attire and apply ash all over the body.• Blankets, Carpets – Siricilla, The turban with peaco*ck feathers is locally Mahbubnagar known as “Mal Boora / Maljilina Cap”.• Khadi clothes – Metpally • The persons performing this dance will carry• Rusa grass – Nizamabad “Gussadi Rokhhari” with them.• Tussar silk – Asifabad, • Gussadi dance is performed during Nagoba Mahadevpur Jatara.• Dhokra Metal craft – Adilabad Dhemsa Dance:• Brass metal – Pembarthi • Dhemsa Dance is performed by males &• Silver Filigree – Karimnagar females of “Raj Gond” clan.• Silk industry – Sangareddy, Siddipet • This dance is performed during festivals and marriages, according to Music. • The Musical instruments used are Pepre, Dhol, Kalikom, Tamak.
Koya Dance (Bison - horn Dance or Permakoki Play): •Koya tribe people perform this Bison-horn dance during festivals and marriages.198 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Male will wear colourful costumes and huge Warangal district and at Komaravelli headgears of Bison horn. Mallanna in Siddipet districts.• Koya dance is seen in the tribal regions of • Gorava means the blanket (Kambali / Warangal and Khammam, which is performed Gongadi) wore by the persons of Golla Caste. by Koya tribe. • In Kuruma family, one person be promoted• During Sammakka – Sarakka jatara, this as Goravayya. dance is performed by Koyas in Mulugu region. This is performed by both males & • Goravayya will have a bag made up of deer females; which includes 30 to 40 members. skin which contains turmeric in it, known as• They are also known as “Dorala Sattam”. Bandaru. • They dance with Dhamarukam in one handKurru Dance: and Kambali in other hand and wears a• This dance is performed by males of Koya necklace made of small shells. tribe in warangal district. • This dance will be different from all other dance• Mainly this is performed during forms. Sammakka-Sarakka Jatara. • During this dance, the performers will barkLambadi Dance: like dogs. They call themselves as “Lord• Lambadi dance is performed by Banjaras who Mallanna Dogs”. are involved in planting, sowing and harvesting. • After the dance performance, the performers The dance is often motivated by these actions. will lick the milk and drink like a Dog.• Mainly it is performed during marriages, Teej festival, Holi and Sankranthi by Lambadi Siddi Dance (Khadga Nrityam): females in synchronization with the music given • This dance is performed with weapon tools. by the males. • Ancestors of Siddi community are migrated• During Holi festival, the females hold each other from Abysinia of Africa to Hyderabad. hands, form a circle around the “Kamudi Manta (burning of Kama)” and dance. • In Hyderabad, Siddi’s perform dance during festivals & marriages. This dance is similar toMango dance of Konda Reddy’s: the Sword fight (Kathi Samu) performed at• The tribes living in the forest areas of their native place. Khammam district are known as Konda • They wear Desi style dress and hold sword in Reddy’s or Bison Reddy’s. their hands while dancing. They look ferocious• This dance is performed before plucking the while dancing. mangoes in a ceremonial festival.• The dance is performed by worshipping Garaga Dance: Mutyalamma & Konda Devatha Goddess. • Garaga means a clay pot. The pot prepared• This dance is performed in groups and musical with clay is known as Ghatam. instrument used in Dappu. • Dance performed by placing pot on the headGoravayya Dance: is known as Garaga Dance.• Goravayya’s perform singing and dancing at • This dance is performed during Bonalu festival the occasions at Inavolu Mallanna in in Telangana. PNR Publications 199 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureRela relare……Relata Dance: Statue or in Shiva temples by the warriors• This dance is performed by the females of before going to the war. Koya tribe in the Manyam region at • This dance form is prominent in the Warangal Bhadrachalam. district, which was developed by Nataraja• Koya females in group of more than 4 Ramakrishna. members and dance under Rela tree (Cassia Veera Natyam (Heroic Dance): fistula), hence it is named as Rela Dance. • This dance is performed in the VeerabhadraMayuri Dance: temples situated at Korivi and Kothakonda of Telangana.• Mayuri dance is performed by the tribes in the agency areas of Khammam District. This • This dance is performed by Verra mushti, is performed in full happiness by wearing horns Jangams, Balijas and Devangas. and by beating musical instruments. • This heroic dance is performed during Shiva• The dance is performed by “Kondh tribe” Ratri festival (during the emergence of linga). of Khammam. Other name for Kondh tribe is Dappu Natyam: “Samunos”. • Dappu dance is performed when a dappu• This dance is performed by male person, by (made up of animal hides) is beaten with sticks. dressing like a peaco*ck, with feathers around Producing a strong sound. their waist & headgear of peaco*ck feathers. • This dance is performed with 15-20 members• They dance in synchronous with the music of in a troupe, wearing anklet bells and beating Flute. the dappu. It is mainly performed duringKappathalli Dance: Procession & Feast.• This dance form includes singing, dancing in Chutta Kamudu Nrityam: synchronous with tappeta. • This dance is performed only by females.• This dance is also known as thapetta gullu. • Jayadheer Tirumala Rao opine that this
Joguvari Dance: dance is similar to Bathukamma and Boddemma dance styles.• Joguvari dance is performed during the dead body procession to the crematorium. • Kandukuri Eshwaraiah in a report to Nizam Government mentioned that Chutta Kamudu• They belongs to “Panchamakulam” (Caste). is a powerful art. Dancing is their profession. • Erstwhile Nalgonda district is well knownThunder Dance / Urumula Nrityam: for this dance.• Singing songs along with drums (dappu) for Thappeta Gullu: awakening the Gangamma Goddess. • This dance is performed by the cattle• The sound made with dappu is similar to rearers. thundering sound, hence it is known as • The music is made by beating the Thappeta Urumulla nrityam. (Musical instrument) kept at chest.Perini Sivatandavam: • This dance is performed to pacify the Rain• Perini Sivatandavam is performed by God (Varuna) and Ganga goddess. worshipping Lord Shiva in front of Nataraja • This is only performed by male persons. 200 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBiranna Dolla: • The artisans will depict the stories of Hindu• Dance is performed by tying the drum (Dolu) Puranas and Ithihasas. to the waist. • Chindu Bhagavatam is performed by Dakkali• In Telangana, Oggu dollu is performed by caste people who are dependent castes of Kuruma caste people. Madiga. The important play performed by them is Jamba Puranam.Katthula Nrityam: • This play consists of 18 members, which starts• This dance is performed during Verrappa with the worship of Yellamma. Utsavam (festival). • The important role is played by “Buddar• They perform “Shudda Tandavam” during Khan”, which provokes humour. And their dance. introduces roles of story with humour.Chenchu Nritya Natakam: • The popular women in Chindu Bhagavatam is Chindu Yellamma.• Chenchu’s perform dance specially in Mahua season. Mahua is a flower, they perform dance • To day’s it is continued by Dakkali Varu, when this flower blossoms. They wear new dependent caste on Madiga community. clothes and does dance. Chindu Yellamma:Dandoriya Nrityam: • The original name of Chindu Yellamma is• Dandari means the sound made by a dappu Saraswati, born in 1923 at Basara. (or drum). • She was married at the age of 11 years.• This is mainly performed by Gussadis. • She dedicated her life to art and she left her• The story played during this is “Baka Sura” marital life. story. • She was expert in reciting Yakshaganam from her childhood.Madili: • She also used to dress in male attire along with• On Muharram day, stepping on the Madili will female attire. take place. • She was expert in changing her expressions• In this, they walk around a fire work and step from a sensitive female into a ferocious according to the sound produced by the Narasimha Swamy. drums. • She received applauds from the great NatarajaChindu Bhagavatam: Ramakrishna and other great artists.• It is interspersed with leaps & jumps hence the name “Chindu Bhagavatam”.• Chindu means a step. Dropping a step is dance style, Chindu Bhagavatam is a artform of Madiga.• This is performed in the villages, wearing colourful costumes and by applying colour to the faces and by dancing in synchrony with the music made from harmonium.
PNR Publications 201 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • The Chandana family members of Koya Telangana tribe will be narrating the story of Sammakka who fought against Kakatiyas in Medaram Folk Art Forms region.• The people who lived in Janapadas are known • According to Hindu tradition, in every as Jaanapadulu. occasion Lord Ganesha is worshipped in Oggu Katha, Mahankali Devi goddess is also• The songs, dances and stories started by the worshipped. folklore are turned as folk-art forms. • Oggu Katha troupes are prominently seen in• These folk-art forms were transferred from the Vemulawada region. one generation to other generation.• In literature, some type of literature is meant The Monkey Kings of Oggu katha: only for the high-class people but folk art and • This book was written by Dr. Kumara literature is meant for all or available to all. Swamy.• The Hardwork and togetherness can be seen • He has written a book in the form Oggu Katha in folk art forms. on how to fight terrorism in India, China. Other important artists of Oggu Katha who broughtOggu katha: national recognition to that art are Chukka• The story narrated by using the instrument Sattaiah and Midde Ramulu. Oggu (Damarukam) is known as Oggu katha. Chukka Sattaiah: Oggu is similar to the Damarukam held in Lord Shiva’s hand. • Chukka Sattaiah was born in Manikya- puram village in Jangaon district.• This art form brought national recognition to Telangana state. • He is known as the father of Oggu Katha and recognised as Oggu Kala Samrat.• Oggu katha is mainly narrated by the Kuruma community, but other communities such as • His original name is Choudarapalli Sathaiah. Golla, Yadavas and other BC communities also • During childhood only, he learnt Oggu Katha tell Oggu katha. and became expert in it.• Oggu katha artists are mainly seen in • He took up the role of Hanuman in Chirutala Nalgonda, Warangal districts of Telangana. Ramayanam when he was 13 years.• The team consists of 5 members. The narrator • Later, he performed Oggu katha at national with a coloured head cloth and ankle bells to and international levels. legs will be narrating the story and the • He received many titles and awards. The remaining artists will be giving chorus by former P.M. Smt. Indira Gandhi also playing the instruments such as Brass Tala, Big appreciated his art. Drum and these are the main instruments to • In 2004, Chukka Sathaiah received Kendra play Oggu katha. Sangeeta Nataka Academy award from the• The important stories narrated are Beerappa, then President Sri Abdul Kalam. Mallana, Uppalamma, Katamaraju, Yellama, • In 2005, Kakatiya University awarded him Nalla Pochamma and Maandatha stories. with the Doctorate degree.• Oggu kathalu are performed during festivals • A documentary with a title “Oggu Chukka” and jataras (fairs). was made based on his life history.202 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureMidde Ramulu: • Important Yakshaganas written by different• He was born in Hanumajipet, Vemulawada poets are: of Karimnagar district (presently Rajanna Padmanayaka Bhupala – Siricilla district). Sarangadhara Charitha• He played an important role in getting Pidamarthy Nimmanatha – recognition for the Oggu Katha art. He do not Nijalinga Chikkaya Katha. belong to the community of Oggu Artists. He Tekumalla Rangashai – his from “Goud” community but learnt Oggu Janaki Parinayam Katha with great interest and zeal and made it • 1st person to do research in Yakshagana popular. literature – Dr. S.V. Joga Rao• He gave many performances at national level. • Father of Telangana Yakshaganam – In Akashavani and Doordarshan he gave 200 Chervirala Bagaiah. performances. • Yakshagana titled “Veera Telangana” is• In 1990, he performed at 3rd World Telugu written by Suddala Hanumanthu and Suddala Mahasabha, held at Mauritius. He received Ashok Teja. accolades from the Mauritius Prime minister and Governor. Jangam Stories:• The important act during his performance is • In Telangana, the people of Budige Jangam taking the coin placed on the floor with community will be telling Jangam stories. forehead by balancing a pot on his head • Jangam stories are narrated by using a musical without the support of the hands. instrument “Budige”, hence they are named• Titles of Midde Ramulu: as Budige Jangams. Oggu Katha Chakravarthi and • Other names for Budige are Dakki, Dikki Janapada Kala Brahma. and Gammeta. • Budige Jangams belong to Veera Shaivam,Yakshaganam: hence they narrate the stories with “Veera• Yakshganam art involves narrating the stories Avesham” / Great enthusiasm. of Puranas and Ithihasas through dance, • According to the Kridabhiramam book written theatre and skit. by Vinukonda Vallabha Charya this art is• This will be in a drama form with different roles popular during Kakatiyas period. enacted by the artists.• This act involves singing, dancing, acting and Sharada Stories: literature. • They are mainly performed by Veera Mushti• The place of origin of Yakshaganam is and Jangams. Karnataka, but it also popular in Andhra and • They play a Tambura known as “Sharada”, Telangana regions. hence named as Sharada stories.• In 13th century, palkuriki Somanatha in his • In Sharada stories, mainly Historical, Social book Panditharadya Charitha, mentioned and Mythological stories are narrated. about Yakshaganam as a popular art. • They beautifully narrate the heroic stories of• The popular Yakshagana is “Srikrishna Leela Sadashiva Reddy and Sarvai Papanna Tarangini” written by Narayana Tirtha. stories. PNR Publications 203 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The artists of Sharada stories also narrated • Suravaram Pratap Reddy in his book Andhrula the sacrifices of Arutla Ram Chandra Reddy, Charitra mentioned about Guntu Pally Reni Kunta Rami Reddy who died during Muthu Raju, a Vipravinodi who lived during Telangana Struggle. Golconda Nawabs.
Pichakuntla Stories: Indrajala, Mahendrajalam• These are performed by the “Pichakuntla” (Magical Show): community. They belong to “Shaiva” religion • In Telangana, Indrajalam is performed & and lead their life by begging near Reddy and known by the Vipravinodulu, Katikaparulu Yadava communities. and Sadanasura communities.• This art will be presented by three members. The main narrator will be wearing a head cloth, Chakka Bhajana: holding a Sword & Dolu (small drum) and • This is performed in rural areas during their ankle bells to legs remaining members will be leisure time. giving chorus. • This is performed by going from one house to• They narrate the stories by telling the Gotras another with music produced using Chakka of Different castes. (wood) and dancing by tying ankle bells.• Palkuriki Somanatha mentioned about this art in his book Panditharadya Charitra. Asadhulu:• The important stories narrated are Palnati • In Telangana, Yellamma, Maisamma and Veera Charitra written by Srinatha. Peddamma Goddess are worshipped.• They narrate the story of Kunti Malla • The priests performing Pujas to the Goddess Reddy Charitra and sing songs related to are known as “Asadhulu” Reddy community. • Asadhulu will be from Mala, Madiga and• Each group will perform in a specific village Kummari (Potters) community. known as “Mirashi” and every group will • They play musical instruments known as have Donators separately. One group will not Javika and Chedika. enter into Mirashi village of others.
Dasarulu: Yanadi Bhagavatam:• They lead their life according to by following • Yanadi Bhagavatam is also known as the tradition Veera Vaishnavism. Garudachala Bhagavatam.• They beg alms by singing songs in praise of • This is performed beautifully by yanadis along Lord Vishnu. with dance. • They narrate Chenchu Lakshmi storyVipra Vinodulu: beautifully.• They lead their life by doing magics.• They go from one house to another and Mandechu Artists: perform magics such as creating Vibhuthi, • They beg before Yadavas / dependent caste Statues, Parrots from their Palms. on Yadavas.• They are in majority at Manikyapuram of • They beg alms near Golla by telling stories of Karimnagar. Katamraju.204 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• They will have 100 to 200 toys related to • They beautifully sing Yellamma, Pochamma, Katamraju stories. They narrate stories with Ankalamma and Sarangadhara Charitra the help of toys. stories.• The toys are kept in a special box known as Golla Suddulu: “Jeevasthalam Pette” (Box). • The persons who tell Golla Suddulu mainly Beg alms / dependent before the GollaRunjala varu: Community. They promote the Krishna Leelas,• In Telangana, the tribe Runjala are dependent the katam raju story etc related to Yadava on Vishwa Brahman community. history.• They sing songs with the help of a instrument • They perform by holding a stick in one hand “Runj”. As they are Shaivas, they sing related and have Gongadi (blanket). They perform to Lord Shiva. They are also known as Rudra regarding the superstitions and atrocities in Maheswaras & Rudrangas. society in sarcastic manner.Pagati Veshalu • During Telangana Armed Struggle, the singer Suddala Hanumanthu enlightened the public(Day time Characters): by this art form.• Generally, all the art forms are performed during night – time for the entertainment of Gangireddulata: public. But these Pagati Veshalu are • This art is performed by the artists of Puja performed during day time. Golla community in Khammam district.• They not only entertain the public but also • In this, one person will be making bull dance enlighten the people regarding the superstitions by ringing the bells. Remaining two will be and atrocities in the society in sarcastic & playing Sannayi (Oboe) and Dolu (drums). comic manner. Gante Bhagavatulu:• They were known as Bahurupalu (Many • They perform during night time. In this forms). presentation, each player will be holding a bell• Pagati Veshalu is performed by Shaivas of (Ganta). Budige Jangams. The important and popular • During the play, a lamp will be lit by pouring costume is Ardhanareshwara. oil in it and while performing the performer• The books which mentioned about Pagati will take the lamp near to the face so that his veshalu are: expressions are clearly visible.• Yadavakkula Annamayya – Peddammalollu: Sarveshwara Shatakam • The Peddammalollu are the female artists of• Pothana – Bhagavatam the nomadic tribe.• Koravi Goparaju – • A lady will be placing the statue of the Goddess Simhasana Dvatrimsika on her head and make sound by rubbing the• Palkuriki Somanatha – Dolu (Drum). Panditharadya Charitra • The other person will be dancing and narratingJamuka Stories: the stories.• “Jamuka” is the name of a instrument also • They mainly sing the heroic story of Pandaga known as Jamidika. Sayanna who fought against the Nizams. PNR Publications 205 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBudabukkalu: • The attire of Soligadu will create humour. He• They are nomadic tribes. apply white stickers and black dots on the face and tie black cloth to head with the feathers• Their occupation is fortune telling and talisman. of a crow. And will be holding a big bag in the• They do beg during normal days. hand.Katipapalu: Tholubommalata (Puppet show):• In villages, when someone dies these people • This artform includes poetry, literature, music, will beg during the procession by praising the dance & sculpture. dead person. • This is mainly meant for depicting the stories• During the funeral, they does magic and will of Mahabharatham and Ramayanam. scare the public. • During the show, the movements of the• They wear different colours of clothes. Puppets are manipulated in consonance with• They perform Magics and they pulling out big the story. The important roles in this are stones, snakes, scorpions from their mouth. Kethigadu, Bangarakka, Gandoligadu. By doing this, they beg before the people. Kolata Nrityam:Bandaru Kalakarulu (Artists): • In Telangana, the pictures of Kolatam can be• These artists are supported by Perika seen on Ramappa temple. community. • Kola means Stick. The dance performed• They tell the stories related to Puranas of according the sound produced by sticks is Perika community. Kolatam. In each Kolatam group, there will• They tell stories without any musical be 20 to 40 players. Each player will be having instrument. The main person will be telling the two sticks, which are decorated with colourful story and other two will be supporting him. threads & bells. • Every one will be wearing ankle bells and aPittala Dora: dhoti, a cloth around the waist.• Pittala Dora is also known as Latkor Saheb, • A variety thing of kolatam is known as Buddar Khan, Tupaki Ramudu and Venkat “Kopu”, the difficult form is Jadakopu and Ramudu. This is a type of daytime costume it is prominent. (Pagati vesham).• They wear khaki trouser folded up to the Chirutala Bhajana: Knee, Khaki shirt, Cap, a hand kerchief tied • Chirutala Bhajana resembles Kolatam in its around his neck and will be holding a wooden movement, dance & steps. In this the player Gun. hold “Chirutalu” instead of sticks.• They presents the evil things in the society by • In Kolatam, two hands will be used but in including humour & satire. Chirutalu only one hand will be used.Chodigani Kalapam: • In Chirutala Bhajana, the Ramayana story is played from Rama’s birth to till coronation.• This art is presented during the Dasara festival in Telugu states. Puli Vesham (Tiger dance):• The artist who present this art is known as • Puli Vesham is worn during Dasara and “Soligadu”. Moharrum festivals.206 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The body of the dancers is painted with Yellow, Madivelu Manchaiah, progenitor of Chakali Black lines to give an appearance like a Tiger community. along with a tail. Budabukkala:• The dance is performed with big leaps and jumps like a Tiger. • These are nomadic tribes. • They wander in the streets by holdingBalasanthulavaru: damarukam (small drum) and by saying words• Every day before sunrise, they go from one “Ambapaluku Jagadamba Paluku”. house to another and sing Shaiva stories and ring the bells for walking up the Villagers. Burra Katha: • The people who tell Burra Katha are known• They go to every house in the village and beg alms on a specific day and go to other village. as “Jangams”. They are the devotees of Lord Shiva. In the past, the information ofDomaratta: government policies is spread through Burra• This is also known as circus, performed by Katha . Dommari community. • Father of Burra Katha – Sheik Nazar.• In villages, they perform in a junction by tying • Sheik Nazar was awarded with Padma Shri a rope to the sticks and dances on the rope for spreading Burra Katha all over India. while drums are played. • In Telangana, the popular Burra Katha• This art was mentioned by Palkuriki “Naizam Viplavam and naizam Praja somanatha in his book Panditharadya Vijayam” was written by Adluri Ayodhya Charitra. Ramaiah.
Dakkali Varu:• Dakkali people will only beg before Madiga families by singing the story known as Jambava Puranam.• Jambava Puranam will explain the history of Madiga community.
Kakipadigela Varu:• Kakipadigela Varu will carry the flag (Kaki Dwajam) and will tell the history of Mudiraj community.• They beg only before Mudiraj community be entertaining them.
Patam Varu:• They will explain the Rajaka Puranam of Chakali community through pictures.• Rajaka Puranam is also known as Basava Vijayam. In this, the birth of Chakali community is explained. This is the story of PNR Publications 207 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • It is mentioned in the Royal records called Important Tourist Places, “Gulzar-e-Asafia” that the Royal Musa Khan Heritage sites in Telangana was given one Damri (coin) out of every rupee spent on the construction of Mecca Masjid. (District wise) • The sum of money thus collected were used for the construction of Toli Masjid. Hyderabad DistrictGolconda fort: Taramati Baradari:• Initially it was known as Mankal. • This was constructed by Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah, on the banks of Musi river near• The construction of fort was started in the 12th Golconda fort. century during Kakatiya’s period. • The courtesans during Abul Hasan Tanisha• During Kakatiya’s period, a mud fort was were Taramati and Premavati, who gave constructed on a hill known as “Golla performances in this. Konda” (Round shaped hill).• Later, Qutub Shahi’s constructed the present- Paigah Tombs: day fort with Granite. • Paigah tombs are the tombs belonging to the• Total fort has 87 towers (Bastions) and 8 nobility of Paigah family, who were loyalists gateways (Darwaja’s). the main entrance is of the Nizams. known as “Fateh Darwaja (Victory gate)”. • These are known as the “Taj Mahal of the• Among towers, Platela tower is the biggest. South”.• A hand clap at the entrance reverberates and • These were constructed by using lime, marble can be heard clearly at “Bala Hisar” Pavilion, and slate stone. the highest point almost a Kilometer away. • These are present 4 Kms away to the South• The Cameo (design) on the main entrance of – east of Charminar. the fort is “Svatankriti”. • These are constructed in Mughal andQutub Shahi Tombs: Rajasthani Inclusive style.• These are constructed in Persian, Pathan and Birla Mandir: Hindu styles. • Birla Mandir is constructed in the centre of• The tombs of the Qutub Shahi Sultans lie Hyderabad city, to the South of Hussain Sagar about one Kilometer north of Golconda’s outer on a hillock called Naubath Pahad. wall. In every tomb, there will be Minars, • This was constructed in 1976 by Birla Arches, Columns and Domes. foundation, by using pure white marble brought• Ibrahim Bagh garden is present surrounding from Rajasthan. the tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah. • Sri Venkateshwara Swamy is placed in thisToli Masjid (Mosque): mandir.• Toli Masjid is constructed in 1671 in Qutub • The pictures of Ramayana and Mahabharat Shahi style at Karwan, near Golconda fort. are carved on the inner walls.• It was constructed by Mir Musa Khan, who Ujjaini Mahankali Temple: worked as a royal architect during Abdullah • This temple was constructed in 1815. Qutub Shah.208 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The person played an important role behind • This is known as the Secret lake of its construction and development was Surati Hyderabad Nawabs. Appaiah. • 233 mts., long cable bridge was started in• In 1813, when Cholera broke out in the September, 2020 on this Durgam Cheruvu. Secunderabad city, Surati appaiah went to Shilparamam: Mahankali temple at Ujjaini and prayed that if • It was started at Madhapur, Hyderabad in people are saved from epidemic, he will install 1998. a idol of the Goddess in Secunderabad. • Shilparamam is popularly known as arts and• In 1815, Mahakali idol was installed at crafts village. Secunderabad. Hence, it is named as Ujjaini • This has Rural museum, Art gallery, Rock Mahakali temple. garden and shopping.St. George’s Church: • Rock garden was established by the efforts• It was constructed at East Marredpally. This of Subroto Basu. is known as the 1st Church constructed in • Recently, another Shilparamam was started on Hyderabad. the banks of the River Musi on the Uppal – Nagole road, this is the second ShilparamamSt. Mary Church: in Hyderabad after the one in Madhapur.• Constructed in 1850 at Secunderabad.• It was ancient Roman Catholic Church. Churchill Bungalow (1875):• It was constructed in Indo-Gothic style. • In 1896, when Winston Churchill was working in the army, he resided at a Bungalow namedHussain Sagar: “The Retreat” at Secunderabad.• It is a man-made lake. • Later, Winston Churchill was elected as• It was constructed by Hussain Shah Wali, Brititian Prime Minister from 1940-45 & son-in-law of Ibrahim Quli qutub Shah in the 1951-55. year 1562. • Presently, this Bungalow where Churchill lived• Bronze statues are mounted along the Tank is at Yapral Junction. Bund road of the people who played important Raj Bhavan: role for the development of Telugu culture and • In 1930, it was constructed as a official Hyderabad. residence of Nizam Prime Minister.• The monolithic Buddha statue present in the • Presently it is used as the official residence of middle of the Sagar is the biggest monolithic state governor. Buddha statue in India. This was installed by N.T. Rama Rao. Diwan Devdi:• The Buddha statue with Abhaya Mudra was • Official residence of Nizam Prime Ministers. chiseled out of white granite rock by Ganapati • It was the palace of the nobles, the Salar Stapathi near Rayagiri of Bhuvanagiri. Jungs.• Buddha statue is of 58 feet height and 350 • Presently these are near Madina Hotel, tonnes weight. Charminar in dilapidated condition.Durgam Cheruvu: E.N.T Hospital (1839):• The lake is present between the localities of • This building was constructed by Pestonji & Jubilee hills and Madhapur. Co-company at Koti, Bank Street. PNR Publications 209 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The style of construction is European. • In 1950 it changed as Hyderabad Public• Later, Nizam Government Offiecr Raja School and made available to all students. Pratap Girji bought this building and started Hatiyan Ka Jhad (Elephant Tree): ENT Hospital in it. • It is a type of an African Boabab tree presentGolden Threshold: inside the premises of Naya Qila in Golconda• The Golden threshold building present along fort. the way of Abids to Nampally was the • It is said that it was planted by Qutub Shahi’s. residence of Sarojini Naidu. • It is 79 feet height and has 25 metres in• The name of the building is based on her book circumference. “Golden threshold”. • Similar plant is present in Bonsai Garden ofRashtrapati Nilayam: raj Bhavan.• Rashtrapati Nilayam is at Bollaram, Clock Tower: Secunderabad in 70 acres of area. It was • Secunderabad Clock Tower : in 1860, it was the residency of viceroy during British period. constructed at Secunderabad Railway station• Later it was taken over by the Nizams. road in cantonment area as a memorial for the• Presently, it is President’s Winter Retrat. victory of British army.Erram Manzil (Iram Manzil): • Fateh Maidan Clock Tower : this clock• It was constructed by Nawab Fakhrul Mulk tower construction was started by Nizam Bahadur. Defence Minister Nawab Zaffar Jung Bahadur in 1903.• It was built in Indo – European style. • Mozamjahi Market Clock Tower: it was• This is present in the area between Khairtabad constructed by Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan – Punjagutta. Later, it turned into Era Manzil. in 1935. Presently R & B and irrigation department offices are present in this building. Bridges on Musi River:Cellular Jail (1858): • Puranapool Bridge : constructed by Ibrahim• Cellular Jail was constructed in Gothic style Quli Qutub Shah in 1578. at Tirumalgiri crossroads, Secunderabad. • Chaderghat Bridge : by British government• The Jail is constructed in the “Shape of the in 1834. Cross”. • Nayapul Bridge : constructed by Nizam in• In 1997, INTACH (Indian national trust of 1857 for the transportation between art & culture) Heritage award was presented Charminar and Falaknama. to it. Based on this construction, after 50 years • Muslim Jung Bridge: In 1897 near City Kalpani Jail was constructed at Andaman & college. Nicobar.Hyderabad Public School (1924): Medak District• By the initiation of “Wakefield” Nizam Medak Church: government officer it was established, for the • Medak Cathedral church is the 2nd largest education of children of British officers and Church in Asia. Royal family.210 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The construction was started in 1914 by • In temple, if 11 circumambulations are done Charls Walker Posnett. and a wish is made, if those wishes are fulfilled• Height – 173 feet. the devotees will do 108 circumambulations.• Architect – Thomas Edward Harding. • On this belief, a article was written by Wall• There is intense famine in Medak during world Street Journal. War – I. Sanghi Temple:• During that period, when Medak district was • It is located at Sanghi nagar Rangareddy suffering with famine, then Posnett (an district. evangialist) in order to provide livelihood for • The deity in this temple is Lord them started the construction of the Church Venkateshwara Swamy. (as a food for work Programme). • This temple is constructed on the top of• In this, 5000 members can perform prayers Paramananda Giri hill. at a time. • This is constructed in Chola – Chalukya• The mosaic tiles used in this construction style of architecture. were imported from Britain. • Other temples in Rangareddy district:• This was constructed in Gothic style. 1) Nandeeshwara temple –Medak Fort: Wanaparthy, Yacharam Mandal• This was constructed by Kakatiya’s. 2) Jahangir Peer Dargah.• Previously it was called as Methuku Wild life conservation centres in Durgam. Ranga Reddy District:• It has three main entrances: 1) Pradhana Dwaram. Mrugavani National Park: 2) Simha Dwaram • Present in Chilkur village of Moinabad mandal. 3) Gaja Dwaram. • Indian Government declared it as wildlife sanctuary in 1994.• The main entrance displays the double – headed Gandabherundam (bird), which is Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National the official emblem of Kakatiya’s. Park: • Located at Vanasthalipuram, Rangareddy Ranga Reddy District district.Chilkur Balaji Temple: • Tigers, Deers and other animals are seen here.• This temple is present in Chilkur Village of Vikarabad District Moinabad mandal of Rangareddy district.• Devotees believe that if circumambulations are Anantagiri Hills: done in this temple and a wish is made, the Musi river originates from these hills. • visa will be granted easily. Hence, known as • Dense forests are present in this region. In “Visa God”. summer season, it will be very beautiful. Hence• This temple does not have hundi and don’t known as poor men Ooty or Telangana Ooty. accept gifts. • Anantha Padmanabhaswamy temple is present in these hills. PNR Publications 211 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureVikarabad Adventures: • Hence, it is known as the Pancha Narasimha• Anantagiri hills, Vikarabad. Kshetram.• Anantagiri hills is suitable for rock climbing & • Sri Krishna Devaraya mentioned about this trekking. temple in his autobiography.• These are two trekking trails in the forests. • Telangana government allotted separate funds for the development of this temple. Sangareddy District • as a part of development Meditation centres, Kalyana mandaps, Parks and VedaRamalingeshwara Temple: Patashalas are constructed.• Situated at Nandikonda village of Sangareddy • In 400 acres of land, Narasimha Deer park district. is going to be developed.• This was constructed in Star shape by Kalyani Chalukyas. Surendrapuri: • Hanumadeeshwara temple is present inKashi Vishweshwara temple: Surendrapuri near Yadadri.• Located at Kalabpur village of Sangareddy. • Surendrapuri is a collection of the statues and• This was constructed in 14th Century by sculptures of different temples in India. Kakatiya rulers. This is similar to 1000 pillar • It has tallest Panchamuka Hanuamn Statue. temple. Kolanupaka:Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary: • It is the well known Jaina centre in• It has many species of birds and is home for Telangana. the Vulnerable Mugger Crocodile. • It has many Jain temples. Medchal Malkajgiri District • In 11th Century, Kalyani Chalukyas ruled by making Kolanupaka as their capital.Keesara – Ramalingeswara temple: Bhuvanagiri Fort:• Old name – Kesaragiri. • It was constructed by Western Chalukyas• Mallikarjuna Swamy temple is popular in this ruler Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya-VI in place. 11th century. It was built on a Monolithic rock.• It is known that the Shiva Linga Was installed by Lord Sri Rama. • The fort is on 500 feet height and in 40 acres of area. Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District • Tourism department have started Rock climbing school in this place.Yadagiri gutta (Yadadri): • Tribal student Malavath Purna, who scaled• Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple on the highest peak of Mount Everest took training this hillock is the prominent piligrimage place. from this school.• Here Swamy is seen in 5 forms, such as Jwala • It is extended in 40 acres area and 500 feet Narasimha, Ugra Narasimha, Lakshmi height from the surface of the earth. Narasimha, Gandabherunda Narasimha and Yogananda Narasimha.
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Nizamabad District JayashankarSurya Narayana Temple: Bhupalpally District• Located at Domakonda village of Bodhan in Kaleshwara Mukteshwara Temple: Nizamabad district. • Kaleshwaram is the juncture where• This is popular as 100 pillar temple. Godavari and Pranahita rivers meet.• It was constructed by Indra Vallabha – 3 in • Situated at Mahadevpur mandal of 8th century. Hence, known as Indranarayana Jayashankar Bhupalpally. temple. • The significant feature is two Shiva LingasDichpally Ramalayam: found on a Single Pedestal.• In 17th century, it was constructed on dichpally • Here Lord Shiva and Lord Yama hillock. (Mukteshwara) temples are present.• During Vijayanagara period, temple was • Main feature of attraction is the statue of fish. constructed using black and white stone. Ghanpur Temples:• The sculptures on this temple are similar to • These are popularly known as Kota Gullu. Khajuraho sculptures. Hence, known as • These temples are built during the period of Induru Khajuraho. Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva.Sarangapur Hanuman temple: • It comprises of 22 temples, in which temple• The temple construction was started by of Maha Shiva is the prominent one. Samardha Ramadasu, guru of Chatrapati • It has the statue of Gaja Kesari, with Half Shivaji. Human – Half Lion form which is riding onNavanatha Siddeshwara temple: elephant.• Located at Armoor, Nizamabad district. Mulugu District• Here Lord Shiva is worshipped as Siddeshwara. Laknavaram Lake:Nizamabad fort: • Situated at Govinda Rao Peta of Mulugu• Constructed by Rashtrakutas. district.• There is a big Rama temple on top of the • This lake was constructed by Kakatiya’s for fort constructed by Samarda Ramadasu. agricultural development.• A monolithic 40 feet pillar is present as a mark • It has 13 islands in it and has 160 meters long of victory. hanging bridge, which connects three islands. • This became a tourist attraction becauseMallaram forests: hanging bridge, boating and beautiful• These are situated to the South-West of environment. Nizamabad.• The main attractions are Mallaram lake and Ramappa Lake: trekking view point. • Constructed by Kakatiya’s at Palampet• A stone of 1.45 billion years in the shape of village. mushroom is present here. PNR Publications 213 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBogatha Waterfalls: Khammam fort:• Located at Wazeedu mandal of Mulugu. • This is in middle of Khammam town on• This is the 2nd largest waterfalls in the state. “Stambadri” hillock. • It was constructed in 950 A.D by Kakatiya’s.• This waterfall also known as Telangana Niagara waterfalls. Bhadradri Kothagudem DistrictEturunagaram Wildlife Sanctuary: Bhadrachala Rama Temple:• Located at the borders of Maharashtra, • It was constructed in 17th century during the Chattisagrh and Telangana. period of Golconda Nawab Abul Hasan• Majority are teak trees in this Sanctuary. Tanisha by Tehsildar Kancharla Gopanna with government money. Khammam District • Later he was sent to jail at Golconda fort for misusing the government money.Tirdala Sangameswara Swamytemple: Parnasala:• Located at Tirdala Village (Khammam). • Located at Dummugudem mandal of Bhadradri Kothagudem.• This is located at a place where three rivers • According to legend, it is said that Lord Sri Akeru, Munneru and Buggeru meet. Rama spent 14 year of exile in this place.Jamalapuram Venkateshwara • It is the location where Rama killed Maricha,Swamy temple: who came in disguise of golden deer.• This is known as Telangana Tirupati. Hot Water springs:• Here thousand-year-old Venkateshwara • These are located 5 kms away from Swamy temple is there. Bhadrachalam at Gundala village.Kusumanchi Shiva temple: • These are present in a area of 100 Sq. yards.• Built by Kakatiya’s. • It is believed that the Homa Agni (fire) was dropped by Adishesha and formed into hot• During Kakatiya’s period, Kusumanchi region water springs. was known as Krupamani.• This temple has tallest Shiva linga. Peddapalli DistrictKalluri Venu Gopala Swamy temple: Manthani:• This was built by Rani Rudrama Devi. • From ancient time, it is well known for studying vedas.Nelakondapalli: • Gouthameshwara temple is present here• It is the birth place of Kancharla Gopanna 125 centimetres height Shiva linga of black (Bhakta Ramdas). rock is present here. This was main centre for• During excavations, Buddha statues, miniature Buddhism & Jainism. stupa and other materials of 3rd & 4th century Dhulikatta: were unearthed. • This is a Buddhist centre.• This is a Buddhist centre / Shrin. • During excavations, mahastupas and viharas were unearthed.214 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureRamagiri Fort: Rajanna Siricilla District• From top of the fort, the meeting point of Godavari & Maner rivers can be seen. Vemulawada Raja Rajeshwara• This Fort is also known as “Ratna Garbha”. temple:• This mountain well known for medicinal plants. • This is known as “Dakshina Kasi”. • It was constructed by Vemulawada Chalukya Karimnagar District rulers. • Chalukyas made Vemulawada as their capitalElagandal fort: & ruled.• It was constructed on the banks of Maner • Old names of vemulawada are Lemulawada river, approximately 10 kms distance from and Lembalavatika. Karimnagar. • In this temple, there is a holy tank named• Because of this fort, Karimnagar is called Dharmakundam. as Elagandal. • There is a special tradition known as Kode• Kakatiyas, Bahmani’s, Qutub Shahi’s, Mokku, which is a ritual of making Mughals and Asaf Jahi’s ruled from this fort. Pradakshinam (Circumambulation) of temple• In 1754, Zafar-ud-Doula constructed a with a Kode (bull). Mosque, in which the minarets will oscillate • There is a Dargah inside the temple when shaken. complex, which is a mark of secularism.Bommalamma Gutta:• Situated in Kurikyala village of Karimnagar. Kamareddy District• On this hill, the slokas carved in Telugu, Domakonda fort: Kannada and Sanskrit languages. • Situated at Domakonda village. • It is known as mirror bungalow. Jagityal District • Before it was under the rule of Qutub Shahi’sDharmapuri and Asaf Jahi’s.• Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple. • From 1786 to 1947, it was under the ruler of Kamineni rulers.Raikal• Panchamukha Lingeshwara Temple, Koulas fort: Keshavanatha Swamy Temple. • Situated at Balaghat hills, at an altitude of 1000ft. • Constructed in Semi – Dravidian style.Kotilingala • It has 57 towers and 2 main entances.• Popular as Satavahana’s capital city. • There are 10 cannons across the fort.Jagityal fort: Pocharam Wild life Sanctuary:• It was constructed in collaboration with French • In 1952, Pocharam Wild life Sanctuary was engineers during the reign of Nawab Ibrahim established in Kamreddy district, Pocharam Khan Thimsa, a governor of Mughals in 17th Village. Different types of Birds & animals are century. It is in star shape. seen here. PNR Publications 215 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Siddipet District Avancha Vinayaka: • In Avancha village of Thimmaji peta mandal,Wargal temple: largest monolithic statue of Lord• There is a Vidya Saraswathi temple on the Vinayaka is there. small hillock in Wargal Village. • This is well known as Aishwarya Ganapati and 2nd Kanipakam. Jogulamba Gadwal District • It is the biggest statue in the country.Alampur: • Locally known as “Enkaya Gundu”.• Alampur is situated at the meeting point of • This Vinayaka Statue was built during Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. Western Chalukyas.• On the banks of Tungabhadra river, there is a Dattatreya Temple: Navabrahma temples which include 9 temples • This is located near Makthal. dedicated to Shiva (9 forms of Shiva).• Important temples are Navabrahma temple, Wanaparthy District Jogulamba temple and Bala • Sri Ranga nayaka Swamy temple – Brahmeshwara temple. Sri Rangapuram• Sri Jogulamba Bala Brahmeshwara temple is regarded as 5th Shakti peetha Ghanpur fort: among Astha Dasha Shakti Peethas. • Built by Kakatiyas. • It was ruled by Gona Buddha Reddy, son ofGadwal fort: Kakatiya feudatory Gona Ganna Reddy.• It was constructed in 17th century by Pedda Somabhupala (Somanadri) in Gadwal region Nagarkurnool District this place is known as Vidwadh gadwal.• There is a 32 feet cannon in this fort, which is Somasila Village: largest in the country. • In Kollapur mandal, there is a well-known• This fort is in Chalukya – Persian style. Someshwara temple.• Monolithic statue of Suryanarayana is found • In this village, there is a place where 7 rivers in this fort. meet at a point. People took holy bath here during Krishna Pushkaras, for every 12 years.• There is a temple of Sri Chennakesava Swamy in 90 feet Gali gopuram, which is inside the fort premises. Kollapur:• The designs which are carved on the stone 1. Sri Madhava Swamy temple: walls of temple are printed on Gadwal sarees. • Temple walls are beautifully carved with sculptures which depict 24 aspects of Vishnu Mahabubnagar district and Dasa – avatars of Vishnu.
Pillalamarri: 2. Umamaheshwara Temple:• Pillalamarri is an 700 year old Banyan tree • This temple is named as Northern gateway of located in Mahbubnagar it is the biggest tree Srisailam. in the state.216 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In the temple premises, there is a Shiva Linga Vadapally: which was carved by Pallavas and • It is situated at the meeting point of Krishna Nagarabheri of Vishnukundins. and Musi river.Amrabad Tiger reserve: • There is a Shiva Linga with a crevice on top,• It is spread over in Nallamala forests of situated about 120 metres height above the Nagarkurnool & Nalgonda districts. water level. The significance is that the crevice will be always filled with water.• Krishna river flows through this reserve. • Shiva temple, Agasteshwara temple and• Earlier, it was part of Nagarjunasagar - Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temples are Srisailam Tiger reserve, but post – bifurcation, situated here. the northern part of the reserve is vested with Telangana and renamed as Amrabad Tiger Sri Chaya Someswara temple - reserve. Paragallu: • It was constructed by Kanduri Chodas, whoMallela Thritham Waterfalls: are feudatories to Kakatiya rulers.• Located in Nallamala forests of Nagarkurnool • The temple got its name because of the district: relentless shadow (Chaya) of a pillar which falls over the Shivalingam throughout the day. Nalgonda District • Other temple present here is PachchalaNandikonda village: Someshwara temple.• Located on the banks of Krishna river, near Jadala Ramalingeshwara temple – Nagarjuna Sagar. Cheruvu Gattu• It is a well-known Buddhist centre. Devarakonda fort: • It was constructed on seven hillocks.• Here Excavations have revealed the remains of Buddhist constructions and Aramas. Constructed by Recharla Padmanayak rulers.Nagarjuna Sagar Dam: Suryapet District• It was built on Krishna river in Nandikonda region. Phanigiri:• It is world’s largest masonry dam at a height • It is a well-known Buddhist site. of 124 metres. • During excavations, the remains of Buddha of 1st & 2nd century were unearthed.• It is the biggest stone constructed dam in India.• Its construction was started by Jawaharlal Sambu Lingeshwara Swamy Temple Nehru in 1955 and was completed in the year – Mellacheruvu: 1967. During the construction of the dam, the • It is known as the “Varanasi of the South”. relics of Buddha excavated were preserved in Nagarjuna Konda Museum. Warangal Urban District• In the centre of the Nagarjuna Sagar, there is Warangal Fort: an Island Museum known as Nagarjuna • Sri Sambu Lingeshwara Temple (Svayambu Konda. Temple) and Shrungarapu bavi (lake) are located in this fort. PNR Publications 217 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The fort has four ornamental gates, known as Gayatri Waterfall: Kakatiya Kala Thoranas, which are • Also known as Gadidha Gandam or Mukti constructed with stone. Gandam Waterfall.Bhadrakali Temple: • Located on Kadam river.• Situated at Hanumakonda. Pochera waterfall –• It was built in 625 A.D by Chalukya ruler Situated on Chinnavagu – Adilabad Pulakeshi-II. Kankayi Waterfalls (Kanaka Durga Waterfall) – AdilabadKush Mahal:• It was the resting palace of the then rulers, Kawal wild life sanctuary: situated near Warangal fort. • This is spread over Jannaram (Mancherial• It was built by sh*tab Khan, governor of district), Uttunuru (Adilabad district). Warangal during Qutub Shahi’s. • This was established in 1965.Veerabhadra Swamy Temple – • Kadam river flows through this sanctuary.Kothakonda: • Central government declared it as Tiger• It is situated in Kothakonda of Bhima reserve. Devarapally Mandal. Nirmal District Mahabubabad DistrictGarla: Basara – Gnana Saraswathi Temple:• Sri Venkateshwara Swamy temple in Garla • This is located in Basara on the banks of mandal was constructed by Kakatiya’s. Godavari river. • It is an important Saraswathi temple in India.Bheemunipadam Waterfalls: Many pilgrims perform the “Akshara• Situates in Mahabubabad district. Abhyasam” ceremony of their children. Adilabad District • It is believed that the idol of the Goddess in this temple was installed by Vyas Maharshi.Jainad Temple: • Historically, it was constructed by Bijjaludu,• Sri Lakshmi Narayana temple is situated in Jainad Village. a Karnataka King.• This is known as Sun temple. • In this temple, the Lakshmi and Kali• During morning time, the sun rays falls goddess are also present along with on the feet of the deity. Saraswathi.• This was built during Pallavas. • In Basara, there is cave called as Narahari Muluka.Kuntala Waterfall:• It is located in Kuntala village of Neradigonda Nirmal fort: mandal. • Also known as Shyamghad fort.• It is the highest waterfalls at a height of • Built by French government. 147 feet in Telangana State. • It has 64 towers and 7 gateways.• It is located on Kadem river.218 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Mancherial District Velpula fort: • The fort is built by Zaffar – Ud – Doula.• Gudem Satyanarayana Swamy temple. • There is a Yogananda Nrusimha temple in• Bugga Rajeswara temple (Bellampally). the fort. Hence, this fort is known as Pancha Nrusimha field. Jangaon District
Important Piligrimage places in Telangana District Temples 1.Adilabad Nagoba Temple (Keslapur), Jainath Temple (Jainath), Sun Temple (Jainoor) 2.Asifabad Jangubai Temple (Karameri), Hankidi Shiva Temple, Amba Agastheswara Temple (Chennur). 3.Nirmal Gnana Saraswathi Temple (Basara), Bhimana Temple (Neradigonda), Adelli Maha Pochamma temple 4.Nizamabad Sri Raghunatha Temple, Kanteshwara Temple, Deval Masjid, Ramalayam (Dichpally),100 Pillar temple (Bodhan), Bada Pahad Durgah, Hanuman temple (Sarangapur), Navanath Siddeswara Temple (Armoor) 5.Mancherial Satyanarayana Swamy temple (Gudem), Bugga Rajeswara temple. 6.Karimnagar Trikuta temple – Naganur 7.Peddapalli Mallikarjuna Swamy temple (Odela), Veda Patasala (School) – Manthani and Mantrakuta temple (Manthani). 8.Rajanna Siricilla Raja Rajeswara, Bhimeswara temples (Vemulawada). 9.Jagityal Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy (Dharmapuri), Kesavanantha Swamy temple (Raikal), Anjaneya Swamy temple (Kondagattu), Dubba Rajanna Swamy temple (Pembatla). 10.Kamareddy Bugga Ramalingeshwara temple (Maddikunta), Siddi Rameshwara temple (Bhiknoor), Kala Bhairava temple (Rama reddy), Basaveshwara temple (Shakkar bagh) 11.Medak Vana Durga Bhavani (Edupayala), Chamundeshwari temple (Chitkalu), Anjaneya Swamy temple (Chakarimetla), Tambureshwara temple (Velpugonda), Jaina temple (Kolcharam) 12.Sanga Reddy Kasi Vishveshwara temple (Kalabgoor), Bramaramba Mallikarjuna temple (Beeram Guda), Kethaki Sangameshwara temple (Jharasangam), Panchavati Kshetram (Raghavapur). 13.Siddipet Koti Lingeshwara temple (Siddipet), Nachagiri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple (Gajwel), Komaravelli Mallanna, Wargal Saraswati temple, Varada Raja Swamy temple (Jagadevpur). 14.Medchal- Rama lingeshwara Swamy temple (Kesara Gutta), Malkajgiri Ratnalayam (Shamirpet). 15.Yadadri- Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple (Yadadri), Bhuvanagiri Jaina Temple (Kolanupaka). PNR Publications 219 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture16.Ranga Reddy Shaneshwara temple (Madanapalli), Balaji temple (Chilkur), Sita Rama Swamy temple (Ammapalli).17.Hyderabad Sun temple (Tirumalgiri), Ujjaini Mahankali (Secunderabad), Kandikal Chitra Gupta temple (Secunderabad), Peddammathalli temple (Jubilee Hills), Birla Mandir.18.Vikarabad Ekambareshwara temple (Vikarabad), Sita Rama Swamy temple (Juntupalli), Buggharameshwara temple (Buggha), Bhookailasa temple (Thandoor), Anantha Padmanaba Swamy temple (Ananthagiri).19.Warangal Svayambu temple (Warangal), Bhadrakali temple (Warangal), Urban 1000 pillar temple (Hanumakonda).20.Warangal Rural Mallikarjuna Swamy temple (Inavolu), Shiva temple (Pakala).21.Jangaon Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple (Palakurthi), Veerachala Sita Rama Chandra Swamy (Jidikal)22.Mahabubabad Bhimudi Padam (Gudoor), Veera Bhadra Swamy temple (Koravi), Venkateshwara Swamy (Narasimhula peta).23.Khammam Stambadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy24.Bhadradri Sita Rama Swamy temple (Bhadrachalam). Kothagudem25.Suryapet Chenna Kesava temple (Pillalamarri), Sun temple (Adavi devulapalli)26.Nalgonda Mallanna Swamy temple (Eleshwaram), Chaya Someshwara temple (Pangal).27.Nagarkurnool Someshwara temple (Somasila), Uma maheshwara temple (Uma Maheshwaram).28.Jogulamba Anjaneya Swamy temple (Bichupalli), Navabrahma, Jogulamba temple (Alampur). Gadwal29.Wanaparthy Ranga Nayaka Swamy Temple (Sri Ranga Swamy).30.Mahabubnagar Avancha Vinayaka, Dattatreya Swamy temple.31.Jaya Shankar Kaleshwara Mukteshwara temple. Bhupallapalli Forts in Telangana District Forts 6.Adilabad Vaduru fort, Utnoor fort.1.Kamareddy Domakonda fort, Koulas fort 7.Peddapalli Ramagiri Qila.2.Karimnagar Elagandal fort, Mulanguru 8.Nirmal Nirmal fort. fort, Nagunur fort. 9.Asifabad Sirpurfort, Devadurgam fort.3.Wanaparthy Ganapur Qila, Wanaparthy 10.Mancheriyal Gandhari Qila. Gadi fort, Panagal fort, 11.Jogulamba Gadwal Gadwal fort Chandraghad fort, Tivudam Palle fort. 12. Nizamabad Induru fort4.Nalgonda Devarakonda fort, Vadapalli 13. Ranga Reddy Rachakonda fort, Jannai fort, Kannekal fort. Gudem Durgam.5.Yadadri- Bhuvanagiri Qila, 14. Hyderabad Golconda fort Bhuvanagiri Rajapet fort, Raigiri fort. 15. Jangaon Velupula konda, Zaffar Gadh.220 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Buddhist & Jain centres in Telangana Social Evils in Telangana – Jain centre District1. Kolanupaka Yadadri – Bhuvanagiri Position of Women2. Bodhan Nizamabad • In Telangana, the important social evils which are prevailing from ancient times are Jogini and3. Potla Cheruvu Sanga reddy Devadasi system. (Patan cheruvu)4. Munulagutta Karimnagar Jogini System:5. Kulcharam Medak • In this system, the girl child will be left in the name of the god, this is an barbaric tradition.6. Jogipet Medak • Jogini system is related to Veera Shaiva7. Kurikyala Karimnagar tradition.8. Hanumakonda Warangal Urban • This is Dravida tradition and the culture9. Vemulawada Rajanna Siricilla of lower castes.10. Panagal Nalgonda Note: Devadasi system is related to the culture11. Gollathagudi Mahabubnagar of Aryans and Upper castes. • Mainly Dalit women are affected by thisBuddhist Centres: system of social evil.Buddhist Centre District • It is the residue of landlord system / feudal1. Dhulikatta Peddapalli system.2. Mirjam pet Peddapalli • Women are sexually harassed in the name of tradition and religion. Hence, it is known as3. Kotilingala Jagityal the prostitution in the name of religion.4. Pashigam Jagityal • After the down fall of Kakatiya’s, Jogini5. Tambalapalli Jagityal system was spread into United Andhra6. Phanigiri Suryapet Pradesh from Basavirandra region of7. Tirumalagiri Suryapet Karnataka.8. Badhanakurti (Bavari) Nirmal • The Unmarried girls and girl child if married to Goddess, they are known as Jogini. If they9. Kondapur Sangareddy are married to male god, they are known as10.Nagarjuna Konda Nalgonda Basavi.11.Gajula banda Nalgonda • “Jogimara” inscription of 3rd century B. C,12.Nelakondapalli Khammam mentions about the Jogini and Devadasi13.Chaitanyapuri Hyderabad system. This inscription is present in the14.Mahuru (Buddhist cave) Komaram Bheem Jogimara caves of Chattisgarh.15.Vardhamanu fort Mahabubnagar • The French religious Preacher Abbe Dubois, mentions about the Jogini tradition which was prevalent during Kakatiya’s period in his book “Hindu manners, customs and ceremonies” Note: the tradition of dedicating the women to the Goddess is known as “Theogamy”. PNR Publications 221 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In Telangana, majority of Joginis are present • Bhagya Reddy Varma made efforts for the in Karimnagar district. eradication of Devadasi and Jogini System in• In this district, they are known as “Parvati”. Hyderabad Province through this mandali.• In Telangana, the only district without Jogini • In 1980, Nizamabad Assistant Collector system is Khammam. Appa Rao and in 1985, Nizamabad• Intensive research was done by Hemalatha Collector Smt. Asha Murthy did efforts for Lavanam on the System of Jogini. the Rehabilitation of Joginis & for the eradication of Jogini system.Organizations formed for the eradication Government Initiations:of Jogini System: Andhra Pradesh Devadasis (ProhibitionSamskar – 1974, Vijayawada: of Dedication ) Act, 1988:• Chairman – Lavanam, Secretary – • As per this act, the system of Jogini, Devadasi Hemalatha Lavanam. and Basavi are prohibited.• This organization was established to bring • According to this act, any dedication of girls change in the individual and social lives of in the name of Jogini, Basavi, Parvathi, Joginis. Mathamma, Tayamma will be punished with• Samskar and NISA organizations together the imprisonment. established Chelli Nilayam (Sister’s Home) for Jogini in Varni village of Nizamabad Devadasi System: district in 1987. • In India, Devadaasi system is prevalent from ancient times.NISA(National Institute of Social Action): • Dedication of a girl to a temple is the Devadasi system. Devadasis dedicate their rest of life in• This voluntary organization was started by the service to God. Kumud Ben Joshi, the governor of United Andhra Pradesh. Under the aegis of this, • Devadasi system is related to Vaishnava National Conference on the development of tradition. Joginis took place in 1987 in New Delhi. • This is the culture of Aryans and Upper Caste.Aashray (1993): • According to this, in a family one girl from each• A voluntary organization founded by Grace generation are married to the deity in the temple. Nirmala. • The word Devadasi in Sanskrit means Women• This rescued the teenage girls from becoming Servant of God. Joginis. • The Devadasis were experts in literature and• Provided education to the women who came fine arts. They used to sing and dance before out of Jogini system. the gods in temples.• This organization run the newspaper “Dalit”, • The Dances done by these people were known for bringing awareness among Joginis. as Sadar, Darbar Play, Nettuva Melam,Jagan Mitra Mandali (1906): Kacheri Play.• Jagan Mitra Mandali was established by Note: Sadar dance was developed as Bhagya Reddy Varma in 1906. Bharatanatyam by Rukmini Devi Arundale.
222 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In Devadasi, Matriarchal system is followed. Prostitution:• In Muslims, dedication of girls to Dargah is • This was encouraged for the happiness of Known as “Achyuthis” system. Nawabs, Officers and Upper caste people• Girl married to Holy Quran is known as during Nizam period. “Bibi”. • They are known as Tawaif.Stuggle against Devadasi: • Tawaif was courtesan, who sings and dances• Bhagya Reddy Varma fought for the for the happiness of men. eradication of Jogini and Devadasi system • Later, the courtesan were turned as through his organization “Manya Sangam”. Prostitutes.• In Telangana, research on Devadasi system • The system of Tawaif is only seen in Telangana. was done by Narayana Swamy, Gadiyaram Paradah System: Ramakrishna and Kala Krishna. • Paradah system is the oldest system. It is not• Muthu Lakshmi Reddy (TN), Raghupati born in our region. Venkata Ratnam Naidu fought for the eradication of devadasi system. • Muslims of North India introduced this system into our society.Government Initiatives: • Muslims and Rajput women observe the• Protection as per Constitution / Constitutional Paradah system to hide themselves from Protections: outsiders.• Article 23: Abolition of Vetti Chakiri (Bonded • In Telangana it was spread during the period labour) and Devadasi system. of Qutub Shahis.• Article 24: Prohibition of Human Trafficking.• Acts: Prevention of Dedication of women act – 1930. Devadasi Abolition Act – 1947.P. Raghunath Rao Commission:• This is a single member commission.• It was appointed to study the conditions by which girls are forced into Devadasi and Jogini system and their problems.• It was appointed by the Chief Minister N. Kiran Kumar Reddy.
Adapapa System:• The practice of keeping the girl child as slaves by Zamindars and officers is called Adapapa system.• This is mainly seen with lower caste people.• The officers used the girl child as a Prostitute. Marriage will not be performed to her. PNR Publications 223 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Mulki movement and its emergence12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• The word mulk means country (one’s • The differences between aphakis and motherland) and mulki is the local of that deccanies reached its peak and led to the country. Gair mulki or non-mulki is a downfall of Bahmanis empire in 1527. foreigner or an outsider of that country. • 5 small kingdoms emerged with the downfall• The problem between mulki and non-mulki of Bhamanis empire. Golconda Qutubshah’s was there from the Bahmani’s period. empire is one among them.The origin of mulki issue during QUTUBSHAH’S period:Bahmani’s period: • As a result of breakdown of Bahmani empire,• After the decline of Kakatiyas, Bahmanis ruled Qutub shah dynasty was emerged and Quli the Deccan region and during 14th century the Qutb Shah, the founder was also an aphaki armies of khilji and tughlaq (Delhi sultanate (came from Iran) clans) along with many Muslims migrated to • As Quli qutbshah witnessed the breakdown deccan region (southern India) and got settled. of Bahmani Empire, so with that experience They were called as deccanies. he offered more jobs to deccanies.• During the same period many muslims from • They hired local people (mulkis) in most of west Asian countries like Iran, Iraq, Arabia the jobs and encouraged the local language and Turkey came to India and got settled in Telugu. the Bahmani’s empire. They were called as • Abul Hassan Tanisha, the qutubshah’s king Aphakis meaning non-local or foreigner. appointed telugu people in important positions.• During the course of time deccanies were Like Akkanna was employed as peshkar regarded as mulkis and aphakis as non- and Madanna was employed as mulkis. mahamantri.• Ahmed shah, the 3rd king of Bhamanis • Mulki issue was not arised during qutubshah appointed Mohammed Gavan as prime period because they respected the local minister who was an aphaki. Mohammed language and culture and also hired locals in Gavan made many reforms for better most of the jobs. administration and appointed aphakis in prominent jobs. ASAFJHA’S period: In 1724 Nizam ul mulk established Asafjha •• These aphakis ruled trading bussiness and dynasty in Hyderabad. became strong financially, socially and were hired in high positions in Bahmanis Empire. • He came to Hyderabad (1724) along with his followers who were loyal to him and made• This led to the conflict between deccanies them ministers and appointed few of them in (mulkis) and aphakis (non-mulkis) noble jobs. Their descendants got settled in• Difference in their religious sects also increased the deccan region. conflicts between the two as Aphakis • Thereafter, the mulki problem was aroused belongs to Shia sect of islam and deccanies belongs to Sunni sect of islam. during the period of Afzal Ud Daulah, the 5th nizam and led to the start of mulki movements.224 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During asafjhahi’s period the conflict between • By this mulkis developed hatredness towards mulkis and non-mulkis took place in three gair mulkis or non mulkis. phases. • Salarjung took several measures to stop the1st phase (1853 - 1883): influence of non mulkis, because increasing population of non-mulkis in Hyderabad state• Reasons behind the rise of mulki issue during may affect the culture and politics of deccan. the period of 5th Nizam. They were:• In 1853 Salarjung-I was appointed as Diwan Non mulki officers have to take special of Hyderabad. permission to meet nizam family, diwan,• Salarjung-I made many administrative and british resident and other nawabs. revenue reforms in Hydersbad state. Non mulki officers cannot be given titles• These reforms made kayasthas and khatris and jagirs. of north India to migrate to Hyderabad state To stop the domination of non mulkis on to acquire jobs. army, he won’t employed them in army jobs.• Sayyed Ahmed Khan and Aminuddin Khan, Rejected the proposal of non mulkis to who were appointed as assistants of Salarjung- make urdu as official language in place of I played an important role for the arrival of Persian language. non-mulkis. • Salarjung-I tried to establish a balance• People who knew English were brought from between mulkis and non mulkis. Madras province to Hyderabad for • Salarjung used to say that though the non administrative requirements and appointed them in decent posts. mulkis are skilled they can’t claim the same status as local people who are loyal to nizam• Due to collapse of Mughal empire after the from generations. sepoy revolt in 1857, many people lost their jobs in north india, so they came to Hyderabad 1st Mulki orders (1868): state in search of jobs and got settled. • With the will to educate mulkis and appoint• Eventhough salarjung did not like to employ them in government jobs , for the first time in non-mulkis in Hyderabad state, but some 1868 Salarjung I issued orders to employ indispensable situations made him to appoint only mulkis in all the administrative educated people of Aligarh University in offices of Hyderabad during the period of Hyderabad state. 5th nizam Afzal ud daulah• Officers who were trained in British India and 2nd Phase (1884-1911): who held positions were hired as Diwanis. • The mulki and non mulki conflicts reached its• Salarjung thought that the employees from peak during 6th Nizam Mir Mahboob Ali Khan outside who were skilled would train the local period. employees and would return to their place which was not happened in reality. • After the death of Salarjung-I in 1883 Salarjung II became the Prime Minister• Non mulkis who held high positions in (Diwan). He was biased towards non- Hyderabad state unnecessarily divided their mulkis. departments to create new jobs and employed their friends and relatives from North India in • With the pressure of non mulkis salarjung-II the new posts. made Urdu as official language in place of
PNR Publications 225 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Persian language in 1884 during 6th Nizam 2. According to this gazette, persons who had (Mir Mahboob Ali Khan) period. settled at least for 12 years in the state were• Similarly, he introduced English as mandatory considered as mulkis. language with the British motive. 3. Ordered to fill all the posts in nizam state with• Making Urdu as official language and English the citizens of their country based on their as mandatory, reduced the importance of eligibility without the interference of foreigners. mulkis in job opportunities because mulkis 4. Non mulkis had to take special permission were not skilled in both the languages. from prime minister to get into a job.• In addition, non mulkis were paid higher • Even after the release of gazette, hiring of non salaries than mulkis. The mulkis were seen as mulkis in jobs grew up. second-class citizens. Hindu - Muslim mulki issues:• Mulkis gave a request letter to Mahboob Ali Khan saying that salarjung-II was biased • Though 90% of the population were hindus, towards non mulkis. The letter was called as most of the jobs were filled with non-mulki ‘mulki patram’. Mahboob Ali Khan muslims whose population was just 10% in responded immediately and ordered salarjung- the state, which led to hindu - muslim clashes. II to prepare a list of employees who were Employee’s civil list- 1894: appointed based on their nativity in the state. • Without considering Mahboob Ali Khan khan,• With this in 1886 1st employees civil list was the 6th nizam instructions, Salarjung II prepared. continued to benefit the non mulkis whichEmployee’s civil list-1886 escalated the mulki movement. By this in April, 1887 salarjung II resigned as diwan.• According to the list • Under the reign of new diwan, employee’s civil Employed mulkis -246 (52%) list was realeased in 1894. Expenditure on their salaries- 42% • Total no. of gazetted employees in Hyderabad Employed non mulkis – 230 (48%) state was 680. Expenditure on their salaries – 58% Among them mulki employees were 233• This report escalated the mulki movement, as Non-mulkis were 447. non mulkis were filled in 50% of the jobs and • In total 680 employees there were only 63 were paid more than mulkis. hindus, among them only 20 were mulki hindus.• To control the movement Mahboob Ali Khan • According to 1886 employee’s civil list, the released a gazette in favour of mulkis in 1888. No. of non-mulki employees was 230, has1888-Gazette (Jarida) increased from 230 to 447 by 1894.• On job appointments, 6th nizam, Mahboob Maharaja Kishan Parshad: Ali Khan released a gazette in 1888 • In 1901 Maharaja Sir Kishan Parshad was (according to Islamic calendar it was on 15th appointed as diwan who was a hindu mulki. of month rabi ul sani of year 1301 ). • He stood by mulkis side and controlled theAccording to this gazette: dominance of non mulkis.1. 1st time the word ‘mulki’ was used in this • Kaasan Walker who was finance minister to gazette. Kishan Parshad, hired many non mulkis in jobs. 226 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Kaasan Walker divided Urdu into Northern • He was the 1st Hindu mulki graduate in Urdu and Southern Urdu. He also criticized, Hyderabad state. that the civilised non mulkis speaks Northern • In 1908, he was appointed as Hyderabad Urdu and uncivilised mulkis speaks Southern high court chief justice. Urdu. With this direct war was started between Note: Hyderabad high court was established diwan, Kishan Parshad and Kaasan Walker. in 1890.• Because of Kishan Parshad, Mulkis were partially successful in this movement. Employment and• In 1910, the government released a Civil Services rules under notification for the protection of mulkis. Mir Osman Ali Khan,According to 1910 notification:• Non mulki jobs were considered as temporary. VII Nizam’s Firmaan of• Job recruitment should be done not by political 1919 and definition of mulki intervention but by written test. 3rd Phase (1911-1948):• The locals need to be appointed in those positions when they have sufficient • After the death of Mir Mahboob Ali Khan in qualifications. Non locals can’t be appointed. 1911, VII nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan became the ruler.• Kishan Parshad, who had worked hard for the rights of mulkis, is considered as godfather • With the suggestions of educational of mulki movement. conference, Mir Osman Ali Khan established Osmania University in 1918.Magazines: • This university started Urdu as medium of• In those times, many journals published news Instruction. and editorials concerning Mulki, non-mulki • However, while preparing the text books of issue. Osmania university, in urdu translation• ‘Hyderabad recorder’ used to publish news department, many non-mulki officers were in favour of mulki rights. there belongs to north india.• The magazine ‘Ilahibaksh’ which was on • They used lakhnavi Urdu of north india in favour of non mulkis questioned “where we textbooks instead of deccan Urdu which is find a clever mulkis who can administer spoken by local people. Hyderabad”. • Deccani urdu was used by mulkis and lakhnavi• ‘The mohammadin’ magazine which was on urdu was used by non-mulkis. With this, non-mulkis side, published that the non language also created differences between mulkis were descendants of people who mulki and non-mulki. were invited by Salarjung.• In 1912, Mir Osman Ali Khan removed • Osmania University was successful in Kaasan Walker as finance minister. producing educated citizens but failed to make government officers.Rai Balamukund: • At the same time, Nizam College with English• In 1885, Hyderabad old city student Rai as its medium of teaching became successful Balamukund graduated in B.A from Madras in producing government officers. University. PNR Publications 227 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The children of Mulki went to Osmania Important objects of Firmaan: University, while the children of non-mulkis 1) Person who satisfies any one of the following went to Nizam College. conditions was considered as mulki• In this way, academic differences had a) Should born in Hyderabad state increased the problem between them. b) Should be a resident of Hyderabad• As a result of mulki, non-mulki issue, theories c) By the time of birth of a child, his/her father like deccan nationalism and sovereignty must have completed 15 years of tenure of muslims in deccan was emerged. as government employee.Deccan nationalism: d) For a woman, she must be a wife of Mulki.• Urdu professor of Osmania University, 2) If his/her father was a mulki by the time of Dr.Jorey proposed the concept of “The their birth, they are considered as mulkis. Deccani Nationalism”. 3) A person is considered to be a mulki, if he• Along with him other professors of OU tried completes 15 years of permanent residence to protect Mulkis and Deccani Urdu. in Hyderabad state and also has to submit an• Idara-E-Adabiath-E-Urdu library was affidavit by the magistrate stating that he do started by OU Mulki professors in 1930 and not return to his former place. used to publish articles related to Deccani 4) If a Mulki woman marries a non-mulki man Nationalism. and do not leave the residence in Hyderabad• This library played a key role in the state, is considered to be a Mulki and her rights development of Mulkis, who were beyond as mulki are preserved. caste and religion. Mulkis supported the 5) A Mulki woman, who lives outside the principle of Deccan Nationalism Hyderabad state after marrying a non-mulki• Deccan Nationalist leaders gave the slogan man and if she returns back to the state as a “long live Nizam, the royal embodiment permanent resident after his death or after of Deccan Nationalism”. divorcing him, is considered to be a Mulki. But her children are not considered as MulkisMuslim sovereignty: if they do not satisfy Mulki rules.• The theory of Muslim sovereignty has emerged 6) By following the above said rules and against Deccan Nationalism. conditions Talukdars were given authority• Initially this theory was supported only by to issue Mulki Certificates. Non-Mulkis. 7) The Mulki certificate application form consists• Later, this principle divided Mulkis into hindus of all the mandatory information of a person and muslims and gained the support of mulki and the person has to agree that the furnished muslims which weakened the Mulki details are true. He has to attach a promissory movement. note that he is liable for punishment by court• The Muslim Sovereignty theory was widely under provision-9 if the furnished details are used by Razakars in the later period. wrong.1919 Firmaan – Definition of Mulki: 8) If the application form for the grant of mulki• To protect mulki rules, Mir Osman Ali Khan certificate was rejected, he has to apply again issued a Firmaan in 1919. These are called within a month to Subedar. The decision of Mulki Rules. Subedar is final.
228 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture9) If a person furnishes false information to Society of Union and Progress: consider him as a mulki as per provision-7, • In 1926, Hyderabad students who were his certificate can be cancelled if it recognised studying in London, formed society of union by government or police department and progress organisation in London.10) In the same way, according to provision 1 (a), • This organisation motivated people towards (b) and (c) if a person is disobedient towards to establish a responsible government. Hyderabad state and participates directly or Hyderabad association: indirectly in activities against state politics and • The Hyderabad Association was started works against the benefits of government, then under barrister Kishan in 1930. their mulki rights will be abolished. • This association demanded to form a• According to this firmaan, Civil services responsible government and to bring executive council was established for the administrative reforms. selection of employees. This was an 1933 Firmaan: independent body. • In 1930, Khan Sahebs from Punjab were• In 1938, this civil service executive council directly appointed in many higher position jobs appointed a committee to study about civil in Hyderabad state. services. • With this, promotions of local employees got• According to the report of the committee, by affected. This triggered mulki non-mulki issue again. To lessen the discontent of mulkis, Mir issuing a firmaan on 27th April, 1947 Osman Ali Khan issued a Firmaan in 1933. hyderabad public service commission was • According to this firmaan, priority will be given formed. to educated and efficient Mulkis in• This commission consists of a chairman and 4 employement recruitment. members. With the recommendations of • In Hyderabad state, non-mulkis will be executive council chairman, Nizam appoints appointed temporarily only. them. • Hyderabad kotwal, Raja Venkatarami ReddyOsmania Graduates Association: supported Mulki activists in all aspects. • People of the state and Mulki activists• In 1920, Mulki political organisation was conducted a public meeting to thank nizam, formed in Hyderabad province, in the name Mir Osman Ali Khan for issuing a firmaan in of Osmania Graduates Association. favour of Mulkis.• This organisation currently operates several Mulki activists who attended the public educational institutions in Telangana. meeting:• Exhibition society was also established by • Kumari Padmajanaidu this organisation. • Boorgula Ramakrishna RaoHyderabad state reforms: • Mandamula Narsingarao• In 1921, few educated people of Hyderabad • Mir Akbar Ali Khan started Hyderabad state reforms organisation. • Dr. Lateef Sayyid• The aim of this organisation was to achieve • Raja Dhonderaj constitutional reforms. • Nawaz Shamsheer Jung. PNR Publications 229 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • Nizam Mulki league declared their obedience Nizam Subjects League-1935 to Nizam. Also declared that their movement (Nizam Mulki League) is to protect deccan culture and its language.• In 1935, mulki activists started an organisation • Tried to protect Nizam State’s royal rights. called Nizam subjects league • With the pressure of Nizam subjects league,• In urdu it is called as Jamiath Rifayame the then government formed a committee under Nizam and in telugu it is called as Nizam the leadership of Aaravamudam Iyyangar and prajala Sangham. upon his recommendations ammendments were made to Mulki rules in 1939, and given• Slogan given by this league was – more protection to Mulkis. Hyderabad for Hyderabadis • Initially, Nizam showed a positive attitude• President of this league was – towards the league and gave importance to Nawab Sir Nizamat Jung its goals. But the mention of Responsible• Sir Nizamat Jung worked as political minister Government made Nizam to become anger. in Nizam’s council of ministers. • Initially the people were enthusiastic to join• Vice presidents of this organisation was Dr. the league but the anger of Nizam made them Lateef Sayyid and Ramachandra Nayak to step back.• Treasurer was Barrister Noushid Chinay • Some muslim intellectuals who were influenced• Secretaries were Sayyid Abid Hassan, by the ideology of muslim sovereignty left the Boorgula Ramakrishna Rao and Srinivas league and joined in organisation ‘Ittehadul Sharma. Muslimin’. With this Nizam subjects league• Executive members of this organisation : was annulled in 1939. working committee of this organisation was Formation of people’s convention: formed with 18 members • In 1937, a split in Mulki League made Hindus 1) Raja Bahadur Venkataramireddy to come out of the league and start Peoples 2) Vaman Nayak Convention. 3) Nawab Bahadur Yarjung • Note: Mulki league leader, Sayyid Abid 4) Kashinathrao Vaidya Hassan wrote a book called WITHER 5) Akbar Alikhan HYDERABAD. 6) Mandamula Narsingrao Bahadur Aaravamudam Iyyangar 7) Mir Hassanoddin (Editor for committee: ‘Mamlakath’ Newspaper) etc. • For political reforms in Nizam state, theSignificance of Nizam Mulki League: Nizam government appointed Aaravamudam• Protecting the rights of Mulki people. Iyyangar committee in 1937.• League tried to make the government to be • This committee submitted its report in 1938. responsible for legislative assembly which was • Following suggestions were made by the elected by people. committee regording employment.• Tried to create a friendly environment between Job appointments should be done by different castes and groups so that they could following Mulki Rules strictly. cooperate each other.230 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture By following the recommendations of the speaking people. Telugu encouraging people committee, the definition of Mulki has been were appointed in jobs so that they could give made stringent in article 39 in the year 1945. more importance to Telugu than Urdu. While appointing candidates in government c) The government decided to abolish the jobs, their efficiency, skills and moral Jagirdari System and thought to bring the land behaviour has to be considered. Without management under revenue department. For showing partiality, positions have to be this they decided to create a new job category filled. and make appointments. Special system has to be established for d) To stabilize the economic conditions of the appointment of Govt. employees Nizam’s government and to bring normal situation in the state, Vellodi government Violation of Mulki rules appointed more than 200 officials of Indian Union. from 1948-52 during Military and Vellodi rule e) During Nizam’s time, employees who participate in politics and indulges in corruption and who misuse their cadre were removedMilitary rule – Vellodi’s government from their jobs.employment policies: • New government decided to appoint• In between 1948-1952 Hyderabad state has employees considering their moral standards been merged into the Indian federal system and for the same they appointed M.A.Rahman and faced a lot of chaotic situations socially, as public service commission officer after economically and politically. The government independence. This created job opportunities recognised the necessity of making people confident of the newly emerging state by for few. Military officer Chowdary himself ensuring law & order and economic stability. studied few cases and appointed employees.• Some innovative job recruitment procedures f) New government made reforms in Military and have been implemented to perform this Police departments. Till the date of police responsibility. They are: action Hyderabad Army was 17,870. Thisa) Police jobs during Nizam’s period- More than number was reduced to 10,415 because they 90 percent of civil jobs were represented by thought that the state does not need such a a single social class. The government huge army. recognised the importance of participation of • In later period, the police staffs were also all social categories in the department, reduced who were appointed during police especially in armed forces. action. Based on the requirement, officers and At least by 1 January, 1954 government st staff were appointed in districts and priority decided to fill 60% of the posts by other was given to non-muslims also. category people. Intend to keep peace and g) After Second World War, people who security, the government appointed armed resigned from the army were appointed in new forces from Madras, Central Province and jobs by Directorate of Rehabilitation. Bombay. • Directorate of Rehabilitation functioned forb) Government decided to give priority toTelugu some more time after the merging of language in administration as most of the Hyderabad state with Indian union and hired people in Hyderabad state were Telugu employees. PNR Publications 231 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Cultureh) Employment exchanges were set up to fill • M.K.Vellodi appointed Andhra officers as lower level and mid-level jobs in government. chief administrators, whose position was Among them one was in Hyderabad, one was above district collectors of Hyderabad state. in Warangal and the third one was in • It was worse to the extent that the Tahsildar Aurangabad. of Krishna district, Ramachandra Rao was• These Employment exchanges of these regions appointed as chief administrator for used to make appointments to private Hyderabad district. companies in government department. • Andhra officers who were appointed in suchi) For increasing the job opportunities of skilled a way called their relatives and friends from labour and technical professionals ‘Bikaner their region and appointed them in jobs. training institute’ was established and every • These employees from Andhra accustomed year 1200 members used to get trained in 20 to corruption & bribery. different areas. • Padmaja Nayudu referred the corruption issue• Through operation Polo, a military action on in the parliament and Valla Bhai Patel replied 17th September, 1948 Nizam rule came to that the corruption & bribery already exists an end in Hyderabad state and merged with and it is not new to Hyderabad state. Indian Union. • Newspaper “The star of Hyderabad” published that Mulki rules are violated many• J.N.Choudary from Bengal worked as times in Hyderabad state after merging with Hyderabad military governor from September India. 1948 to December 1949. • Hundreds of non-Mulkis entered into the• From January, 1950 to March, 1952 government under the revival of the M.K.Vellodi (from Kerala) operated as administrative structure of the Hyderabad chief minister of the state. State.• As both J.N. Choudary and M.K. Vellodi • Andhra officers who got jobs in this way have both were non locals, so the influx of outsiders begun to dominate and mistreat Telangana continued to Telangana. people.• In the name of modernisation of regime in • They mocked and ill-treated Telangana culture Hyderabad state M.K.Vellodi introduced and language. English and Telugu as official languages in place • The above reasons led to Gair-Mulki of Urdu. movement in 1952.• After the end of Nizam rule J.N.Choudary started appointing non-locals who knew English for administrative purposes.• Firstly, he appointed people from Kerala, then Tamilians from Madras and lastly, he appointed telugu (Andhra) people from Madras.• Showing the reason that the people of Telangana did not know English language, government appointed many Andhra people in Telangana jobs indiscriminately.
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The formation of cabinet under the leadership of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao• By 1950, according to constitution, four Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan took charge different types of states existed in India. They as Hyderabad Rajpramukh and M.K.Vellodi were categorised into Part-A, Part-B, Part- who was the then prime minister took charge C and Part-D. as Hyderabad civil chief minister.• Part-A: British governed provinces 1952 Elections• Part-B: Princely states with legislature • Elections were held in February 1952 for• Part-C: Chief Commissioner Areas the first time in the Hyderabad Legislative• Part-D: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Assembly. There were 16 districts in the thenStates in Part-A: Hyderabad state. 1. Assam 2. Bihar Telangana - 8 Marathwada - 5 3. Bombay 4. Madhya Pradesh Kannada - 3 5. Madras 6. Orissa 8 Districts of Telangana: 7. Punjab 8. United Province 1. Hyderabad 2. Karimnagar 9. West Bengal 3. Nalgonda 4. MedakStates in Part-B: 5. Mahboobnagar 6. Adilabad 1. Hyderabad 2. Jammu-Kashmir 7. Nizamabad 8. Warangal 3. Madhya Bharat 4. Mysore • From these 8 districts Telangana had a total 5. Patiala 6. Rajasthan of 95 legislators. 7. Sourashtra • Telangana region was 50% in area in the then 8. Travancore Cochin Hyderabad state. 9. Vindhya Pradesh 5 districts of Marathwada:States in Part-C: 1. Nanded 2. Osmanabad 1. Ajmer 2. Bhopal 3. Bilaspur 4. Cooch Bihar 3. Parbani 4. Berar 5. Coorg 6. Delhi 5. Aurangabad 7. Himachal Pradesh 8. Kutch • 44 legislators were there from these 5 districts. 9. Manipur 10. Tripura • It was 28% in area of Hyderabad state.States in Part-D: 3 districts of Kannada: 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1. Raichur 2. Bidar• Hyderabad state was in Part-B category. 3. Gulbarga• The Constitution of India came into effect on • 36 legislators were there from these Kannada 26th January, 1950. On the same day last districts. PNR Publications 233 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• It was in 22% in area of the then Hyderabad huge majority in Telangana Region. But they state. won few seats in Marathwada and Kannada• Without making any changes to the Nizam’s Regions. Hyderabad province it was formed into • Majorly in armed conflict areas like Warangal, Hyderabad state. Nalgonda and Karimnagar, Communists won• In Hyderabad state assembly, there were 109 maximum number of seats. single membered constituencies and 33 were • Communists from P.D.F partywon 14/14 seats dual member constituencies (33×2=66) in Nalgonda, 9/14 in Warangal and 7/15 in making a total of 175 legislators. From 175 Karimnagar. legislators, 95 were from Telangana • In these elections, Ravi Narayana Reddy region. (P.D.F) from Nalgonda constituency was Note: These dual member constituencies elected to Parliament with highest consists a general representative and a reserve majority in all over India. representative. • He had a majority of 3,09,163 votes.5 major parties which participated in 1952 Jawaharlal Nehru had a majority of onlyelections and number of seats they won: 2,33,571 votes.1) Congress – 93 seats • Ravi Narayana Reddy was also elected to assembly from Bhongir. Later he resigned to2) Peoples Democratic Front – 42 seats his assembly seat.3) Socialist Party – 11 seats • Socialist Party candidate, C. Madhava4) Peasants and Workers Party – 10 seats Reddy elected to parliament from Adilabad5) Scheduled Caste Federation Party–5 seats constituency in 1952 elections.In Telangana Region: • The then High court judge of Hyderabad1) Congress – 46 seats Laxma reddy, who was the son of Raja Bahadur Venkatarami reddy contested as2) Peoples Democratic Front – 35 seats independent candidate in elections from3) Socialist Party – 11 seats telangana region and won.4) Others – 3 seats • In these elections congress party’s symbol was Total – 95 seats ‘two bullocks with a plough’ (kadeddulu).• In the state of Hyderabad nearly 90 lakh Congress had won maximum seats from voters were present by 1952 election time. Marathwada and Kannada regions, but lagged Among them 52 lakh people casted their vote behind in Telangana. in 1952 elections. • Including all the regions, the Congress party• Of the total votes polled Congress won won majority seats. 41.86% and people’s Democratic Front • Congress party leaders, Boorgula won 20.76%. Ramakrishna Rao from Brahmin Community• As communist party was under ban, the and Konda Venkata Rangareddy from Reddy Communists participated in elections community wanted to be the chief minister. under the People’s Democratic Front party. • In Hyderabad state different languages existed• peasants armed struggle of Communists in like Kannada, Marathi, Telugu, Urdu and Telangana made them to win more seats with Hindi. To answer everyone in their language
234 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture in Assembly, Congress unanimously elected • Along with Laxmibai, other 8 were taken for Boorgula Ramakrishna Rao as legislative party ministerial expansion. leader who was a polyglot (multilingual). • Among Burgula’s Cabinet ministers V.B.Raju• The first people’s government was formed in was an Andhra settler in Hyderabad who came Hyderabad on 6th March, 1952 with 13 from Guntur district. cabinet ministers and Boorgula Ramakrishna • V.B.Raju was elected as the first Andhra leader Rao as chief minister. to be elected to the Telangana Assembly• Boorgula was Revenue Minister in Vellodi’s (Hyderabad state) by winning from government. Secunderabad constituency on behalf of• He was elected to Legislative Assembly from Congress. Shadnagar constituency. • The People’s Democratic Front acted as• Hyderabad Rajpramukh, Mir Osman Ali an opposition party. Khan made Boorgula Ramakrisha Rao to • V.D.Deshmukh Pande (Marathwada) was sworn in as Chief Minister on 6th March, 1952 the leader for opposition. at his residence in Kingkoti. • 1 st Speaker for Hyderabad State was Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Cabinet Kashinathrao Vaidya Ministers: • 1st Deputy Speaker was Pampanagouda 1. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao – Chief Minister Sakrippa. 2. G.S. Melkote – Finance Minister • The central government appointed ICS officer M.K.Vellodi as chief advisor to Burgula 3. Bindu Digambara Rao – Home Minister Ramakrishna Rao along with his cabinet. 4. Marri Chennareddy – Civil supplies, Agriculture Minister After 1952 elections: 5. Konda Venkara Rangareddy – • Burgula Ramakrishna Rao – Hyderabad Excise, Customs, Forest Minister State Chief Minister 6. V.B.Raju – Labour and Planning Minister, • Madapati Hanumantha Rao – Hyderabad Information & broadcasting (additional City Mayor Minister • Konda Venkataranga Reddy – Hyderabad 7. Navaz Jung Bahadur – congress committee President Public works Minister • In this way 3 important positions had been 8. Anna Rao – Local Administration Minister given to Telugu people. 9. Vinayak Rao – • Note: During election time in 1952, Congress Industries & Commerce Minister Party President was Swami Ramananda 10. Devisingh Chouhan – Tirtha. Rural Development Minister No Confidence Motion on Burgula’s 11. Jagannatha Rao – Law & Justice Minister government: 12. Shankar – Social Welfare Minister • Government acted against public opinion 13. Phulchand Gandhi – regarding Sirpur Silk Industry and other Education & Health Minister reasons like imposing sales tax made the 14. Sangam Laxmi Bhai – Burgula’s government to face No-Confidence Additional Educational Minister Motion on 17th December, 1952. PNR Publications 235 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• G.Rajaram introduced No-Confidence Implementing Gorwala’s committee Motion against government. Recommendations for Economic• Magdum Moinuddin and V.D.Deshpande Stability: supported to this No-Confidence Motion. • The economic system of Hyderabad state was• On this motion, voting was conducted on 19th in chaos at the time of its unification into Indian December, 1952 and 77 voted in favour of union. the motion and 95 were voted against it. The • by the suggestion of Central Government, government sailed through No-Confidence Hyderabad state ministerial cabinet (Vellodi’s Motion. government) formed a committee under theThe important programs undertaken leadership of Ex-ICS officer, A.D.Gorwalaby the Burgula Ramakrishna Rao in 1950.government: • The committee submitted its report with a• Two important issues were arised during number of recommendations to reorganize the Burgula Ramakrishna Rao as Chief Minister economy in October 1950. of Hyderabad state they were land issues and • Hyderabad government sincerely implemented problem in implementing Mulki Rules. the recommendations of Gorwala’s committee.• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao’s government • Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was actively worked to a little extent to complete the involved in Economic reforms as he was disputes regarding land reforms which were revenue minister in Vellodi’s cabinet left incompletely during Telangana Armed • The victories of the Burgula Ramakrishna Rao struggle. government’s for achievement of financial• Progressive land Reform acts were introduced discipline in Hyderabad State was praised in in the state and ownership rights over land was the book “The Story of the integration of given to landless poor people and tenant the Indian States” written by the then Home farmers. Secretary V.P.Menon.• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao government had Abolition of Jagirdari System: received many accolades from people because • The Jagirdarari Abolition Regulation Act of the efforts and progress made by the was made on 15th August, 1949 by the government in different sectors. Military government (J.N.Choudary) ofImportant programs under taken by the Hyderabad StateGovernment: • The act was intended to eliminate the Jagirdars1. Implementation of Gorwala’s committee who act as brokers between the government, recommendations for financial stability. landlords and farmers.2. Annulled Jagirdari System – Conservation of • The government acquired sarf-e-khas lands rights of tenant farmers. which were under Nizam.3. Land reforms. • With the Jagirdarari Abolition Regulation Act, compulsory payments to the landlords by4. Stringent actions against Communists. tenant farmers were stopped.5. Tried to solve the dispute regarding Mulki • Government said that it is enough to pay 12.5% Rules. land tax by Tenant farmers who were there in6. Assurance on peace and security. Jagirdari lands. 236 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureLand reforms: • From the 1st class onwards Teaching will be• After merging with India Hyderabad state starts in Mother tongue, from 3rd class Hindi government made two major land reform and from 5th class English will be taught. legislations. • Hyderabad was recognised the 1st state in1) Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural India to introduce mother tongue as Land Act – 1950: medium of instruction.• This act was made on June 10, 1950. • A school for every village whose population• This act was made to protect tenant farmers equal to 500 and a teacher training college in from landlord’s exploitation. every district was established.• According to this act if a tenant cultivates a • Radha Krishna commission which was land continuously for not less than 6 years and appointed for educational reforms, it pays the lease money without fail, then the recommended to introduce a 3yr degree tenant farmer can be considered as a protected course in Hyderabad state. tenant. • Modaliyar commission recommended for• Tenant can purchase a land lower than the establishment of Multipurpose High schools market rate when the landlord sells the land. in Hyderabad state.• The holding needed to lead a family of 5 • Anti-corruption department in Hyderabad members by the peasant is called as financial state was established on 1st July, 1955. holding or fair holding. Formation of Khammam District:• This act does not permit any person to hold • During the period of Burgula Ramakrishna land more than 4 times of his economic or Rao, Khammam district was formed on 1st financial holding. October, 1953.2) Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural • The Khammam district was formed by Land Act (Ammendment) – 1954: splitting Warangal district which was too• Financial holding concept of 1st act was big. widend as family holding in second act. • Andhra state was formed on 1st October,• The government wanted each family should 1953. have a land that allows him to get at least eight hundred rupees after deducting agricultural Nagarjunasagar Project: expenses based on this monitory value family • Foundation stone for the project was laid on holding was decided. 10th December, 1955 during the regime of• The tenancy amount would be decided based Burgula Ramakrishna Rao. on the land revenue. • Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone for• This act also defines rent rates for tenants to the joint project of Andhra Pradesh and pay. Hyderabad.• At the same time, this act also recognized the • Humayun Kabir (central minister) was powers of land owners. appointed by the central government for the construction of the Nagarjunasagar reservoir.Educational Reforms: • The historic site Eleshwaram was destroyed• Three language principle was introduced by the excavation of Nagarjunasagar as a part of educational reforms reservoir. PNR Publications 237 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Burgula Ramakrishna Rao • He served as Member of Rajya Sabha from 1962-66. (1899-1967) • Received doctoral degrees in Doctor of• Ramakrishna was born on March 13, 1899 literature from Andhra University in 1953 in the village of padakallu, Kalvakurthy and Doctor of Law from Osmania University taluk of Mahabubnagar district (Currently in 1956. kalvakurthi is in Nagarkurnool district). • People’s convention was established by him.• His surname – Pullamaraju • On 14 th September, 1967 Burgula• His native place – Ramakrishna Rao died. Burgula village (Shad nagar) • When Andhra state’s 1st Chief Minister• There was a custom in Maharashtra that people Tanguturi Prakasham died in 1957, he was used to keep their village name as their cremated officially by the Government of surname. In the same way Burgula kept his Andhra Pradesh. But in 1967, when the first village name as his surname. Chief Minister of Hyderabad, Bourgula• Burgula was one among important historic Ramakrishna Rao died, the government did freedom fighters who fought against the not do the funeral practices officially. This Nizam’s totalitarian rule in Hyderabad province. action led to the severe anger of Telangana• Ramakrishna Rao studied elementary education people. at Dharmavant School in Hyderabad. Buragula’s literary service:• Ramakrishna graduated (BA Honours) from • He translated Umar Khayyum’s Rubies into Ferguson College in Pune and graduated in Telugu from Urdu. law at Bombay University. Burgula’s main literary work:• In 1923, Burgula took up the profession as 1. Sri Krishna shatakam lawyer in Hyderabad city. 2. Saaraswatha vyasa mukthavali• He participated in several movements like Nizam state Andhra movement, library 3. Karma kankanam movement; merging of local provinces 4. Naveena vagmayam movement, land donation movement etc. 5. The dream of poets and poems• He played an active role in the Andhra Maha 6. Tholi chukka Sabha programs and also served as the 7. Kavitha manjari President of second Andhra mahasabha 8. Nivedana which was held in Devarakonda in 1931. 9. Pushpanjali• He was also arrested for participating in Quit India Movement in 1942. • Burgula in his book “Saraswatha Vyasa Mukthavali” wrote about• Ramakrishna Rao sworn in as chief minister of Hyderabad on 6th March, 1952 and held • The religious and social conditions during the the position until the formation of Andhra period of Reddy kings, the excellence of Pradesh state in 1956, November 1. Nanduri’s Enki songs and confirmed that Appakavi belongs to Telangana region.• Later he served as governor for Kerala and Uttar Pradesh from 1956-60 and 1960-62 • In his work “Krishna Shatakam” he respectively. revealed the inner feelings (chitta vanchalyam) of man.238 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• “Sri Venkateshwara Suprabhatam” was (before liberation), police and communists written in Sanskrit by Burgula and was armed struggle (after liberation) in Telangana published in 1958 by Sri Vaishnava Society. made Sarvodaya leaders to conduct a rally ofTranslated works of Burgula: peace (Shanti Yatra) in Telangana.• Lahari Panchakam written by Jagannath • Vinobha Bhave, an important follower of Pandit was translated into Telugu by the name Gandhi took the responsibility to take forward “Pandita Panchamrutham” by Burgula. the programs of Sarvodaya.• Also translated Shankaracharya’s • The Sarvodaya Samiti third Meeting was held ‘Soundaryalahari’ into telugu as at Shivarampalli village near Hyderabad, ‘Kanakadharastavam’. from 8th-11th April, 1951. Vinobha Bhave• Translated ‘Parsi Vagmaya Charitra’ into attended this meeting. telugu which tells about Parsi poets. He • On 15th April, 1951, he started a Shanti Yatra compared Parsi poet Firadous with telugu poet from Shivarampalli village. He was Tikkana. accompanied by Dr. Melcote ,Marri Chenna• Burgula wrote forewords for Dasharathi’s Reddy and others ‘Galib Geethaalu’, Ananda Swami’s • On 18th April, 1951 the Vinobha Bhave & ‘Meghasandesham’ and Vanmamalai’s team reached the village of Pochampally in ‘Pothana Charitra’. Bhuvanagiri taluk of Nalgonda district (present Yadadri Bhongir district).Ravi Narayana Reddy (1908-1991): • Vinobha Bhave addressed the meeting• Ravi Narayana Reddy was born in Bollapalli organised at Pochampalli. Harijans who village of Bhongir Taluk of Nalgonda attended the meeting at Pochampalli requested district (present Yadadri Bhongir district) him to ask land for them to plough.• He was one among the founder of Nizam state’s communist party. He led the peasant’s • Vediri Ramachandra Reddy of that village armed struggle of Telangana. announced that he is going to donate 100 acres of his land on his father’s name to harijans.• Ravi Narayana Reddy in his book ‘Veera Telangana’ wrote that the first Telangana • Vediri Ramachandra Reddy gave a copy of movement was started by the riots of document to Vinobha Bhave that he is donating Telangana supporters in the Third Vishalandhra his 100 acres of land. With this Vediri movement. Ramachandra Reddy became the first person to donate land in bhoodan Bhoodan Movement movement.• ‘Unto the Last’ was the book written by • Thus, Bhoodan movement began on 18th English philosopher, Sir John Ruskin and it April, 1951 in the village of Pochampally. inspired Mahatma Gandhi a lot and he translated it into Gujrati as Sarvodaya. Vinobha Bhave’s 1st Padayatra: Later Sarvodaya Samiti was formed. The • Vinobha Bhave started his 1 Padayatra from st• word Sarvodaya means Social Pochampalli village on 18th April, 1951. reconstruction or everyone’s welfare. • The padayatra was held in about 200 villages• Before and after Hyderabad state’s liberation, in 51 days in Telangana. Many landlords the turbulent situation created by Razakars donated nearly 12000 acres of land. PNR Publications 239 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Kethireddi Kodandaram Reddy was the resignation letter to tahsildar stating that he is incharge of Vinobha Bhave’s 1 padayatra. st ready to withdraw his rights on the land.• Vinobha Bhave used to request landlords to • The tehsildar enquires about the land and if donate atleast 1/6th of their land. the land does not hold any debt or arrears,• Kethireddi Kodandaram Reddy and his the land is accepted under bhoodan and will brother Purushotthama Reddy from be registered under kharez account. Suryapet donated 1/4th of their land. • Subsequently, some rules were designed to• In June 1951, Vinobha Bhave started donate land to the landless poor. ‘Bhoodana Yajna Samiti’ to distribute the 1) The person who donates the land is considered acquired land from Bhoodan Movement for as donor and who receives the land is poor. considered as donee. The land recipient must• Convenor of Bhoodana Yajna Samiti – be a member of the Agricultural Cooperative Ummethula Keshava Rao. Credit Association of that village. This• Members: condition is clearly specified in the vendor document. Kethireddi Kodandaram Reddy and 2) The land recipient should start farming on the Sangam Laxmi Bai basis of agricultural merit within two years of• This samiti made a protocol to distribute the land acquisition. land to the poor from the land acquired by the 3) The land recipient is exempted from land tax Bhoodan movement. for the 1st three years after starting agriculture• Kethireddi Kodandaram Reddy shared in the given land. Bhoodan movement events in his 4) If the land recipient belongs to a BPL family, autobiography ‘Ninnati ithihasam’. he is exempted from stamp duties to register• Last nizam of Hyderabad, Osman Ali Khan the land on his name. donated 3500 acres of land during the first padayatra of Vinoba Bhave. Vinobha Bhave’s 2nd Bhoodan yatra: • In Telangana Vinobha Bhave’s 2nd padayatra• The first padayatra of Vinobha Bhave in Telangana ended at Asifabad of Adilabad was started from Mutthugudem of district and then moved to Chandrapur district Khammam district in December 1955. of Maharashtra. • Vinobha Bhave was welcomed by the then• In this way, within a short period the chief minister of Hyderabad, Burgula Bhoodan movement started in Telangana Ramakrishna Rao and other leaders of was spread to all parts of India. Sarvodaya at Kollur (Khammam district) for his 2nd Padayatra.• On this, the then prime minister Nehru said “a lean man in Telangana was successful in • His padayatra reached Hyderabad on 5 th
doing the work which was not possible by February, 1956. Vinoba Bhave stayed in the 50000 of Indian army”. Indian Medical Association building in Hyderabad.• To legalise land acquisition and land distribution of Bhoodan movement the then • At that time many important persons met him. Hyderabad government setup a protocol. Among them few were: Nawab Deenyaar Jung• According to this protocol, the person who wishes to donate the land has to give up his Prince of Berar 240 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Melkote • Kethireddi kodandarami Reddy was the J.V.Narsing Rao incharge for his tour too. Marri Chenna Reddy Bhoodan movement silver jubilee Padmaja Nayudu padayatra:• On 6th February, 1956, students took up a • The Bhoodan Yajna mandali Vice-President procession in Hyderabad to support the G.Manikya Rao along with bhoodan workers Bhoodan movement and held a public meeting organized silver jubilee padayatra on the in the premises of Vivekavardhini (V.V) occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the launch College. of the Bhoodan movement in Telangana.• On 8 th February, 1956, when Indian • On April 18, 1975, the then President President Babu Rajendra Prasad visited Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad lit up bhoodan Jyoti Hyderabad State, met Vinobha Bhave in the was and started silver jubilee celebrations village of Palamakula and participated in • Silver jubilee padayatra was continued from Bhoodan Yatra about three-hours. 19 April, 1975 to 18 Apri,1976• When Prime Minister Nehru arrived in the Executive board of silver jubilee program state on 5th March, 1956, met Vinobha Bhave of bhoodan movement: in Madhavaraopalle village of • Under the chairmanship of the then A.P chief Mahabubnagar district and said that his full minister, Jalagam Vengalrao executive board support would be there for Bhoodan of silver jubilee program of bhoodan movement. movement was formed.• Kethireddi kodandarami Reddy was incharge Executive board President – for 2nd bhoodan yatra. P. Narasareddy (Revenue Minister)• The second bhoodan yatra in Telangana was Executive Secretary – C.V.Chari finished at Alampur of Mahboobnagar (Vice-President of Bhoodam Yanjna Mandali) district and entered Rayalaseema. Aims of silver jubilee programme:• Communists opposed bhoodan yatra 1. Distribution of the remaining undistributed because government ministers and congress Bhoodan lands. party leaders participated in the bhoodan movement which was started by Vinobha 2. Has to accept lands by following government’s Bhave in Telangana. They criticised Vinobha land ceiling act. Bhave that he is a government agent. 3. Bringing awareness in the public on Bhoodan-• During the first fifteen years of the bhoodan Gramadan-Grama Swaraj ideals. movement, nearly 42 lakh acres of land was • As part of this, three training camps had been collected across the country and distributed conducted in the state. Yadagiri Gutta was to the poor. one of the training camps in Telangana.Jayaprakash Narayan bhoodan yatra: • The bhoodan movement’s silver jubilee celebration closing ceremonies were held• In 1952, Jayaprakash Narayan along with on 18th and 19th April, 1976 in Tirupati. his wife Smt. Prabhavati Devi made bhoodan yatra in Mahboobnagar district. Jayaprakash • The meeting was attended by the then Chief Narayan’s speeches on this occasion inspired Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Jalagam many to donate their lands. Vengal Rao and Governor Mohanlal Sukhadia. PNR Publications 241 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1952 Gair Mulki Movement,123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 City College Incident & Formation of123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Jaganmohan Reddy Committee123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• During military rule (J.N.Choudary) and civil the debate in Hyderabad Legislative Assembly government rule (M.K.Vellodi) from 1948-52, in June 1952 hundreds of non-mulkis were appointed in • On June 11, 1952, MLA Venkata Ramarao government jobs from combined madras state questioned the delay in sending back the police and from Andhra region showing the reason of Madras and other non-mulkis in different that there were no trained employees in departments. Hyderabad region. • Other members like Rajaram, Pratap Reddy• These appointments were done against Mulki and PDF party members, Guravareddy and orders issued by Nizam’s government in 1919. G.Hanumantha Rao questioned Chief Minister• Moreover, they appointed employees in huge on Non-Mulkis. number from neighbour states like Madhya • The Chief Minister replied that the police Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bombay. appointments were needed to be filled by gair• However, officers of Bombay, Madhya mulkis because of the instability and the Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh maintained good pressure created by the police action. relations with the people of Hyderabad. But • He answered that because of the lack of local the Madras district authorities, especially the assistant agricultural officers in agricultural Andhras, have created problems with the department the posts were filled with gair overwhelming interests of the locals. mulkis and the scarcity local teachers to teach• Hyderabad people expected a better life with in regional language made them to fill the posts the change in government from Nizam to Indian with non-mulkis in the education department. Union, but their hopes came to an end.• At the same time, on 6th March, 1952, a Initiation of Mulki movement in Democratically-elected, public government Warangal: was formed under Burgula Ramakrishna Rao. • In 1952, the Gair Mulki movement was first• The insecurity of the locals has increased started in Warangal district. because the Burgula government failed in • Parthasarathi who was appointed as stopping non- mulkis from joining government ‘Divisional inspector of schools’ in jobs with fake documents as mulkis. Warangal subjected the teachers to many• The unrest and insecurity among Telangana difficulties and transferred them to other places employees and youth led to gair mulki in the name of discipline and also appointed movement in 1952. non-locals in government jobs. • He transferred 18 teachers from centralDiscussion on non-mulki employees middle school of Hanmakonda and stoppedin Hyderabad Assembly: their increment. He appointed Non-Mulki• Legislators questioned Chief Minister on non- teachers by transferring 180 mulki teachers at mulki appointments in government jobs during a time, in the month of June-July, 1952.242 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The principal of Central middle school submitted a memorandum to appoint a Rasheed-Al-Hassan died of heart attack on ministerial subcommittee to implement the 23 rd December, 1951 because of the Mulki Rules and to remove the bogus mulkis harassment of Parthasarathi. from jobs• A politician named Hayagreevachari and • Burgula promised that a sub-committee would teachers complained about the misdeeds of be formed soon after a Cabinet meeting to Parthasarathi to the higher officials. discuss the wishes of the students and he• On 26 th July, 1952, Dr. Shendarkar recognised that the wishes of students are (Deputy Director of education) came to justiciable only. Warangal to investigate the allegations against Chief Minister’s visit to Warangal: Parthasarathi. • On 22nd August, 1952 Burgula came to• Knowing this, around 4000 students from Warangal to attend a program. Warangal held a rally from Hanmakonda • As there is no announcement, from the Chowrasta to office where the investigation is government on the issue of Mulki made held (beside Subedari) on 26th July, 1952. students to become anger and questioned CM. This rally was the 1st Rally in 1952 mulki movement. • With this Burgula promised to students that after his return to Hyderabad he conducts a• On 28th July, 1952, the students of Warangal Colleges and Schools formed the ‘Student cabinet meeting and releases a press note on Joint Action Committee’ and elected this issue. Buchayya as the convener. • On 22nd August, 1952 student joint action• This committee made a resolution on 26th July, committee held a meeting and wrote a letter 1952. to CM that they will conduct a strike if any announcement from government regarding aHighlights of Resolution: subcommittee was not came till by 27th1. a cabinet sub-committee should be appointed August. to examine the terms / rules of Mulkis and it • On 26th August, 1952 CM Burgula made a has to be announced by chief minister through the print media phone call to Warangal Collector Govinda Rao Deshpande and told him to inform2. According to mulki regultions, orders for jobs Convenor Buchayya that the subcommittee should be issued and has to fill up the posts was formed. fastly. • Collector communicated it to Buchayya on3. Domination and control of non-locals in 26th night 8 O’clock. But Buchaiah said the Hyderabad state should be erradicated and the sense of insecurity among locals has to be strike could not be stopped as it was delayed removed through advertisem*nt. in reporting the matter. • On 27th August, 1952 the students held aStudent joint action committee met Chief peaceful rally and Bandh in Warangal.Minister: • On 28th and 30th August 1952 when students• On 6th August, 1945, student joint action committee members under the leadership of held a rally, police made lathi charge on convenor Buchayya met Chief Minister students. Many students got injured in this lathi Burgula Ramakrishna Rao in Hyderabad and charge.
PNR Publications 243 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureSpread of the Mulki Movement to City College IncidentHyderabad: (3rd, 4th September, 1952):• As part of the mulki movement, the students • On 2nd September, 1952 police commissioner held a public meeting on 24th August, 1952 at Sri Shiva Kumarlal warned the parents to Bollaram, Hyderabad and held a bandh on control their children and not to let their 26th August. children to create any violence and misbehaviour, if they violate then there should• In Hyderabad, the first high level public meeting be punishment. on the Mulki issue was held on 27th August, • On 3rd September, under Hyderabad city 1952.The meeting was chaired by police act section 22 police commissioner Secunderabad Mayor Dr. Timmaraju. Shiva Kumarlal passed orders not to• On 27th August, 1952, students marched from conduct any strikes, meetings and rallies. Chaderghat to Badruka College in • City College Principal Dr. Ram Lal informed Hyderabad. On the same day a meeting was the students about the prohibiting orders by held in Nizam college grounds. the Police Commissioner.• Condemning lathi charge on students of • But the students have raised a huge protest in Hanumakonda a great strike was conducted the City College and surrounding areas, in Hyderabad on 31st August, 1952. On the ignoring the ban / prohibiting orders. same day students held a rally from Saifabad • Konda Laxman Bapuji made efforts to College to Abids. appease City College students but they didn’t• No strike was organised on 1st September, listen to him. 1952 because it was the day of Bakrid. • On 3rd September, 1952 police opened firing• Between 27th August to 2nd September many on Mulki protesters in the City College and meetings, strikes and rallies were conducted PattarGhat areas. In this incident two were died and 147 were injured. against gair mulkis in Hyderabad, Warangal and other districts of Nizam state. • Four people were killed in the firing at Afzalganj on 4th September and many were• During the gair mulki movement students held injured. Ordinary people died in this incident rallies and used to give slogans like “Idli and not the students. sambar go back”, “Non-mulki go back” • The involvement of the general public in this and “student union Zindabad”. student-led movement was an important thing.Hyderabad Hitha Rakshana Samithi: Persons who died in firing:• In 15 th August, 1952 Chincholi MLA 1) Mohammad Khasim (22) – Factory worker G.Ramachari established ‘Hyderabad 2) Shaik Mohammad (30) – Rickshaw puller Hitha Rakshana Samithi’ against non- 3) Mohammad Khan (35) – Private employee mulkis. 4) Ramulu (18) – Private employee• Ramachari was from Maratha region. He 5) Shaik Mukthar (40) - Private employee worked as minister in the Layak Ali cabinet 6) Jamaluddin (40) - Private employee of Nizam government. • The below leaders have tried to calm the protesters in the face of worsening agitation244 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1) Omkar Prasad 2) V.D.Deshpande • Sayyad Akthar Hussain was the editor of 3) Padmaja Nayudu 4) Dr. Jayasurya ‘Aavaadh’ Urdu paper. 5) Dr. Melkoti 6) Shri Dhage • Along with him, another journalist Begam 7) Bakar Alimirza 8) Hayagrivachari Sadiq Jahan was also arrested.
The protesters set fire Formation ofto the Chief Minister’s car: Jaganmohan Reddy Committee:• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao attended the event • The Home Department has set up a judicial of Golden Jubilee celebrations of Sri Krishna inquiry committee under Justice Pingali Devaraya Bhasha Nilayam at Sultan Jaganmohan Reddy to investigate the police Bazaar which was held on 5th September, firing in Hyderabad city on 3 rd & 4 th 1952. September, 1952.• CM’s wife and daughter attended the womens • Justice Pingali Jaganmohan Reddy’s meeting at Pratapgirji Koti. autobiography – The Judiciary I Served• Protesters burnt CM’s car with petrol in • In this book, he wrote that Mulki riots were condemning of police firing on Mulki aroused because of Andhra officials’ protesters. misconduct towards the Telangana people.• After that thousands of students came out of • The committee inquired about 100 witnesses the Abids road as a procession and held a and presented its comprehensive report to the meeting at Fathemaidan ground. government on 28th December, 1952.• Opposition leaders V.D.Deshpande and The key witnesses investigated by the V.K.Dhage attended the meeting and committee: condemned the police firing. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao (CM)• Swami Ramananda Thirtha said that there are Shiva Kumarlal (commissioner of police) anti-Social forces behind the agitators as they Sundaram Pillai (Deputy police commissioner) set fire to CM’s car. Parthasarathi• The students even burned Swami Ramananda Monappa Thirtha’s car when he went to the by-election Ramlal campaign in Warangal. This incident intensified Committee’s Report: the movement. • The committee noted that the failure of policeMinisterial Sub-committee: and politicians was the main cause of the City• Observing the rage of the Mulky Movement, College incident. the government appointed a ministerial sub- • The committee also said that the students in a committee on September 7th to examine the state of insecurity showed such frustrated Mulky Rules. behaviour.• Members of this committee – Konda Venkata Rangareddy, Phoolchand Gandhi, Dr. melkoti and Nawazjung.• During this moment, Sayyad Akthar Hussain was arrested on 13th September, 1952 under the preventive detention (PD) Act.
PNR Publications 245 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1953 – Demand for separate Telangana12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 State, early discussions and formation of12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 State Reorganisation Commission (SRC)123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• After the gair Mulki Movement in September • In 1937, Rayalaseema and andhra region 1952, the people of Telangana wanted to have leaders discussed the differences between a separate Telangana state (excluding them and came to an understanding and signed Kannada and Maratha districts of Hyderabad an agreement in the name of ‘Sreebagh state) with Hyderabad as its capital. Pact’. This Pact was made at Kashinathuni• This was not a Spontaneous thought. It is a Nageshwar Rao’s house ‘Sreebagh’ strong desire developed in the minds of the (Madras). people as a result of the many cultural, social S.K. Dhar Commission – 1948: and political movements that went against the • In June 1948, S.K.Dhar Commission was insults of Telugu language in the Hyderabad appointed by the Indian Constitutional Council (Nizam) state from the Andhra Jana Sabha of to look into the formation of linguistic states in 1921 to the Andhra Mahasabha of 1930. response to a nationwide argument over the• K.V.Ranga Reddy and Marri Chenna reorganization of states on the basis of Reddy demanded for separate Telangana language. Committee members were: state. 1. Jagat Narain Lal 2. Panna LalFormation Andhra state with Kurnool as • This commission submitted its report incapital: December, 1948.• On 1st October 1953, the state of Andhra • The S.K.Dhar Commission in its report stated was formed with Telugu-speaking regions of that new states should be formed on the basis Madras State. of mere governance. The S.K.Dhar Commission rejected the formation of statesSome important incidents before the formation based on language.of the Andhra state:• Andhra region (coastal Andhra and J.V.P Committee – 1948: Rayalaseema) was part of the Madras • After the Dhar commission report, those who wanted to a separate state based on language Presidency during the British rule. The demand became disgruntled. In December 1948, the for a separate Andhra state was emerged in Indian National Congress convened J.V.P 1912 only due to the large number of Tamils committee for the formation of linguistic states. employed in Andhra state and the lack of higher education opportunities in Andhra • J.V.P - Jawarlal Nehru, Vallabhai Patel, compared to Tamil areas. Pattabhi Sitaramayya• In 1918 ‘Andhra State Congress’ was • The main objective of this committee is to formed with Nyapati Subbarao as its review the report of the Dhar Committee. president and Konda Venkatappayya as its • The J.V.P committee suggested to secretary. This association has worked to postpone the formation of linguistic states achieve Andhra state. but it said that Andhra state could be formed. 246 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• But the central government won’t responded, Vishalandhra Slogan the people of the state of Andhra started • After the division and formation of Andhra protests. state from Madras, many political leaders of• On 15th August, 1951, Swami Sitaram began Andhra were of the opinion that a combined his fast unto death with a demand for separate Telugu state (Vishalandhra) should be formed Andhra state and relented after 35 days on with the Telugu speaking people Hyderabad the advice of Acharya Vinobha Bhave. state.• After that, on 19th October, 1952, Potti • Leaders of the Communist Party of India, who Sriramulu started a fast unto death at the felt that their party may come to power in the Bulusu Sambamurti house in Madras city event of the formation of Vishlandra. So, they for the formation of separate Andhra state. supported the formation of Vishalandhra and• Potti Sriramulu died on 15 December, 1952 th gave the slogan of “Vishalandra Lo after 58 days of fasting. His death made to Prajarajyam”. erupt violence in Andhra and on 19 , th
December, 1952 PM Nehru announced the State Reorganisation Commission formation of Andhra state in parliament. (SRC):• Nehru announced that the Government of India • With the formation of Andhra state, the demand has decided to establish Andhra state with for the formation of states on a linguistic basis the Telugu areas of Madras State. increased across the country, including SouthWanchoo Committee: India.• Justice Kailashnath Wanchoo committee was • At the same time, in many parts of India, like set up in 1953 to solve the problems caused Gujaratis, Punjabis, Marathas, Malayalis, by forming new Andhra state from the partition kannadis demanded the formation of separate of Madras state. linguistic states.• The committee suggested that Madras be kept • With this the central government decided that as a joint capital for four years. But the then the reorganisation of states should be done CM of Madras state C. Raja Gopala Chari on a permanent basis and thought to study the did not agree for this. demands for the formation states on linguistic• Subsequently, according to the Sribhag basis. Agreement capital was established at Kurnool. • On 22nd December, 1953, Prime Minister• On 1st October 1953, the Andhra state was Nehru announced that the State formed with Kurnool as its capital. Prime Reorganization Commission would be set up Minister Nehru inaugurated the new state. soon in Parliament.• Andhra state’s • The Central Government set up the State 1st CM – Tanguturi Prakasham Pantulu reorganization Commission under the• 1st Governor – Chandulal Madhav Trivedi leadership of Syed Fazal Ali on 29 th• Andhra state created history for being the 1st December, 1953 by resolution of the state to be formed on linguistic basis. Home Department.• With the formation of the Andhra state, the President of the commission – demand for the formation of linguistic states in Syed Fazal Ali (Orissa governor) all over India has gained momentum. PNR Publications 247 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Members of the commission – • The Vishalandhra (including Hyderabad state’s – Hrudayanath (H.N) Kunjru Telangana districts and Andhra state) state – Kavalam Madhav (K.M) Panikkar proposal was well-received after the appoint- (Indian Ambassador in Egypt) ment of SRC for reorganisation of states.• The Home department said that Indian SRC Report: government is going to appoint SRC to • On 30th September, 1955 Fazal Ali submitted examine the issue of reorganisation of states his report to central government. in Indian Union and beyond the emotions, Welfare of the people shoul be kept in mind. • On 10 th October, 1955 the central government presented the SRC report before• The SRC Commission has toured to many parliament, People. parts of the country and has come to know the opinions of various groups and • On 31st August, 1956, President approved organizations. the SRC bill.• SRC visited Hyderabad in 1954. • In the SRC report Hyderabad state was mentioned in 5th Chapter and about Andhra• When the commission visited Hyderabad in state in Sixth Chapter. June and July of 1954, K.V.Ranga Reddy and Marri Chennareddy appealed in favour • In the SRC report, from the para number 359 of separate Telangana. to 368 was discussed in relation to the partition of the state of Hyderabad and from 369 to• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Ramananda 389 discussed about Vishalandhra and Tirtha and others appealed in favour of Telangana state’s arguments in detail. Vishalandhra. • Along with Hyderabad (Telangana) and• On this occasion, Swami Ramananda Tirtha Vidharbha SRC recommended 16 states and gave the slogan “Dismantle the Hyderabad Empire and clean up the traces of royalty” 3 Union Territories.• Students of Karimnagar demanded for a • Since the public opinion was strong to divide Telangana state when SRC visited Karimnagar the Hyderabad state inside as well as outside district in July, 1954. When the commission the state, SRC recommended the partition of reached Warangal, on behalf of Telangana Hyderabad state. writers association Kaloji Narayanarao • In addition, it also recommended the merging gave a representation wishing for of Kannada areas with Mysore state and Vishalandhra. Maratha areas with Bombay state. But when• Warangal congress leader N.Ramchandra coming to Telugu region Telangana, the Reddy requested SRC for a separate Commission did not recommend like this. Telangana and Hayagrivachari and Dr. T. • In regard to the establishment of the Suryanarayana requested for Vishalandhra. Vishalandhra state, SRC first described the• Osmania University students gave a advantages with the formation of Vishalandhra representation to SRC requesting for a and later explained the losses and finally gave separate Telangana. Jayashankar was one its opinion. among in the Ou representative’s team. The views expressed by the SRC report:• On behalf of teacher’s association Thota 1. To divide Hyderabad state in to 3 parts on a Anandarao met SRC and appealed for linguistic basis and merging Telangana region separate Telangana. with Andhra state to form Vishaandhra.248 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture2. To divide Hyderabad state and forming a bodies in Andhra and Telangana region were separate Telangana state with its 10 districts. emotionally attached from very long period.3. To keep the Hyderabad state as it is. SRC’s arguments in favour of separatePositive arguments for the formation of Telangana (from paragraph 375–380 ofVishalandhra by SRC: the report): (From paragraph 369-374 of the report) • SRC stated that as how there are favourable• SRC stated that if Vishalandhra is formed with reasons for the formation of vishalandhra, there the merging of Telangana and Andhra state, it are reasonable concerns for the formation of will become a coastal state with thirty-two separate Telangana which cannot be denied million people and the most important land easily. with vast water resources, power, mineral and • The Andhra state is facing many financial important raw materials. Above all the twin difficulties since its formation and its per capita cities, Hyderabad and Secunderabad will suit income is very less compared to Telangana. best as capital for Vishalandhra and with this On the other hand, Telangana has fewer the capital problem will be solved for Andhra chances to face economic problems because state. of high income comes through land taxes and• Another benefit of Vishnalandra is that the 5 crore excise income annually which makes rivers of Krishna and Godavari fall under the a lot of difference between the two states. same control. Thus, the Krishna - Godavari • What ever it may be Telangana leaders feared Rivers Scheme will be considered as the most that with the merging, Telangana money will prestigious project. By eliminating the be transferred to Andhra region and Telangana jurisdiction of the Telangana region, there is a will fall under shortage of money for welfare larger scope for the implementation of schemes schemes and development programs as in the eastern areas of the two river basins. Andhra is facing now. From an administrative Telangana also receives many direct and point of view, uniting with Andhra has no indirect benefits by being a part of additional benefits for Telangana. Vishalandhra. • There are also doubts about the importance• Telangana economic integration with Andhra of Telangana in Vishalandhra in the future state is also very profitable. Telangana has been development plans. For example, the suffered from a shortage of foodgrains since Nandikonda, Kustapuram and Godavari long time. Andhra state is very surplus in this projects are very important for Telangana and regard, so Telangana can use it. Similarly, India. It is planned to bring the waters of the Andhra region is in shortage of coal and two rivers in use to the delta region of coastal necessary reserves can be taken from Andhra. So, Telangana is not ready to give up Telangana Singareni. This is beneficial for the its independent rights on the Krishna and two regions. SRC mentioned that Telangana Godavari river waters. is able to make a huge amount of money for • Telangana people are afraid of losing their general administration if it is not established opportunities to coastal Andhra people as they as a separate state. are well developed in education compared to• Vishalandhra sentiment is worthy of Telangana and this insecurity feeling is the main consideration unless there is a strong reason reason to oppose the formation of to the contrary, as many people and public PNR Publications 249 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Vishalandhra. Telangana people feared that of Telangana which is in transformation merging with Andhra provide immediate phase. benefits to Andhra people who are ahead in • After considering all the above factors, SRC education and Andhra, a big partner in Andhra- proposed the following Telangana partnership will extract all the • Keeping in mind the interests of both the benefits in less time and Telangana will turn regions, SRC finally decided to make into migratory home for Andhra businessman. present Telangana region as a separate• There is a sense of becoming self-sufficient state. It can be named as Hyderabad state. would be there in the minds of region of If two-thirds of the members who won the Telangana. According to the current statistics, general elections for the remaining the income of Telangana region is Rs 17 crore Hyderabad state in 1961 agree to a merge and the interest paid on them can be spent on with Andhra, then the merging can be Krishna, Godavari projects and there are considered. If that does not happen, many ways to increase its income, so the Telangana will continue as a separate state. committee said there is no need to worry about • The advantage of the above arrangement is Telangana economic conditions. that the two governments will stabilize their• Telangana and Hyderabad has benefited governance in the next five years if anyone greatly from the implementation of the finance won’t obstructs the process of unification of Commission’s recommendations of April Andhra. If possible, they can review their land 1952. There is no reason to worry about the revenue system. financial position of Telangana as the cental • This transition period can be helpful in government current policy is likely to increase overcoming the fear of merging. It is time for central income tax and central excise income. the consensus to be achieved between the two• SRC said that if Telangana wants to merge in states. Vishalandhra, then the Andhra leadership has • The common interests of the people of Andhra the responsibility to come up with some special and Telangana will result in reconciliation guarantees to protect the interests of the between the two regions. Telangana will Telangana region. remain as a separate state if the Public Opinion in Telangana is against unification and• It is felt that these protections are similar to if there is no favourable atmosphere for the the Sreebhag Agreement between the merger of the two regions. Rayalaseema and coastal Andhra. Committee said that there is a necessity to come up with • SRC mentioned that the Hyderabad state will promises for Telangana development schemes, be formed with Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda, job creation etc . based on population ratio. Warangal (along with Khammam), Karimnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad,• SRC explaining the above said proposals said Hyderabad, Medak, Bidar along with that using Sreebagh treaty type Munagala Paragana in the present Krishna guarantees or Scottish devolution district of Andhra. constitutional practices of United Kingdom won’t help in meeting the needs • SRC recommended the formation of states on linguistic basis.
250 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureHyderabad Pradesh congress • Ambedkar believed that the formation ofresolution: smaller states will ensure effective governance• During the reign of Borgula Ramakrishna Rao in the states and that the weaker minority caste on June 7 & 8, 1954, the members of the people will get protection from the majority Telangana region of the Hyderabad State people. Pradesh Congress Committee made Ambedkar’s Unanimous resolution that Telangana should be a separate state. “One State-One Language” feeling:• However, Swami Ramananda Thirtha, the • One Language & one state means only one Maratha region leader who was the then state with people of one language. president of the Hyderabad Pradesh • One state & one language means there can Congress, supported the formation of be many states with one language. Ambedkar Vishalandhra and opposed the above gave preference for the second concept. resolution. • Ambedkar points out that the formation of• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, K.V.Ranga Rao linguistic states is good, but if such formation and Marri Chennareddy were the leaders who makes loss to one region, then it is better to opposed the slogan of Vishalandhra and create two or more states with one language. supported separate Telangana. • Ambedkar opined that the formation of small B.R.Ambedkar’s states should balance the morphological characteristics of the states. view on SRC and • For this he proposed three metrics – formation of small states 1. population• Initially Ambedkar was not interested for the 2. geographical area formation of small states. 3. financial self-reliance• Responding to the Commission on • He also suggested that some factors to be Linguistic States in 1948, Ambedkar considered for how many states can be divided expressed his support for the establishment of with one language-speaking population. linguistic states and said that if geographical Majority minority ratio conditions permit it would be good to form a The need for effective administration single state with a single language talking The sentiments of various regions people. Needs of different regions• He pointed out that small states can become a burden during normal times and become a • The proportion of the majority and minority weakness in times of emergency. That is why population decreases if the size of a state he said, every effort should be made to increases. establish bigger states. • This poses a threat to the safety of minorities.• But after looking at the events taking place in Majority people are more likely may express the country and considering SRC report, he discrimination against minorities. That is why tended towards smaller states. Ambedkar believed that states should be smaller.• In December 1955, he wrote a book ‘Thoughts on Linguistic States’ and • In December 1955, Ambedkar opined that expressed his views on small states. Maharashtra should be divided into three
PNR Publications 251 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture states, Madhya Pradesh into two states, Bihar accept the recommendations of the into two states, Uttar Pradesh into three states. commission in broad terms.• Because, Hyderabad there in the middle of India, and has pleasant climate and more Ayyadevara Kaleshwara Rao elevation from mean sea level and also has (Vishalandhra Mahasabha President): favourable conditions for defence, made to • He said that the Fazal Ali Commission has him opine that Hyderabad should be a 2nd done a great injustice to the Andhra people capital of the country. by not recommending the establishment of• Ambedkar also stated in his book that Vishwandhra immediately. As many Telangana Hyderabad should be made as the second leaders have already accepted the formation capital of India. of Vishalandhra before the commission, it is not necessary to take their decision again.• Ambedkar stated that even though the Under any circ*mstance’s formation of linguistic based states are necessary, the Vashalandhra won’t be postponed. creation of small states should be done on a scientific basis and for the benefit of the people Paga Pulla Reddy - Gadwal but not for the sake of selfish interests and (Vishalandhra Mahasabha Secretary): conspiracy politics. • He said that it is not correct to postpone the formation of Vishalandhra for 5 years and alsoResponses of various leaders on SRC said that the Andhra and Hyderabad staterecommendations: assemblies should made a strong resolutionK.V. Ranga Reddy by supporting the formation of Vishalandhra.(Hyderabad State Minister): Tenneti Vishwanadham• The State Reorganization Commission has (Andhra Leader): shown great political wisdom by • He stated that SRC arguments are in favour recommending a separate Telangana state. of Vishalandhra and its verdict is in favor of a• He said in Delhi on 22 October, 1955 that nd separate Telangana. no one wishes to form Vishalandhra after 6 years, when Telangana is self-sufficient after J.V.Narsing Rao (Hyderabad PCC President): forming. Telangana’s income is 4 crores more than Andhra which can be used for different • J.V.Narsinga Rao (PCC) appealed that the majority of Telangana people desiring a welfare programs. If vishalandhra forms this separate Telangana state and that the won’t be possible. Therefore, it is not Commission should accept strong impartial necessary to oppose Telangana with the recommendations. illusion that Visharandhra will come and uplift Note: J. V. Narsing Rao became Hyderabad Pcc something. President after Swamy Ramananda Theertha.Bezawada Gopal Reddy Telangana leaders’ letter to Nehru(CM of Andhra State): seeking Vishalandhra:• at Coimbatore meeting he appealed to the • 50 Congress leaders from Telangana send a Andhra public not to get frustrated over the letter to Nehru demanding the immediate delay in the formation of vishalandhra and establishment of the state of Vishalandhra with Hyderabad as its capital. Signatories include252 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Valluri Basavaraju, Paga Pullareddy, BV Pratapgirji Koti and asked the central Gurumoorthy and others (Andhra patrika, government to immediately set up the 21st October 1955). Telangana state.Andhra Paper’s only aim is to Letters from Sangam Laxmibai toestablish Vishalandhra: central ministers:• Andhra magazine worked hard to establish • Assistant Minister and Hyderabad PCC Vishalandhra. It has provoked Andhra leaders Women’s Convener Sangam Lakshmibai and public by publishing false news. wrote letters to PM Nehru, Congress president Debar and other congress leadersDr. Marri Chenna Reddy like Moulana Azad and Pant mentioning that(Agriculture minister of Hyderabad state): women of Telangana are wishing for a• It is reasonable to have two states to Telugu Seperate State. people because they are more in number in India after Hindi speaking people. Madapati Hanumantha Rao’s Telangana Declaration• He gave two important reasons to have two (Announcement): Telugu states. • Madapati Hanumantrao initially supported 1) This is good for public but not for some Vishalandhra but changed his view after seeing politicians. SRC report and public interest and finally 2) The formation of two states will help the supported separate Telangana. administration to become more committed. Hyderabad Mayor Shahabuddin Ahmad Khan:Rajbhavan condemn the news that • Hyderabad Mayor Shahbuddin Ahmad KhanNizam is in favour of Vishalandhra: said that with the opposition of Telangana• Raj Bhavan denies reports in the local press people Vishalandhra can never be formed that Hyderabad Raj Pramukh Nizam was in (Golconda magazine, November, 955 ) favor of the formation of Vishalandhra and also condemned that he held talks with Andhra CM regarding the same.• He said the news was unlikely because the restructuring of the states was a matter for the Indian government (Golconda Magazine, 8th November,1955 ).
Telangana Convention at PratapgirjiKoti:• More than 1,000 delegates from all over Telangana attended the Telangana convention under the leadership of Nizamabad MP Harishchandra on 23rd November, 1955 at
PNR Publications 253 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 The Emergence of Andhra Pradesh-195612345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Gentlemen’s Agreement123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• After the emergence of the Andhra State on • In 1911 Congress leader Konda 1st October, 1953 the Central Government Venkatappayya made a map of appointed the SRC to meet the demand for Vishalandhra. linguistic states across India. SRC submitted • In 1937, Acharya Mammidipudi Venkata its report on 30th September, 1955. Rangayya wrote in an article in the• As the report was in favour Telangana, caused Anniversary edition of Andhra University that anger for those who seeking vishalandhra. Telangana of Nizam’s realm and Andhra• Vishalandhra argument was 1 st widely should be formed as Vishalandhra, with Nizam publicised by communists that all Telugu people as its king. should come under one rule • Vavilala Gopalakrishnaiah wrote the book• Communist propagated the slogan “one race, Vishalandhra in 1940 says the concept of one language, one state”. Vishalandhra.• Puchalapalli Sundarayya published a book • In late 1949, Ayyadevara Kaleshvara Rao called “Vishalandhra lo Praja Rajyam” in held a meeting at Vijayawada and called for 1946. In that book he outlined the benefits of organizing the Vishalandhra Maha Sabhas. merging the Telangana region of the 1st Vishalandhra Meeting (1950): Hyderabad State with the Andhra region of • In February 1950, the first Vishalandhra the Madras State. Mahasabha was held in Warangal which was• Communists won majority seats in Telangana chaired by Hayagrivachari. area of Hyderabad state and Andhra region • Congress leader Swami Ramananda Tirtha of Madras state in the first general elections strengthened the slogan of Vishalandhra in this held in 1952. meeting.• But in other parts of Andhra, the Communists • Marri Chenna Reddy and K.V.Rangareddy got fewer seats and the Congress government opposed Vishalandhra argument. was formed in both the states of Andhra and • The mahasabha made a resolution to form Hyderabad. Vishalandhra with Hyderabad as its capital.• The Communists thought that the merging of • in this meeting only that Tanguturi Telugu-speaking Andhra and Telangana areas Prakasham Pantulu gave the slogan that would facilitate to form the Communist Vishalandhra formation is the birth right Government and hence they intensified the of all Andhra people. Vishalandhra movement. • On 26th November, 1950, the first anniversary• Ravi Narayana Reddy, a prominent of Vishalandhra was celebrated. Communist leader, in his autobiography “Na • Andhra leader Tanguturi Prakasham Pantulu Jeevana Patham lo” wrote a special chapter sent letters to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in the name of lobbying made for the related to the occasion of Vishalandhra first establishment of Vishalandhra. anniversary.254 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture2nd Vishalandhra Meeting (1954): joint capital for 10 years to maintain their• In 1954, the second Vishalandhra Mahasabha operations until their capital was built. was presided over by Shri Sri (Shrirangam • But the then Madras Chief Minister Srinivas Rao) at Hyderabad. Rajagopalachari refused to accept it and• President for Invitation society for this meeting immediately demanded to vacate their offices. – Baddham Ellareddy • Therefore, Andhra state was formed with• Invitation society secretary – Kurnool as its capital. Ravi Narayana Reddy • The Andhra government, which was on a• Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao is a Telangana deficit budget, has set up tents for government man who has printed and circulated pamphlets offices in Kurnool town in case of non- on the necessity of Vishalandhra. payment of rent. • ABCD types of tents were laid. That place• Newspapers supported Vishalandhra was called as Dera nagar movement are: Vishalandhra Kakatiya • The lack of buildings and other amenities for administration in Kurnool, their eyes were felt Andhrajanata Andhra Patrika on Hyderabad.• The central leaders who supported • Moreover, Telangana was already booming Vishalandhra:- in industry sector compared to Andhra.• The then • The economic conditions of the state of Andhra Defence Minister – Kailashnath Katju were not satisfactory and there was no hope Railway Minister – Lalbahdur Sastri for the improvement in near future. A situation External affairs Minister – aroused where they could not even pay the Sayyad Mohammad salaries of government employees. AndhraLeaders who supported Telangana: Patrika on 3 December 1954 wrote that the government was not financially capable of• In 1949, the then Governor General of India, building the upper canal of Nandikonda and C. Rajagopalachari, visited Hyderabad and Tungabhadra. opined that it was better to keep Hyderabad as a multilingual state. • In this way the Vishalandhra supporters wanted to form Vishalandhra by merging• Mumbai PCC president SK Patil and All India Telangana which was adequate resources & Congress Secretary secretly visited Telangana development and Andhra which was not and tried to know public opinion. They developed in any sector . reported to the centre that many are willing to • The Telugu language was brought to the fore have a separate Telangana. to establish a linguistic State, showing the• Andhra leaders who were in favour of language as a tool for the establishment of Telangana are: Vishalandhra. NG Ranga N. Narsimha Rao • Pressurised the government to set up a linguistic Daruvuri veeraiah based state and tried to use the TeluguThe situation of Andhra state which was language sentiment for the formation offormed in 1953: Vishalandhra.• The Andhra government asked the central • However, when the Kollar and Ballari areas government to keep the city of Madras as a of Telugu-speaking people merged into PNR Publications 255 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Karnataka and when Ganjam, Barampuram, break the Deccani culture and multilingual Koraput and Chakrapur areas merged in the existence of Hyderabad state. state of Orissa, at that time these pseudo • Nehru issued a statement saying that the linguists did not responded. Center has decided to merge Andhra and• In fact, the Vishalandhra activists were more Telangana. interested in the mineral resources and water • At a meeting of Bharat Sevak Samaj at resources of Telangana than love on the Nizamabad in March 1956, Nehru mentioned language and brought the Telugu language in about merging as follows: to the fore and started the vishalandhra “The marriage of an innocent Telangana girl movement. with mischievous Andhra boy is a good thingThe central government’s attitude if they stay together; if they do not wish totowards Vishalandhra: stay together, they can get divorce as wife and husband”Prime Minister Nehru’s comments on • On the eve of the formation of AndhraVishalandhra: Pradesh on November 1, 1956, Nehru made• Initially, Nehru was against Vishalandra. the following comment• All India Congress Committee meeting held “From today onwards, for Andhra people the in Bengaluru on July 15, 1951, Ayyadevara test of the manners of dealing with the Kaleshwar Rao raised the issue of Telangana people had began. Telangana has Vishalandhra, however Nehru dismissed the the right to separate if they feel neglected by vishalandhra issue by telling it is loose Andhra”. talk and told not to talk unnecessarily. Chief Ministers meeting at Delhi:• Later Nehru stated that behind the idea of • Chief Ministers of Andhra and Hyderabad vishalandhra there was a motivated intent state at chief ministers meeting held at Delhi of Aggression and imperialism. on 22 nd October, 1955 stated that• However, the Andhra rulers have threatened Hyderabad should be merged immediately the Indian Government that it has to face with Andhra without postponing for five years problems if they keep Hyderabad state as it is as said by the SRC. because the Nizam Government had filed a Resolutions of Andhra state Assembly in case at United Nations Security Council favour of Vishalandhra: against Government of India for taking police Bejawada Gopla Reddy’s Resolution: action on the former Hyderabad state. • On 5th November, 1955 Chief Minister of• They also threatened Nehru that Telangana will Andhra Bejawada Gopal Reddy passed a become a southern Pakistan if it emerges as a resolution in support of Vishalandhra and giving new state. protection measures to Telangana region in the• As the Andhra state did not have a capital city, Andhra state Assembly. they pleaded the central government to Important points of the resolution: establish Vishalandhra by merging with • He said that there is no need to get panicked Telangana to solve their problem of capital city. as they are planning to provide reservation• With that Nehru reluctantly supported facilities in education and jobs in Telangana vishalandhra, who actually do not want to areas based on the population. He also said256 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture that there will be no shortage in Telangana’s • Out of the 174 MLAs except the Speaker, share in all aspects. 147 MLAs expressed their views at the debate• Similarly, they are prepared to create some in the Hyderabad State Assembly on 3rd special protections for the development of December, 1955. A total of 103 MLAs Telangana region. He also agreed to pay supported vishalandhra including special attention for the development of Kannada and Maratha region MLAs, 29 Telangana region. MLAs supported Telangana and 15• The above resolutions are unanimously MLAs were neutral. accepted by Andhra assembly. • Out of 95 MLAs of Telangana, 59 supported Vishalandhra.Neelam Sanjeev Reddy’s Resolution: • The Andhra Assembly has unanimously• On 1st February, 1956, the Chief Minister of accepted for a single Telugu state. the State of Andhra Neelam Sanjeev Reddy passed a resolution in support of the U.N.Dhebar Committe: Vishalandhra and giving protection measures • Both Andhra and Hyderabad states were to Telangana region in the Andhra Assembly. ruled by the congress party at that time.Important points of the resolution: • The national leadership of the congess party• He said that the people of Telangana have the had been appointed a committee, headed by fear of losing their job opportunities to Andhra the then INC president U.N.Dhebar and people who are ahead in education than allotted the work on issue of States Telangana people. He also said that they won’t Reorganisation. ask for any share in 1/3 of jobs which only • In this committee other members included belongs to Telangana Pandit Nehru, Maulana Azad, Govind• He said that they are not greed to take the Vallabh Pant. The national leadership of the advantage of land and surplus budget of of the congress party was decided to merge Telangana, but seeking vishalandhra is to utilise the Hyderabad state with Andhra. During the Godavari waters to a maximum extent and to period 1955 – 56 many National leaders came implement various river valley schemes and to Hyderabad and held discussions. for the development of Andhra region. • But its senior leader Maulana Azad opposed to such a merger.Discussion in the Hyderabad State Assemblyon SRC Recommendations: • It is reported that, Pt. Nehru came in to action, convinced Maulana Azad, thereafter, the• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao convened central leadership took the decision of the Hyderabad Legislative Assembly on directive of Center and discussed about Vishalandhra. formation of Vishalandra.• On 25 th November, 1955 Burgula Role of Burgula Ramakriskna Rao in Ramakrishna Rao speaking on the SRC report formation of Vishalandra: in Assembly said that the Andhra people are • Initially B.R.Rao, opposed unification of not coming as former winners to Telangana and Andhra state and wrote a letter Hyderabad, and the formation of to INC president U.N.Dhebar about his Vishalandhra would not jeopardise the opinion about merging, this happens a few common interest of people. months before the unification. PNR Publications 257 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• To achieve their self goals communists supporting Vishalandhra concept. Major Gentlemen Agreement-1956 members of legislative assembly supporting • A meeting of the representatives of Andhra the concept of Vishalandra, but the people of and Telangana regions was called at Telangana opposing unification strongly. Hyderabad House Guest House in Delhi on• B.R.Rao threatened by politicians that either 20th February, 1956. K.V.Rangareddy or Marri Chennareddy • The two regions were represented by their top became the chief minister of Telangana if state leadership in the governments four each unification was not done. from the both regions under the supervision of Govind Vallabh Pant.• Along these, competition in the race of CM post between Bejawada Gopalareddy and • The agreement was arrived at on 20 th
Neelam Sanjeevareddy was there in Andhra. February, 1956. • It was signed by both Telangana and Andhra• B.R.Rao misunderstood that he became the leaders, who ever attended the meeting: CM after unification, so that, he supported the Vishalandra by meeting with the home minister Leaders from Telangana Region: Pandit Govind Vallabh Pant at Delhi. 1. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao –• Dr. Chennareddy also supported Chief Minister, Hyderabad Vishalandra by the infiuence of P.M.Nehru. 2. K.V. Ranga Reddy –• With the opinion of Central Home minister Revenue Minister, Hyderabad Govind Vallabh Panth, leaders of both the 3. Dr. M. Chenna Reddy – regions decided to conduct meeting and Planning Minister, Hyderabad; and discussions about the obstacles related to the 4. J.V. Narsinga Rao – formation of United Telugu state this result is President, Hyderabad “Gentlemen’s Bond”. Provincial Congress Committee• To discuss about the merging of Andhra and Leaders from Andhra Region: Telangana, and remove the fears and doubts regarding formation of Vishalandhra and to 5. Bezawada Gopala Reddy – Chief Minister of Andhra give special protections to the Telangana people both the leaders were sit for a meeting 6. N. Sanjeeva Reddy – at Delhi in 1956, and made an agreement here, Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra this is only known as “ Gentlemen’s Bond” 7. Sardar Gouthu Latchanna – Minister in the Andhra Cabinet & Leader of the Krishikar Lok Party - a constituent of the United Congress Front which contested in the Andhra elections (1955) and became part of the Ministry 8. Alluri Satyanarayana Raju – President Andhra Provincial Congress Committee • The out come of 14 points of this meeting, signed by 8 presenties of the both regions,
258 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture popularly known as Gentlemen’s Agreement but they should be required to pass a 1956. prescribed Telugu test in two years’ time• “THE STRUGGLE AND THE after appointment. BETRAYAL” a book written by K.V. 7) Some kind of domicile rules were made e.g., Ranga Reddy. In this book he mentioned residence for 12 years should be there, to about this agreement. consider as Local and those candidates only eligible to enter into jobs allocated for14 Points of Gentle men’s agreement: Telangana region.1) The expenditure of the Central and General 8) Sales of agricultural lands in Telangana area Administration of the State should be borne to be under the control of the Regional Council. proportionately by the two regions and the balance of income from Telangana should be 9) A Regional Council will be established for reserved for expenditure on the development the Telangana area with a view to secure its of Telangana area. This arrangement will be all-round development in accordance with its reviewed after five years and can be continued needs and requirements. for another five years if the Telangana members 10) The Regional Council will consist of 20 of the Assembly so desire. members and modalities of constituting it as2) Prohibition of liquor in Telangana should be follows: implemented in the manner decided upon by 9 members of the assembly, representing the Assembly members of Telangana. each district of Telangana, to be elected3) The existing educational facilities in Telangana by the Assembly members of the should be secured to the students of Telangana Telangana districts separately. and further improved. otherwise Admission to 6 members of the Assembly or the Colleges, including technical institutions in the Parliament, elected by the Telangana Telangana area, should be restricted to the representatives in the Assembly. students of Telangana area, or they later should 5 members from outside the Assembly to have admission to the extent of one third of be elected by the Telangana members of the total admission in the entire state, whichever the Assembly. All ministers from Telangana is advantageous to Telangana students should region will be members. The Chief be seen. Minister or the Deputy Chief Minister,4) Retrenchment of jobs should be proportionate whoever is from Telangana, will be the from both regions if it becomes inevitable due Chairman of the Council. Other Cabinet to merger of two regions. Ministers may also be invited to the5) Future recruitments to jobs will be on the basis meetings of Regional Council. of population from both regions. 11) The Regional Council will be a statutory body6) The position of Urdu in the administrative and empowered to deal with and decide about judicial matters existing at present in the matters mentioned above, and those relating Telangana area may continue for about five to planning and development, irrigation and years, after that if needed the regional council other projects, industrial development within by discussions may amend the position of the general planning and problems relates to Urdu. So far as recruitment to jobs is Telangana employees in so far as they relate concerned, there should not be any rule like to Telangana area. If there is difference of the person should know the Telugu launguage, opinion between the views of the Regional PNR Publications 259 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Council and the Government of the state, a • Subsequently, “a note on the safeguards appeal may be made to the Government of proposed for Telangana area” providing, India for final decision. inter-alia, for the constitution and functions of Unless in between if any amendment is a regional committee of the Legislative made to agreement by acceptance, this Assembly of the Andhra Pradesh state was agreement is reviewed only after 10 laid before the Parliament, in the Lok Sabha, years. on 10th August, 1956. This agreement12) The Cabinet will consist of members introduced by the Central government in the proportionately 60:40 per cent for Andhra and parliament with the name of “Note on safe Telangana respectively. Out of the 40 per cent guards” (it is a answer to the question of Raj Telangana Ministers, one will be a Muslim Bahadhur gaur). from Telangana. • But there is lot of changes were made to gentle13) If the Chief Minister is from Andhra, the men’s agreement to prepare Note on safeguars Deputy Chief Minister will be from Telangana (about 10 to 12 changes). and Vice versa. Two out of the following • Thereafter, the Andhra Pradesh Bill was portfolios will be assigned to Ministers from approved by the President of India on 31st Telangana: August 1956. Ceremony has been conducted 1. Home 2. Finance on the occasion of the newly formed Andhra 3. Revenue Pradesh state at Hyderabad on 1st November 4. Planning & Development 1956 by Pt. Nehru. 5. Commerce and Industry • Andhra Pradesh’s14) The H.P.C.C. President desires that the Capital city - Hyderabad P.C.C. should be separate for Telangana up to the end of 1962. For this A.P.P.C.C. First CM - Neelam Sanjeva Reddy President has no objection. First Governer - C.M. TrivediThe two following points, on which there was First Speaker - Ayyadevarano unanimity in these discussions. Kaleshwara Rao1) The name of the new state – the Telangana First deputy speaker - Kalluri Subba Rao representatives wanted that the name of First Leader of - Pucchalapalli Andhra Telangana (as proposed in the draft opposition Sundarayya bill) be retained, while the Andhra First chairman - Madapati representatives wanted that Andhra Pradesh, Legisltive Council Hanumantha Rao as indicated by the Joint Selection Committee, be retained. First deputy chairman - Konda Laxman Bapuji2) Regarding the High Court, the Telangana Legislative Council representatives wanted that there should be a • Dasaradhi Rangacharya wrote the song bench at Guntur, with the principal seat at ‘Ennalla swapnam idi’ during the formation Hyderabad, while the Andhra representatives of Andhra Pradesh. desired that there should be no bench at Guntur and the entire High Court be located only at Hyderabad.
260 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Employment aspects. The Telangana Telangana Regional Regional Committee is the legal entity Committee established to protect the economic and educational aspects.• It is natural to have a disparity between different kingdoms or regions. In the event of 7 th Constitutional amendment Act - integration of two regions with inequalities, Formation of regional associations: giving protections to the less developed region • On the recommendation of the States is there from the history only. giving Some Reorganisation Commission, the 7th special protection provisions around the world Constitutional Amendment Act repealed the and in India inspired the formation of Telangana classification of the A,B,C,D states in the Regional Committee. Constitution and 14 states and 6 Union• In 1707, the Scotland was integrated into Territories were constituted. England. Great Britain is made up of England, • The Act proposed the creation of Regional Scotland and Wales. Great Britain and Committees in the states of Punjab and Northern Ireland together formed United Andhra Pradesh, and the power to set up Kingdom (UK) in 1921. During the integration State Development Board in Bombay was special protection provisions were provided given to president. for Scotland and Northern Ireland. Presidential orders (1958):• To satisfy Scotland people, and for the • ‘The Andhra Pradesh Regional protection and development of those people Committee Order-1958’ issued by the by an act British Parliament created Scottish President of India on 1st February 1958 to Statutory Committee. form the Telangana Regional Committee.• Similarly, a promise was given in Gentlemen’s • Telangana Regional Council was the 9th of the agreement i.e to give protections to the 14 elements of the gentlemen’s Telangana people Telangana Standing agreement, but it became the Telangana committee (Telangana regional council) is Regional Committee in the Andhra Pradesh to be established . Formation Act.• But while introducing it in parliament they • Andhra Pradesh’s first chief minister Neelam changed Telangana Regional Council to Sanjivreddy did not constitute executive body Telangana Regional Committee and for Telangana Regional Committee. Although reduced the powers. the committee was legalized in 1958,• The Telangana Regional Committee is the Damodaram Sanjeevya appointed the most important of the many safeguards executive body when he was the chief minister. provided to Telangana during the merger of Thus, the Telangana Regional Committee was Andhra with Hyderabad. taken its birth in 1960.• The Telangana Regional Committee has Structure of Telangana Regional been called as Telangana prajala vani Committee (TRC): (people’s voice). • Telangana Regional Committee consists of 20• Gentlemen’s agreement which forms the basis members and their selection is as follows: for the creation of Andhra Pradesh includes 1) 9 members of the committee will be Economic, Political, Educational and selected from 9 districts of the then Telangana PNR Publications 261 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture state. 9 members will represent the 9 districts • Congress candidate K Achutha Reddy won of the then Telangana state. These 9 legislators over Communist Party candidate Ravi belongs to 9 different districts of Telangana Narayana Reddy as the first president of and elected by all legislature members of the Telangana Regional Committee. In the Telangana region. elections, Achutha Reddy got 63 votes and2) 6 members must be members of legislative Ravinarayana Reddy got only 22 votes. assembly of the Telangana region or be • Masuma Begum was elected members of Parliament. They must be elected unanimously as vice president by all Telangana Legislators. Note: K. Achyutha Reddy won internal3) The other 5 members should be non- election over BV Gurumurthy for the candidate legislators and elected by Telangana legislators. to contest in chairman election from congress• All the Telangana ministers are ex-officio party. members of the council. Committee Meetings:• The Chief Minister or the Deputy Chief • Chairman of Telangana Regional Committee Minister, who belongs to Telangana, will conducts the meeting and presides by him. preside over the Committee. One third members are considered as quorum.Election of Chairman and Dept. • Question hour was there in Punjab regionalChairman: committee meetings but it was not there in• The Telangana Regional Committee consists Telangana. However, the information is of a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman who provided by the government when committee gets elected by the Telangana Legislators members ask for any information. (105). • The committee meetings were used to held in• The governor issues a notification regarding the state legislature building. their election, which is conducted through an open voting system. • According to gentlemen’s agreement ‘The Telangana Regional committee’ has to beTheir removal: reviewed after 10 years. The ‘Note on• Chairman and deputy chairman loses their post Safeguards’ which protects Telangana’s when they lose membership of legislature. interests also mentioned that TRC has to be• The members of the Regional Committee may reviewed after ten years. dismiss them by a resolution made by using Powers and Duties of the Committee: special majority, but none has been dismissed in this way. The Telangana Regional Commission looks• The Chairman may resign by giving his in to the following matters: 1. Telangana Regional Committee’s approval is resignation to the Vice Chairman and the Vice Chairman may submit his resignation letter to must for sale of agricultural lands in Telangana the Chairman to resign. region. All land sales are under the control of this Committee.1st Chairman (President): 2. Examines the development of primary and• The Minister Mehdi Nawazjung presided secondary education in Telangana region and over the Telangana Regional Committee formulates the required development plan. meeting held on 31st March, 1958, chairman 3. Regulates admissions in educational institutions was elected in the same meeting. of Telangana region. 262 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture4. Examines the constitutional powers vested in • The Telangana Regional Committee consists the development agencies, district boards and of two types of sub-committees. They are district bodies, General planning prepared by 1. Standing sub-committees the state legislature. 2. Temporary sub-committees5. It also covers cottage, small scale industries, 1) Standing sub-committees: agriculture, cooperatives and markets. •They form on a particular issue and discuss the issue extensively. Telangana Regional6. Examines liquor prohibition and advises on the Committee has constituted 3 standing sub- same. committees. They are7. The Telangana Regional Committee will also a) Standing Subcommittee on Local look into job recruitments in Telangana region. Governance & Public HealthRegional bill and Monetary bill: b) Standing Subcommittee on Academics /• Draft Bill belongs to Telangana region or Education. Finance Bill has to be approved by the c) Standing subcommittee on development Telangana Regional Committee. 2) Temporary sub-committees:• Bills which are not financial bills but are • Temporary subcommittees are set up on a concerned to Telangana are called regional specific subject, and in every subcommittee, bills. These regional bills must be approved there will be 9 members. by the Telangana Regional Committee before • Subcommittees also have the power to issue being introduced in the Legislative Assembly. summons to government officials and can call• When a confusing situation arises, the them to attend. governor has the power to decide whether • Despite the severe shortage of teachers in the bill is a regional bill or not. secondary school is in Telangana region in• Some bills do not come under the perview 1964, the government has not taken any Telangana regional committee. Any legislation constructive measures. Therefore, in 1964, relating to Telangana, when makes applicable the regional committee recommended to to Andhra Pradesh then it is not needed to the government to appoint teachers from report to the regional committee. Telangana surplus funds. The Finance and• Similarly, not all monetary (Money) bills Planning Department responded by making a come under regional committee. false report that Telangana has no surplus funds but have a deficit.Performance of Telangana RegionalCommittee: • But while addressing the assembly, the governor said that 30.45 crore surplus• The committee has been granted extensive funds accumulated from 1961-66. powers under the Note on Safeguards Act. But the Chief Minister of Seemandhra, who • With this the negligence of Andhra leaders towards Telangana Regional Committee and felt that efficient working of this committee Telangana interests is evident. would become a threat for them so they tried to suppress it. • Regional Committee argued that the surplus funds in the revenue account of the Telangana• The Telangana Regional Committee has the region should be treated as Telangana surplus. power to discuss and approve every bill that But the government argued that the capital has come up. In some cases, subcommittees deficit has to be deducted from the revenue are formed and reported for wider discussion. to confirm the surplus. PNR Publications 263 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePrograms undertaken by the Regional public service matters, but the GovernmentCommittee: argued that the service matters would not beEducational field: covered by the Regional Committee which was• The regional committee has been effective in denied by the TRC. protecting the regional benefits in education Neglegence toward’s Regional sector. Committee:Public Health: • Telangana Regional Committee constituted• The Regional Committee has played a very under its jurisdiction to act as a shield for good role in the matter of public health. A grant Telangana region. But due to the reckless was released by the committee for naturopathy attitude of Andhra rulers, the committee was hospital in Ameerpet. not able to exercise its powers.TRC Schemes: • The Telangana Movement came in 1969 when• Regional Committee formulated and the defences provided by the gentlemen’s implemented various schemes from Telangana agreement to Telangana were completely surplus funds between 1961-63. These violated. During the Telangana Movement, on schemes were called as TRC schemes. April 11, 1969, the then Prime Minister Indira• Of all these schemes, the proposed grant to Gandhi announced the 8 point formula, in Osmania University was important. Under this which the Telangana Regional Committee was scheme, Osmania University has been empowered, according to the 5th point of the allocated Rs 3 crore and decided to put the formula. funds in the form of bonds for ten years for • With the Supreme Court verdict that Mulki’s the electrification of Telangana region in the rules were constitutional in 1972, Andhra Electricity Board, with the interest came from people took up the Jai Andhra movement. bonds used to undertake developmental • The Telangana Regional Committee, along with programmes in Osmania University. the Mulki Terms, got abolished with theLocal bodies: implementation of the six point formula held• TRC advocated the establishment of election on 21st September, 1973 in the wake of the commission for state level on the lines of Jai Andhra movement. National election commission to conduct local • Telangana Regional Committee body elections like gram panchayat, municipal Presidents: corporations. 1. K. Achyuta Reddy – 1958-1962• Similarly, recommended the establishment of 2. T. Hayagrivachari – 1962-1967 an independent body for the reorganization of 3. J. Chokkarao – 1967-1972 constituencies of local bodies. 4. Kodati Rajamallu – 1972Government services: • Telangana Regional Committee• 4, 5, 7 items of the Gentlemen’s Agreement Vice-Presidents: were related to Government Services. But there was no mention of government 1. Masuma Begum 1958-62 employee’s service in the orders issued by the 2. T. Ranga Reddy 1962-67 president forming the regional committee. The 3. K. Rajamallu 1967-72 Regional Committee was formed to discuss 4. Sayyid Rahmat Ali 1972-73. 264 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • But in 1957, the Telangana Pradesh Congress Violations of Telangana Committee was dissolved and merged withSafeguards between 1956-69 the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee. By this there is no opportunity to Telangana• Safeguards provided to the Telangana region leadership to become popular. through gentlemen’s agreement were violated in many ways. • According to Gentle men’s bond Telangana person should be given the post of Chief1) Formation of a weak regional Minister or Deputy Chief Minister, but after committee: the formation of Andhra Pradesh, the first Chief• Telangana should have a regional council with Minister Neelam Sanjivreddy said that the extensive powers under the gentlemen’s post of Deputy Chief Minister is like the agreement. sixth finger which is not required and none• The council was also empowered to make was appointed as Dept CM. plans for Telangana with in the perview to state • In the former Andhra state, Neelam Sanjeeva plan along with safeguarding the gentlemen’s Reddy himself had been deputy chief minister agreement. till a day earlier in Bezawada Gopala Reddy’s• But by the time of the introduction of the Note cabinet, and his statement in combined Andhra on Safeguards in Parliament, the Telangana Pradesh on the Dept.CM post made the Regional Committee has been proposed Telangana leaders unhappy. instead of the Telangana Regional Council • Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy also ignored the mentioned in the gentlemen’s agreement. provision that the Telangana region should be• The committee was weaker than the given any of the two branches of the Ministry council in its structure and authority. The from Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning- committee did not have the powers like the development and Trade Industries under the regional council. The committee’s powers had gentlemen’s agreement. been reduced to a mere suggestion committee. • Important Ministries were not given to• The committee’s powers were limited to issues Telangana. When the Home Ministry is given which were not financially related. to Telangana, the law and order is kept by the• The Committee did not have the authority to Chief Minister. enforce or oversee the Mulki regulations or • The Department of Commerce and Industry to oversee the higher education system. was never given jointly. Though the industrial• Thus, weakened the Regional Council ministry is given, it was divided into large, proposed by the gentlemen’s agreement and medium and small-scale industries and used constituted only the Regional Committee and to give only one among the three branches. committed the violation of the protections of • In 1959, after Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Telangana. became CM of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana2) Unfairness / Injustice in the leader K.V.Rangareddy was given Deputy political sphere: CM.• As per gentlemen’s agreement Telangana • As K.V.Rangareddy lost 1962 election, none region should have a separate Pradesh was appointed in the Deputy CM post till congress committee (PCC) till 1962. 1969. PNR Publications 265 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• As the Telangana movement escalated in • The government facilitated for cultivation under 1969, the United Andhra leader J.V.Narsingh the canals. The farmer who receives this facility Rao was appointed as deputy chief minister. has to pay about Rs 200 per acre per year as• ‘Kannamvar’ from Karimnagar district of water tax. Telangana was able to become the first Chief • The farmer who irrigates under the wells must Minister of Maharashtra but was Telangana dig the well at his own expense, has to buy a leaders in its region unable to become the CM water pump, has to place the current line, has for Andhra Pradesh. to repair motors when the motors burn• PV Narasimha Rao of Telangana first because of voltage problems and has to pay became the Chief Minister of Andhra the current charges. It costs thousands of Pradesh on 30th September, 1971. rupees.3) Exploitation of water resources: • Thus, the Telangana farmers used to commit• According to section 107,108 (1) (2) of the suicide because of debts. States Reorganization Act, Indian parliament • Ghanpur Dam was built during the Nizam’s stipulated that all projects undertaken prior to time in the Medak district on the Manjira 1956 should be completed. River in 1904. Mehboob nahar canal on• After the formation of new states, the central right and Fateh nahar canal on the left of government established the Bachavat Ghanpur Dam was built and provided Tribunal on 10th April, 1969 to distribute irrigation facilities for 17 thousand acres of land Krishna river water between Andhra Pradesh, basin. Karnataka and Maharashtra in the Krishna River basin. • In 1910, near Valigonda, a canal was built• According to the 1973 verdict of the Bachavat from the Asifnagar Katva which was on Tribunal, Andhra Pradesh received 811 TMC Musi river till the Panagal tank at Nalgonda. net water. • Apart from the projects built during the• The majority of the 811 TMC net waters Nizam’s time, the Andhra rulers have not allocated by the Bachavat Tribunal must completed any project in Telangana region. belong to Telangana. But due to the 4) Transfer of Telangana surplus discrimination shown by the ruling classes, funds: Telangana area was allocated only with 277.86 TMCs, which was about only • According to gentlemen’s agreement the 34.26%. surplus funds of Telangana i.e., that is the remaining amount after expenditure from its• It is a geographical fact that in Andhra Pradesh, revenue has to be spent in Telangana only. 79% of the catchment area of the river Godavari and 68.5% of the Krishna river • But the Andhra rulers were diverted Telangana basin is in Telangana. surplus funds to Andhra.• But the Telangana region has suffered • According to gentlemen’s agreement, the tremendous loss in obtaining water through Andhra and Telangana regions has to bear the drains from major irrigation projects. cost of establishing the Central and General• In Andhra, agriculture was done by canals but Governance of the State as per the ratio. in Telangana, agriculture was done by • But the ratio of expenditure was not mentioned depending upon Tanks. in the agreement.266 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• By the time of preparation of 1957 budget • Though they made such principles, were not certain guidelines were proposed by state implemented. finance department to remove the uncertainty between the ratio of expenditure of Andhra & Marrichenna Reddy addresses in the Telangana. Legislative Assembly on the injustices done to the Telangana (1958): Andhra & Telangana should be paid out of their income in the ratio of 2:1 for • Participating in the debate on the Budget in expenditure on Governor’s Office, the Legislative Assembly on 1st March, 1958 Secretariat, Assembly, Public Service on the injustices caused to Telangana in Commission, High Court, government economic matters, Marri Chenna Reddy offices, Government Central Press, said, “The budget shows that the government Stationery and Hostels. is negliegent towards Telangana without As of 31st October, 1956, the pension for spending it which was allocated for various any given area would be exempted from purposes”. that area’s income. After the formation of • He said in case of education all the nine new state, Andhra &Telangana has to bear districts of Telangana together cannot the pension expenditure for retired reach the standards of one Guntur district employees in 2:1 ratio. of Andhra. Therefore, while Telangana needs Prior to 1st November, 1956, the interest to spend more on education, he accused the on the debts of the two regions has to be government for not being able to spend the paid by them only. In combined state the sanctioned amount. interest ratio is based on the expenses • Marrichenna Reddy also questioned the delay spent in that particular region and the in setting up the working group for regional revenue of that region. With the cabinet committee, said that the revenue minister was approval, the government made decisions not interested in setting it up. on Telangana’s expenditure and revenue based on the same principle until 1958-59. Debate in the Assembly on the injustices• An agreement has been made between the happening to Telangana (1961): Regional Committee and the State • On 25 th July, 1961, Puchalapally Government on the principles to be followed Sundarayya & Ravi Narayana Reddy for the allocation of income and expenditure questioned the government on the injustices between the two regions. being done to Telangana and moving Telangana Any region revenue & expenditure should funds to Andhra in legislative assembly. be allocated to that area only. • Leader of the Opposition Puchalapally Joint expenses and expenses on participated in the discussion, saying, that “The Hyderabad, the Andhra &Telangana money from the Securities, Revenue surplus regions have to bear in 2:1 ratio. of Telangana has been spent in Andhra. If Funds and grants given by the Center are Telangana money and Rs 4 crore more were allocated between Andhra & Telangana in spent in Telangana, Telangana would have 2: 1 ratio. been better developed.” • “Saying Telangana as a backward region The central grants for various schemes and projects are allocated to regions where but shifting the surplus funds of Telangana they are getting implemented. is not at all good for the unity of Andhra Pradesh” said P.Sundarayya. PNR Publications 267 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• P.V Narsimha Rao participated in the debate 5) Selling agricultural lands to other said that “no matter how much you spend for Telangana it is still less for it”. He also said than Telangana people is that he agrees in Buy & Large Telangana. prohibited: He said that the government has to take steps • According to Section 47-50 of the 5th to address the key needs of the people, it is chapter of the Hyderabad tenant and land likely that emotional integration and law act of 1950, there were restrictions on cultural integration between Telangana the sale and purchase of agricultural land. and Andhra regions would be possible. According to this act buying agricultural land• Ravi Narayana Reddy participated in the by Non-Telangana people is illegitimate. debate and said that even though five years have been passed since the formation of However, before the merger of Andhra and Vishalandhra, emotional integration has not Telangana in 1956, Andhra people purchased taken place because of the steps and policies lands in Warangal & Nizamabad districts by taken by the governments and Sanjeev Reddy. violating this Act.• Responding to the above debate, Chief • The sale and purchase of agricultural lands in Minister Damodaram Sanjeeviah said in Telangana shall be subject to the Telangana Assembley, “I and the other ministers are regional committee according to the eighth thinking about how to solve the problem point of the 1956 gentlemen agreement. together”. He also said that they don’t have Without the permission of this committee Non- any intension to do injustice to Telangana Telangana people cannot purchase agricultural and steeling their money. lands in Telangana.Aarutla Kamaladevi questioned the • Yet, millions of acres of land in the TelanganaFinance Minister: region have been bought by migrants from• Even Chenna Reddy, who was the Finance Andhra without the permission of the Minister in 1966, did not allocate adequate Telangana Regional Committee. funds to Telangana. With this the communist • Neelam Sanjeev Reddy appointed VB Raju leader Aarutla Kamaladevi questioned him as revenue minister who was an Andhra settler during budget session on 3 March, 1966. for land transfer requirements in Telangana.• Kamala Devi said that it is not fair to After police action, in most of the posts Andhra Marrichenna Reddy who was the finance people were appointed in Telangana Revenue minister spending Telangana’s surplus to Andhra region. She also spoke at the department. All the above actions helped in Assembly on the injustices happening to transfer of lands. Telangana in the field of electricity sector. • Eventually, the Andhra rulers completelyCommunist leader Ch. Rajeshwara Rao: abolished the sections 47-50 of the Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 in• He said “the ruling leaders say that there is a 1968, which results leaving 60-80% of the lot of money to be spent in Telangana but they are spending it in Andhra”. He said that they land in the Godavari basins of the Warangal owed to Telangana which is against the & Khammam district in the hands of the agreement made. He also said that the surplus Andhra colonists and landlords from the local amount 23 crores has to be spent in Telangana. peasants. 268 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture6) Violation of safeguards in the • However, under certain circ*mstances, an employment sector: exception may be given to the residence• From the formation of Andhra Pradesh on 1st eligibility clause. November, 1956 to 1968, the Andhra • Thus, the list of jobs that have been recruited Employers and Rulers have been made by the rule of exception must be printed in injustice in recruiting, promoting, transferring the Gazette for every four months. The Gazette and administering of Telangana employees. should be reported to the Central Government.• After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, the Violations in the provisions of the above act: Center introduced The Public Employment • Violated all the provisions of the above Act Act, 1957, on 7th December 1957. It is a on the basis of “ Principle of exemption under act that repeals all previous legislations (Mulki special circ*mstances” which is mentioned in Rules) relating to many issues of employment the above Act. sector across the country. • The Regional Committee believes that the• The Act gives the Center the authority to issue exemptions for employment recruitment in the regulations on local area (residence) in respect Telangana region up to 1968 are as follows of employment in the states of Telangana • Many non-locals were hired here in order to region of Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura. give postings to husband and wife in one place. • Appointment of Non-Residents by the Public• The Central Government introduced the Andhra Pradesh Public Employment Rule Service Commission on the grounds that there (Requirement as to residence) - 1959 on were no eligible local candidates. March 21, 1959, applying the provisions of • Appointments for temporary adjustment. clauses A and C of sub sections of Article 3 of • Transfers with mutual assent. the above Act to Telangana. • Appointments on sympathy and humanistic• According to the Act, a person is considered perspective (If an employee dies, the family to be native of Telangana if he lives for members are given a job in Telangana even if the last 15 years in Telangana. To get a they are non-resident under compassionate government job in Telangana region of Andhra appointments). Pradesh, one must have settled in Telangana • Pakistanese, Burmese and family’s dependent region for about 15 years. on military officers were given jobs in• Similarly, for every second job out of three Telangana region. jobs in the Secretariat and in the • In 1968, the former Chairman of the Regional Administrative offices, they should follow Committee, Hayagrivachari, urged the the rule of nativity (residence as eligibility). government to review the recruiting of a large• These nativity rules apply only to non-gazetted number of non-local workers in Telangana, posts and in local body’s employment apart from the above exemptions. recruitment in the Telangana region. • Responding to this, the Department of General• Local reservation applies if the placement of Administration of the Government of India jobs in Telangana region is done through direct ordered (on 30th April, 1968) officials of selection or transfer or promotion. Only various departments of secretariat for Mulkis were eligible in temporary recruitments immediate dismissal of non-residents who had too. PNR Publications 269 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture been appointed illegally without exemptions, service rules, teachers should be given but none were removed. promotions without examinations.Electricity Board: PWD Department:• There is lot of injustice has been done to • Injustice has done to the Telangana engineers Telangana Employees in promotions of this in the promotions of engineers in the PWD department. department.• Exams for promotions in this department are Meeting of Telangana Mahasabha on conducted separately for Telangana and violations of Telangana Safeguards: Andhra. The state government has written to the central government seeking permission to • Telangana meeting was conducted by cancel the two tests and conduct the same test Telangana Mahasabha on 8th March, for both areas. 1958, which was chaired by veteran lawyer• After getting the approval from the center, the S.Venkataswamy in Pratap girji Kothi, test which has held earlier in the Andhra region Hyderabad. has been applied across the state. • The meeting was attended by about 500• As the test had already been written by Andhra delegates and about two thousand spectators. employees, so they said that there is no need • Representatives who attended this meeting to write it again. criticized the government for breaching of the• Only Telangana employees had to re-write the gentlemen’s agreement. test. With this the Andhra employees got • Nizamabad parliamentarian Harishchandra promotions sooner than Telangana employees Hoda (Congress) delivered the inaugural after merger. address, saying, “The gentlemen’s agreementEducation Department: between the leaders of Andhra and Telangana• Regional quota was applied in promotions for should be implemented”. He said that those in teachers. power were neglecting Telangana and some• They brought a rule that 2 out of 3 promotions leaders who claimed to be Telangana have to be given to Andhra region and 1 has representatives in the cabinet were acted in to be given for Telangana. With this Telangana both ways and doing injustice to the Telangana. region got fewer promotions. According to the agreement, the post of• Public schools in Andhra Pradesh are low and Deputy Chief Minister should be given to so many teachers got two promotions. Telangana, and he criticised the government Government schools in Telangana were more for saying that the post is like 6th finger. and many did not get promotions. • Bhoj Reddy in his welcoming speech said that• Another thing is that the teachers who were the situation got deteriorated instead of hired during the Hyderabad government were development. denied of promotions. Departmental Tests that • Madapati Hanumantha Rao said that if the were not present in Telangana were introduced government fails to implement the agreement, and a rule was made that promotions are given people should exercise their natural right based on tests. According to the Hyderabad through constitutional procedures.270 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• MP, Communist leader Rajabahadur Gour Discussion in Parliament on injustices said that a committee should be formed with done to Telangana: all parties to look into the matter, saying that • Speaking at Rajya Sabha meeting in 1960, there was concern against the merger of taxes V.K.Dhage warned that if the central and employment situations. government does not take immediate steps to• Gopalrao Ekbote said dissatisfaction for not address the injustices happening to Telangana, implementing the gentlemen’s agreement has they have to face a catastrophe in future. increased and the movement is started against • Nizamabad parliamentarian Harishchandra the government for its actions which are ruined Hoda told in a parliamentary session in 1960 the interests of the people of Telangana. that the rulers had ignored the basics of the gentleman’s agreement and the• Telangana Mahasabha sent a memorandum to Telangana region employees were not external affairs Minister Govind Vallabh Pant happy regarding this. about the injustices committed by the rulers after 17 months of the formation of Andhra Announcement of Chief Minister Pradesh. Damodaram Sanjeevaiah in the Legislative Assembly:• In the same way, the Telangana Mahasabha in 1960 sent a memorandum to Indian Prime • In 1960, regional committee president K.Achutha Reddy criticized the government Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. They requested by announcing the injustices done to Telangana inquire about the injustices happened to by holding a press meet. Telangana people in employement and to set • Responding to Achutha Reddy’s accusations, up a high-level committee to inquire the Chief Minister Sanjiviah announced the same. following assurances in the Assembly:• Prominent Leaders of Telangana Mahasabha, He said that the immediately Telangana informing the central and state administrators surplus funds will be used to build the about the injustices happening to the Telangana Pochampahad project. region between 1956-68 were - Varakantha Fertilizers factory to be built in Gopal Reddy, Bojjam Narsimhulu. Kottagudem.• Varakantha Gopal Reddy makes his Telangana surplus funds spent in Andhra residence available for Telangana Mahasabha will be adjusted to Telangana in future. Meetings. • Damodaram Sanjeevayya understood theGhulam Patanjan’s Warning: injustices happened to Telangana and was ready to correct them. As a result, the• On 12th December, 1959, Telangana leader government of Andhra Pradesh issued a and by Profession lawyer Ghulam Patanjan white paper in 1961. publicly warned the central and state governments to “wake up before the Highlights of white paper (1961): situation gets worsened” about the 1. Telangana surplus funds, including Rs 13 crore discontent rising in the Telangana youth of Nizam’s securities, will be spent in because of the injustices done to them. Telangana during the third plan PNR Publications 271 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture2. In addition, the government has promised to remove injustices done to Telangana, but there spend Rs 12 crore on special development was no response from the government. projects in Telangana. • Telangana Employees with all kinds of• But after the 1962 elections, the Sanjeevya disgruntlement, TNGO Union under KR government was gone and Neelam Sanjeeva Amos Organized “Telangana Hamila Reddy’s government came back and no Dinam” (Telangana Assurance Day) on 10th promise was fulfilled. July, 1968.• Neelam Sanjivreddy, who became Chief • TNGO leaders visited all districts of Telangana Minister for the second time in 1962, again to mobilize support for Movement to reiterated the Andhra plunder. implement Telangana defenses. Teacher’s• If Telangana leaders try to speak out against Union leader K Rama Sudhakar Raju, a these injustices, he used to lure them with posts member of the TNGO group, wrote a book or used to threaten them to keep their mouths with his experiences. shut.• Kasu Brahmananda Reddy became CM in 1964, who was from the district of Guntur. He was also an Andhra arrogant fellow.• In 1966, Urdu was replaced by Telugu as the official language. He encouraged Telugu in government jobs. Telugu became bit difficult for Telangana youth who studied Urdu during Nizam’s period.• Thus, Andhra employees settled in Telangana by violating the employment code between 1956-68. They stolen the jobs of Telangana people.• Disgruntled Telangana employees, students and people of various sections started a separate Telangana movement in 1969.• When Andhra was merged with Telangana, most of the vacancies were filled with Andhra people. They deliberately violated the rules of employment for locals. With fake mulki certificates they were appointed in Telangana jobs.• Chokka Rao, who was the chairman of the Telangana Regional Committee in 1968, pressuised the central & state governments to272 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1969 Telangana movement 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
Reasons for the movement • The rules enacted under this Act were first time implemented with effect from 21st March,1) Violations of Telangana 1969, with a five-year term. They were later safeguards: extended to another five years, until 20th• Andhra leaders brazenly violated protections March, 1969. In October 1968, the made for Telangana in 1956 gentlemen’s Government of Andhra Pradesh was asked agreement. Government of India i.e, to extend it for (the reasons for the violation of Telangana safe- another five years till 20th March, 1974. guards between 1956-69 was clearly explained • When the Andhra people appealed to the court in the previous chapter, but few important and that these provisions were not lawful, the immediate reasons are explained below) Supreme Court given judgement on 28th2) Discontent among engineers: March, 1969 that the rules relating to• During the India-Pakistan war in 1965-66, the requirement as to resident were invalid. state government cut 10 percent of its budget • The summary of the court’s ruling is that and eliminated all temporary workers as part residency status should apply to the entire of the savings. This has caused many engineers state but not to one area of the state. to become unemployed in Telangana. • Telangana youths were disappointed with this• After studying the situation carefully, Telangana verdict, which ignited a separate Telangana engineers said that most of the permanent movement. posts were occupied by Andhra people and the temporary super numery posts were • The governments of Neelam Sanjeevareddy, allocated to them as a result they lost their jobs Damodaram Sanjeeviah and Kasu and demanded Andhra people to vacate the Brahmananda Reddy brought hundreds of posts and return to Andhra and large campaign amendments to public employment act and was conducted by them to recruit them in the hired many Andhra people in Telangana posts. vacant posts. Thousands of fake mulki certificates were issued during their rule.3) Dissatisfaction among Employees • During trial of a case division bench of the• In 1957 Parliament assented the public High Court also commented that without Employment Act-1957 ( Requirement as to considering Rule 3 of the Public Employment Residence). Act the government had given number of• The Act repealed residency status in the states exemptions. and Union Territories of the country and continued to provide residency as eligibility in • Out of the three hundred persons who are Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, acting as the Deputy Registrar of the Himachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura. Cooperative Society state-wide, only nine• Under the Act, the Center issued the Andhra were from Telangana region (There are Pradesh Public Employment Regulations more than 70 Deputy Registrar posts in (Requirement as to Residence) in 1959. Telangana). PNR Publications 273 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In at least one of the nine districts of Telangana 5) Discontent among students in the Panchayati Raj department there is no • In 1967 the government increased the college District Panchayat Officer (DPO) from fees by a large amount. The students went on Telangana. strike against the hike, causing the government• After the integration of Andhra and Telangana, to cut back on the increased fees. Andhra people got recruited in most of the • At the same time, between the vice- vacancies of Telangana jobs. They deliberately chancellor of Osmania University, DS violated the provision of jobs to the natives. Reddy and Chief Minister Kasu With fake Mulki certificates they got recruited Bramananda Reddy, there was in Telangana jobs. Violated Public disagreement on university autonomy. Employment Act - 1957 ( Requirement as to • Kasu Brahmanandreddy changed the resident) completely. University’s law of VC’s tenure from five years• Injustice was done to Telangana employees to three years and replaced University Vice in case of promotions. They prepared Chancellor, DS Reddy with another common seniority list and enforced the rules (Pinnamaneni Narsimha Rao). of Andhra (The then madras rules) by • Students have raised concerns over the combining the seniority of the civil service unnecessary interference by the chief minister officers of the two regions and causes sever in the affairs of the university, saying the injustices in the promotion of Telangana decision would threaten the autonomy of the employees. university.4) Disgruntlement among Teachers: • Students under the leadership of Jaipal Reddy• After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, went on strike against the Chief Minister. Panchayati Raj institutions were formed, by • Similarly, the court dismissed Narasimha Rao’s this many schools in Telangana were formed. selection as VC and he left for Guntur. With• There was a shortage of maths and science this, DS Reddy again became Vice teachers. While Telangana Teachers are Chancellor of Osmania University. available for the other posts, many Andhra • Since then, students in the university have split teachers have penetrated into Telangana all into two groups. The Chief Minister wanted Teacher posts by using Zilla Parishad to lead the Telangana Movement led by his Chairmans. pro-student leaders (Venkat Reddy), while• By 1967 the number of illegally employed another group led by Mallikarjun has teachers had reached to four thousand. This demanded a separate Telangana. These group made Telangana unemployees unhappy. against to chief minister.• In 1967 Telangana Regional Association 6) Insulting of Telangana culture & asked the government to fill up the traditions: teaching posts in secondary schools in Telangana at least by using surplus funds • Telangana people have been insulted in literary, of Telangana. However, Telangana people cultural, traditional and political arenas by the were unhappy with the Finance Ministry people who came from Andhra. announcing that Telangana has no surplus • Andhra people criticize that Telangana people funds. do not know Telugu and they said that their slang is not good.274 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Andhra people decided Telangana people as • On 26th April, 1968, the High Court ruled lazy people. They also mocked that Telangana that the election of Marri Chenna Reddy was festivals, rituals, food practices, affairs are invalid and he would not contest in any election uncivilised. for six years. With this, Chenna Reddy• They forcibly applied their cultural and resigned as Union Minister. imperialist philosophy on Telangana people. • Chenna Reddy approached the Supreme Telangana people were considered as second- Court and the Supreme Court rebuked him class citizens. as ‘the most heinous crime among crimes’.• When the former Chief Minister of Andhra, • He appealed to central election commission Tunguturi Prakasam Pantulu, died in 1957, to reduce at least six years sentence, but there funeral practices was performed with too his appeal was dismissed. government formalities. • Chenna Reddy angered on the CM, saying that in the early court proceedings, Chief• But when former Hyderabad state chief Minister Brahmanandreddy was in a position minister Burgula Ramakrishna Rao died on to help him but he was neutral. 14th September, 1967, funeral practices was not conducted with government formalities. • Chenna Reddy, who eventually became a political unemployee, the 1969 movement• If such discrimination were committed against seemed as a good opportunity. a former Chief Minister who signed the • Telangana people who have suffered from all gentlemen’s agreement, we can imagine the manners of injustice, discrimination and violation situation of common people in Telangana. of the treaty of gentlemen, were embarked on7) Politically deprived Marri Chenna a gigantic movement in 1968-69. Reddy: Hyderabad Non-gazetted Officers Union• Northern newspapers at that time cited Marri (HNGO): Chenna Reddy as a ‘fire eater’. • Telangana employees fought for their rights by• Chenn Reddy, who won the 1967 general forming Hyderabad Non-gazetted Officers election, was a minister in the cabinet of Chief Union in former Hyderabad state. Minister Kasu Brahmananda Reddy. But • After the formation of the state of Andhra Marri Chenna Reddy wanted to become CM, Pradesh, HNGO Secretary Surendranath as a result there were severe conflicts between and KR Amos made representations on the the two. problems of Telangana employees and the• Observing this, Indira Gandhi appointed Marri injustices that are happening to them and gave Chenna Reddy as the Minister of Steel & them to the ministers and dignitaries of the Mines at the Center to keep him out of state respective government departments to resolve politics. He was not a Member of Parliament those problems. by that time and after that he was elected for Rajyasabha. • KR Amos joined in the Hyderabad government (Secretariat) in 1953 as a Typist• In the 1967 Assembly elections, Marri Chenna in the Industrial Trust Fund. Reddy won over his opponent Vande- mataram Ramachandra Rao. However, • Surendranath, the Secretary of HNGO, was Ramachandra Rao approached the High Court also a Section Officer in the Industries saying that Chennreddy had engaged in illegal Department. practices and done rigging in the election. PNR Publications 275 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureTelangana Non-gazetted Officers Union • However, the total power station has 1400(TNGO): jobs, of which only 200 jobs were given to• In 1964-65, K.R. Amos converted the Telangana and 175 of them got removed in Hyderabad NGO to the Telangana Non- 1968. Gazetted Officers Union. • In these circ*mstances, in 1968, local employees, with the help of Hyderabad’s non-TNGO Union: gazetted employees, demanded to enforce the Founding President - Mulki rules in the power station and provide K.R. Amos (continued until 1969) jobs to the locals. Associate President - • This movement resulted in the displacement SLN Chari (Deputy Tahsildar) of non-natives and jobs for the locals.• According to unofficial calculations, about • It was first exposed by Kolishetti Ramadasu 22,000 non-residents of Telangana (non- from Illandu village that most of the Andhra mulkis) got jobs in Telangana by 1968. employees are working in this Thermal PowerTelangana Safeguards Day / Station.Telangana Hamila Dinam: • In November, 1968 a discussion on the Mulki Rules took place between the Chief Minister• On the 10th of July 1968, the TNGO Union Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, opposition under the direction of KR Aamos celebrated leaders and other Public Representatives in a Telangana Safeguards Day. meeting that took place in the wake of the• As a part of that Telangana Rights Day Telangana Rights safeguard Movement. meetings were held in all districts of Telangana • Speaking at the debate, Gouthulachanna on 10th July. suggested to create super numery posts in• Addressing a employees’ meeting in Andhra region in order to send back the Hyderabad, Mahadevasingh, a prominent Andhra employees who were employed in labour union leader, warned the government Telangana by violating the Mulki rules. that Telangana will get separated from the state of Andhra Pradesh if the wishes of the people • The proposal was accepted by all, including the chief minister, but the then general of Telangana are not met. secretary, MT Raju (from Andhra), openlyTelangana Safeguards Movement: opposed. With that Chief Minister stepped• The Telangana movement was first started in back on that issue. Palvancha. • The policies of the then Chief Minister Kasu• In 1961, a power station named Brahmananda Reddy, his dictatorial Kotthagudem Thermal Power Station was attitude, sarcastical comments and his many established in Palwancha of Khammam remarks have caused a lot of distress to the District. people of Telangana.• The project was funded from surplus funds of • There was also a talk on implementation of Telangana. Local farmers lost about 1300 safeguards in the Assembly in November 1968 acres of land to this power station. So, the when the Telangana movement started. power station jobs are not available for people • On this occasion one member asked to make from other regions. a clear statement on the surplus crores of Telangana, for this Chief Minister Kasu 276 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Brahmananda Reddy smiled arrogantly and • Telangana regional council investigated on the questioned whether he is talking about old Andhra residents who got jobs through bogus coats or new coats (in sarcastic way) mulki certificates in various government offices.• On 8th January, 1969, representatives from • With the support of this counsil, Telangana Telangana region gave a representation to the employees made dharnas and hunger strikes Chief Minister to resolve the issues. to meet their demands.• While some of those delegates referred to the • Ramadasu, seeing all these circ*mstances, felt shortage of allocations for the Pochampahad that they don’t get Telangana jobs and funds project, the Chief Minister arrogantly replied until they achieve separate Telangana. that though the construction was delayed, Separate Telangana slogan for the the foundations were strong and told them first time in Kothagudem: to leave. • On 30th December, 1968, legislative council• It brought to the notice of Chief Minister that president Pidathala Ranga Reddy and many are approaching court on the injustices President of the Telangana Regional Council done to the TNGOs, he arrogantly said that Chokka Rao came to attend the admission if court fees is increased then they would ceremony of the Kothagudem Zilla Parishad stop going to court. Girls’ School.• Due to such experiences the activists came to • The Telangana Rights Protection Council the conclusion that it was better to secede from gave a large procession when they arrived and Andhra Pradesh. gave separate Telangana slogans.Pioneers of the 1969 movement: • J. Chakka Rao in his speech challenged the• The credit of initiating and spreading the agitators saying, “who cannot safeguard movement in Telangana is given to the below Telangana rights from the past 12 years members. how can they achieve separate VL Narsimha Rao (President of Telangana?”. These words provoked the Palvancha TNGO) Telanganaists. Kolishetty Ramadasu (Resident of Kothagudem Protest: Illandu) • On 30th April, 1968, the Andhra Pradesh K. Rama Sudhakar Raju (Teacher’s Government issued the following orders. union leader) If eligible residents of Telangana are not available for the posts which areEfforts of Kolishetty Ramadasu: allocated for natives / locals, then the• Kolishetty Rama Dasu belongs to posts has to be kept vacant. Gatekarepalli village near Illandu of In addition, the government has also Khammam District. ordered the removal of conditionally• In 1968, Ramadasu formed the Telangana appointed non-natives within three Regional Council at Illandu with 20 young months in those jobs which were people. allocated to locals, and to fill the posts• Telangana Regional Council’s with eligible natives. President - Kolishetti Ramadasu • Due to these reasons many teachers and other General Secretary - Muthyam Venkanna employees of Andhra lost their jobs. PNR Publications 277 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• At the same time, the government has also The beginning and the progress implemented these orders in the Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board. As a result, of the movement formerly hired non-locals were removed from • The Telangana movement, which took place the Kothagudem thermal plant. in 1969, is described below in a series of• Employees dismissed from Kothagudem dates. Thermal Power Station filed a case in the High 8th January, 1969 Court. Rabindranath’s fast unto death:• On 3rd January, 1969, High-court Judge • On 8 th January, 1969, Annabathula Justice Kuppuswamy ruled in favor of the Rabindranath, a student leader of the non-natives as the Andhra Pradesh State National Student Union, who was studying Electricity Board is an autonomous body BA, began an indefinite fast demanding for which does not come under public implementation of Telangana safeguards and employment act and said that local separate Telangana, at Gandhi Chowk in reservation is not applicable in Khammam town. corporations and autonomous bodies. • Ravindranath was the first person to go on• KTPC labour union started strike under the a fast unto death in the 1969 Telangana leadership of PV Giri against this verdict. movement.• Non-Mulki employees at the Kothagudem • He was accompanied by Shri Kavi Thermal Power Station have been asked to Rajamurthy, who was Vice-President of be sacked by January 10; otherwise, it was Khammam Municipality and was also a scheduled to go on a hunger strike from poet. January 10. • Ravindranath was also accompanied by a• As part of this, the daily wage labor leader nine-year-old Anuradha who was a student. Krishna started hunger strike on January 10 • A grand procession was held on the streets of at Palwancha. Khammam from 11 am to 2 pm before the start of the strike. In front of the procession Rabindranath and Kavi Rajamurthy were there on a jeep. • Non-mulkis go back and implement Telangana safeguards were the slogans given at the procession. • After reaching the procession to Gandhi Chowk, MLA of Varadannapet Purushottam Rao dressed garland and he also kept Blob to Rabindranath & Kavi Raja Murthy. • Kolishetty Ramadasu and teacher’s union leader Rama Sudhakar Raju prepared Ravindranth for strike. • Leaders who participated in Satyagraha program in support of Ravindranath278 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture T.Purushottama Rao (Telangana • In Nizamabad, Vidyarthi Parishad safeguards movement association President AS Poshetty addressed the President) gathering and said that government should stop S. Satyanarayana (Telangana safeguards showing stepmother’s love for Telangana and movement association chief secretary) it should really work for the development of Bhagavan Das (Warangal municipal the region. counsellor) • Andhra newspapers have not given priority Siddulu (Warangal students union leader) to Ravindranath’s strike, so they burnt newspapers at Illandu. Arusam Komuraiah (Warangal clerk community leader) • In 1955, Swami Ramananda Tirtha, who defended Visharandhra, made a statement that Razab Ali (Khammam town legislator) the separate Telangana aspiration was Hanumantha Rao (Prajamitra newspaper meaningless. Editor) 11th January• Public meetings and hartals were held in Warangal, Khammam districts in support of Telangana Student Rights Protection Rabindranath’s strike. Action Committee: 9th January • On 11th January, 1969, representatives of all college student unions in Warangal convenedWarangal meeting: the meeting and formed Telangana Student• Telangana safeguards movement association Rights Protection Action Committee. held public meeting in Warangal on 9th January, President of this union - Muralidhar 1969 in support of Rabindranath’s strike. Reddy (Kakatiya Medical College• The meeting was presided over by Students Union leader) Purushottama Rao. Convenor - Surender Reddy (Arts &The resolutions assented at the meeting: Science College students union leader)• Eliminating non-Mulki employees who are Organiser - T.Siddulu illegally hired and appoint Mulki employees. 12th January• Fake Mulkey certificates should be scrutinized • Legislative assembly member immediately Satyanarayan started a three-days protest• A higher official committee should be set up in Khammam on January 12 in support of to calculate the surplus funds Ravindranath’s strike for the implementation• Making Pochampadu as a large huge project of Telangana safeguards. and build it immediately, regardless of the • Students of all colleges held a universal meeting plannings. at Osmania University, Hyderabad. The 10th January meeting was chaired by Osmania University student union president Venkatrami• On 10 th January, 1969, Potu Reddy. Krishnamurthy began a fast unto death, along with the demand for the removal of the Resolutions made at this meeting: Non-Mulkis at the Kothagudem Thermal • Strikes from January 15 to be conducted for Power Station. implementing Telangana safeguards. PNR Publications 279 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Nine ministers and legislators of Telangana • The group was supported by Chief Minister should resign. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy.• An inquiry should be held on the abusem*nt • The Student Federation of the CPI of surplus funds of Telangana. supported egalitarianism / Unionism and• Send back Non-Mulki employees, immediately supported the Venkatram Reddy team.• Implement Gentlemen’s Agreement at any • In this way the students split into two groups, who wanted to enforce safeguards, were called cost. as Safeguards and who wanted separate• Releasing of 70 crore funds for Telangana. Telangana were called as separatists. 13th January Telangana Protection / ConservationTelangana students action Committee:committee: • On 13th January, all the city dignitaries• On January 13, 1969, the Telangana formed the Telangana Protection Students action committee was formed at Committee. Osmania University Chairman of this Committee –• Medical student, Mallikarjun was elected as Katam Laxminarayana the general secretary of this action committee. Members –• He called for students to prepare for any Mahadev Singh (Socialist party) sacrifices. The students split into two groups Salauddin Owisi (Majlis party) with the formation of the Student Action E.V. Padmanabhan (Corporator) Committee. Santapuri Raghuveera RaoSeparatists (group which wish for (Advocate)separate Telangana): Jaffar Hussain• Telangana students working committee N. Madhava Rao and others was formed with its motto to achieve separate • This committee fully supported students’ Telangana with Mallikarjun as its movement: Secretary. Telangana Rights Protection• Their center was Nizam college. Committee:Safeguards Group (Group seeking • A group of responsible citizens formedTelangana safeguards): Telangana Rights Protection Committee,• Telangana Safeguards Committee was assembled at the Adihindu building, which was formed under the leadership of Venkatrami established by Bhagya Reddy Varma in Reddy with the aim of implementing Telangana Chadharghat area. safeguards. Convenor of this Committee –• Their center was Vivekavardini College in D. Ramaswamy (Ex-MLA) Koti. 16th January• This group aim is limited to the implementation • On January 16, 1969, two groups of students of Telangana protections and their aim was to (Safeguards & Separatists) held separate keep the state united. processions.280 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Students demanding separate Telangana held 19th January procession from Nizam College to All-Party meeting: Secretariat and burned the Chief Minister’s effigy at the Secretariat gate. • Observing that the situation has escalated with the agitation of the movement, Chief Minister• Students seeking separate Telangana marched Kasu Brahmananda Reddy held an all-party from Vivekavardini College to Nizam meeting with leaders of all political parties on College. They burnt the effigies of Telangana January 18th & 19th, 1969. ministers for being silent on Telangana Safeguards. • The five-hour meeting on January 18 was postponed to the next day. 18th January • On January 19, 1969, an all-party meeting in• Students made a massive procession in the chief minister’s official residence, Hyderabad on January 18. The police made lathi charge and used tear gas. Ananda nilayam, was attended by 45 politicians of different parties from both• Under the leadership of Venkatram Reddy and regions and the leaders arrived at an Student Federation leader Sadanand, students demanding Telangana protections held agreement. This agreement was known as All- a procession from Koti to Abids. At the same party Agreement (All Party Accord) time, Separatists students led by Mallikarjun • Two important issues were discussed at the and Sridhar Reddy held a procession from All-Party meeting organized by Nizam College to Koti. Brahmanananda Reddy on 19th January.• As the two processions were heading in 1) Employment issue opposite directions, they met at Abids 2) Surplus Funds issue chourasta and made slogans against each other and got provoked. Decisions taken at the 19th January meeting:• They stoned at each other and a tense situation 1. Employees who were appointed against mulki aroused and the police resorted to lathi charge. rules have to be replaced by locals. Andhra• Arts College President Ramakant Reddy people who have lost their jobs in this way was severely injured in the lathi charge. Puli should be given employment in their area. Veeranna got head injury. 2. Employees who have gotten jobs through false• On January 18, Telangana employees held a Mulki certificates should be inquired. meeting in Hyderabad and issued an ultimatum to the government that they take up direct 3. Mulki rules should be applied not only to action if the six thousand Andhra employees government departments but also to autono- in Telangana were not sendback. mous institutions and also measures should beAnnouncement by Opposition Parties: taken to extend the period of these rules . 4. The central government should immediately• The following five opposition parties in the state enforce the decisions of the courts in matters legislative assembly issued a statement warning relating to seniority of employees. that if the chief minister does not take any initiative, they too will run with the students to 5. Telangana surplus funds that have been moved implement Telangana protections. to Andhra should be calculated and that has to be used for development of Telangana Bharatiy Jana Sangh region for this senior official should be United Socialist Party appointed. CPI CPM Majlis PNR Publications 281 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture6. Education facilities in Hyderabad city should 21st January be expanded. G.O.No. 36:• According to the all-party agreement, it was • On 21st January, 1969, the Government estimated that 4500 non-Mulki employees issued G.O.No. 36 to implement the decisions were working in Telangana. G.O 36 was taken at the all-party meeting. brought to send Andhra employees back to • G.O.No. 36 clearly states that all non-natives Andhra. of Telangana will be sent back by 28th 20th January February, 1969. • The G.O.No. 36 was sent to all governmentThe first police firing in the officials signed by the Chief Secretarymovement: M.T.Raju.• On 20th January, 1969, the first police firing • Revenue Board members I.J Naidu (IAS) in a separate Telangana movement took place. and R.Vithal Rao (IAS) were made to• A large number of students attacked oversee the implementation of the orders in Shamshabad railway station (Umdanagar). G.O.No. 36. They were responsible for Six students were injured when police opened ensuring that these orders were implemented fire to disperse them. properly.• On 21st January, 1969, students organised a • Their Jurisdiction is as follows: meeting at Nizam College in protest of the I.J.Naidu: Secretariat, all the offices in Shamshabad firing. Secunderabad, Hyderabad, including local• The students have pelted stones at police who bodies. entered the Nizam’s college campus to stop R. Vithal Rao: In all the local offices of protest meeting and police started lathi charge Telangana Districts except Hyderabad & and also used tear gas. Secunderabad.• Police have arrested 34 students at Nizam • On the day of issue of G.O No. 36 itself, Ex- College and filed cases against them. CM Damodaram Sajeevaiah said that it is not easy to transfer employees like• Few important student leaders were; parcelling vegetables and opposed the Mallikarjun Sridhar Reddy G.O openly. Puli Veeranna Pullareddy Case in court on G.O No. 36: Madhusudhan Reddy • Some Andhra employees filed a writ petition• On 22nd January, 1969, Osmania University in the High Court in January 1969 challenging non-teaching staff went on one day strike in the G.O No. 36. front of the administration building • Similarly, on January 31, 1969, five women sympathizing with the student movement. employees of Telangana filed a writ in the High• From that day onwards, Osmania University Court stating that their husbands are Andhra’s became a permanent venue for students who and their families will be affected if this GO is used to protest from Nizam College as their implemented. Center. • On 3rd February, 1969, the High Court• All the students protested along with the staff single-judge Justice Chinnappa Reddy ignoring Vice-Chancellor’s warning. ruled that the Mulki Rules were invalid and revoked G.O.No. 36. 282 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The state government appealed to the division Rama Murthi Naidu - bench of the High Court by challenging the Ex-Mayor, Congress Leader judgement. The Divisional Bench ruled that the E.V. Padmanabhan Mulki Rules were valid and can be applied 23rd January held on 20th February, 1969. But it said not • On 23rd January, 1969, when the government to send Non-Mulkis to Andhra, and to create accepted the demands of Potu Krishna super numery posts where they are. Murthy, who was on indefinite strike at• Andhra employees went to Supreme Court Palwancha quitted the strike. on High court’s verdict and on 28th March, 24th January 1969 Supreme Court said that the Mulki rules are against the constitution and revoked the • The first martyr in the movement G.O.No. 36. – Shankar: • On 24th January 1969, high school studentsVenkatram Reddy’s withdrawal of the held a procession with Jai Telangana slogansProtection Movement: at Sadashivpet.• When Kasu Brahmananda Reddy called on • The police opened fire on the procession, Venkatramreddy and promised to execute an while Shankar and Krishna got shot and all-party agreement, he announced that he was were taken to Gandhi Hospital. withdrawing the movement. • Shankar (19 yeras) died on January 25 while• But leaders who wanted a separate Telangana, Krishna died on February 10 while receiving Mallikarjun & Sridhar Reddy have decided treatment at a hospital. to continue agitation. • Shankar was the son of Narsappa of the 22nd January handloom industrial family. • Shankar was the first martyr in the 1969Withdrawal of Telangana movement.Ravindranath’s Strike: Student leaders meeting with the• On 22nd January, 1969, Ravindranath, who Minister of Education: had been on the fast since January 8, retired from the fast due to pressure from Jalagam • On 24th January, 1969, the leaders of the Vengal Rao. Student Activities Committee held discussions with the then Education Minister PV• B. Kishan, a founding member of Osmania Narasimha Rao at the Osmania VC,D.S University Students Union and Ex-secretary Reddy’s Building. made ravindrath to withdraw his hunger strike • President of the Telangana Regional by giving fruit juice. Association Chokka Rao also participated in• Journalists Adiraju Venkateswara Rao and these discussions. VC, PV and Chokka Rao Santapuri Raghuveera Rao made it clear tried to persuade students to withdraw their to student leaders on the campus of Osmania movement but students didn’t listen to them. University on January 22 that they will play • On January 24, 1969, a report was submitted their part in the fair war waged by the students. to Minister Konda Laxman Bapuji on how• In 1969 in the third week of January in a public Telangana employees in the public works, meeting held at Osmania’s campus in that cooperative, forest and education departments politicians first expressed their support for the of Telangana region were discriminated by student movement were Andhra higher officials. PNR Publications 283 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 27th January with stones and sticks. A war broke out between the two villages. The governmentStudent leaders visit of Telangana landed the army in Hyderabad, Warangal,districts: Kodada, Kothagudem, Vijayawada, Guntur• The Student Action Committee convened on and Vizag for peacekeeping operations. The January 27, 1969 and decided to set up the army held flag marches in those towns. Telangana Conference in Reddy hostel in • Sri Venkateswara, Andhra University Students Hyderabad in the first week of March. started movement to cancel G.O.36 and to• To make the conference a huge success, 35 continue united Andhdra (Samaikhyandhra). student leaders embarked on an extensive Shoot at sight orders: tour of Telangana districts. • On 29th January, considering the threat to the• On 27 January, 1969, an unknown person th property and lives of the people of Telangana, burnt Rangacharya, an Andhra employee the government ordered the police to shoot at who works as a deputy surveyor in Nalgonda sight. town by petrol. The next day he died. • In Warangal, the police made lathi charge and• Panic broke out in Andhra employees with that incident and a counter movement started in used tear gas and opened firing on students. Andhra against G.O.No. 36. The Andhra The students destroyed Andhra’s assets in students demanded to shift capital from retaliation. Hyderabad to Vijayawada. • On 29th January, 1969, Osmania University officials made the students to evacuate hostels. 28th January 30th JanuaryTelangana Liberation Movement • Narasimhulu, a 12-year-old seventh-classCommittee: student, died in police firing in Ghazwel on 30th• On 28th January, under the leadership of January. Kaloji Narayana Rao Telangana • Neelam Sanjivreddy, the then Lok Sabha Liberation Movement committee Summit Speaker came to Hyderabad and regretted was organized in Warangal. about the happenings in the state.• The meeting was presided over by Kaloji Narayana Rao. 1st FebruaryResolution of this meeting / summit: Andhra people’s attack on Telangana Chief Minister should resign workers: Impose of Presidential rule in the state. • On 1st February 1969, Andhra people attacked the eegalapenta colony inhabited by 29th January Telangana employees and workers engagedAttacks between Nandigama and in the construction of the Srisailam Dam.Kodada people: • Konda Laxman Bapuji, the then Andhra• The movement in Andhra against G.O.No. 36 Pradesh Minister of Public Relations, intensified. went to Eegalapenta to inquire into the• Groups of Nandigama people went out in incident, he also condmned that incident. lorries and attacked the people of Kodada 284 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 22nd - 23rd February • On 3 rd March, the Janasang, Majlis, Communist Parties issued a press statement• On 22nd February, 1969, the government opposing the bandh. appointed a sub-committee of five ministers to prepare a joint seniority list of state • Students didn’t allow Minister Sheelam Siddha Reddy who tried to hold a meeting in employees. Nalgonda against the bandh, with that he held• 52 MLAs in the legislative assembly warned a meeting at Khammam. the government that they would stop extending • Telangana People’s Convention Convener their help to the government if Telangana Madan Mohan told journalists, “Telangana protections are not implemented. wants to separate from Andhra for the same• On 23rd February, 1969, KV Rangareddy reasons as Andhra which got its reasons to invited all party leaders to discuss on the get separate from Madras”. Telangana issue. • T. Purushottama Rao and G.V.Sudhakar Rao were the members who did not attend 28th February the Legislative Assembly meetings on theFormation of Telangana People’s pursuant to the call of activists not to attend legislative assembly during bandh.Convention: • Finally, the first bandh was successful in• Telangana People’s Convention was set up the movement in 1969, March 3. on 28th February under the leadership of Anantula Madan Mohan, a young lawyer • With the success of the bandh, there was a from Siddipet and later it was evolved as movement in the Telangana legislators. 52 Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS). Telangana legislators have warned the government that they would deny assistance 3rd March to the government if the Telangana protections are not implemented by March 15.The first bandh in the movement:• On 3 rd March, 1969 when assembly State Integration as the target of CPI meetings were going to start, Telangana committee: intellectuals, journalists and student activist • For the implementation of Telangana leader Mallikarjun and the Peoples protections and with the aim of state unity Convention called for a Telangana bandh. Telangana CPI leader Ravi Narayana• On that day they called for peaceful Reddy as chairman Telangana CPI has set Satyagraha and picketing. People attacked the up a committee. Bollarum railway station in the city. • Secretary for this committee was Rajabahdur Gour.• To stop public support to the bandh, the government, with the help of public relations 8th, 9th March ministry (without the consent of minister) Convention at Reddy Hostel: issued a press release and booklet with false • The Telangana Conference was held at Reddy calculations that Telangana region was better Hostel, Hyderabad for two days on 8th, 9th developed than Andhra in the 12 years March, 1969 with the aim of separate between 1958-68. Telangana state.
PNR Publications 285 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The conference was presided over by – • At this seminar, City Advocate Jagan Mohan Smt. Sadalaxmi Reddy made thousands of students to vow• Welcoming speech was given by – Ravada to work hard for a separate Telangana. Satyanarayana (Physics professor, Osmania “We, the brave Telangana sons, pledge that University) all will sacrifice anything to achieve the status• Important persons who addressed at the of a separate state and proper place to conference were Telangana by breaking the bonds of slavery”. Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao • Secretary of the Warangal Students’ Union S.B.Giri Mallikarjun Siddhulu, President of Osmania Arts College, Sridhar Reddy Ramakant, said that they (students of Telangana) boycott colleges and schools until Y. Rammurthi Naidu they achieve separate Telangana. (Hyderabad Ex-Mayor) Major Rangaswami Warangal Student’s Joint Action (Rtd. Chief Engineer) Committee: • On 12 th March, 1969, the meeting ofResolutions made at this convention: executive members of student unions took• There is no acceptance of anything other than place at Warangal Arts & Science College. separate Telangana. • The meeting was presided over by Gopal• Students must do strike indefinitely until a Reddy (R.E.C College President). separate Telangana is formed. Public Events for Emotional• About 30 thousand people who attended the Integration / formation of conference pledged to achieve separate Bhavasamaikyata Praja Sangatana: Telangana. • Some politicians and supporters of Chief• The conference made a resolution to establish Minister Kasu Brahmananda Reddy wished a separate Telangana state by April 9. to have combined state and thought that• The legislator T.Purushottama Rao unveiled separate Telangana state map during this implementation of Telangana safeguards is seminar. enough for Telangana and tried to suppress• This Telangana Map was made by the Telangana movement. E.V.Padmanabham, Adiraju Venkateswara • Swamy Ramananda Tirtha with his followers Rao and Leader Magazine Editor Muneer founded ‘Public events for emotional Jamal in Office of Leader Magazine on 7 integration’ Organisation for implementation March 1969 of Telangana protections which was an excuse.• Student leader Sridhar Reddy gave the • The first meeting of this organization was slogan ‘Quit Telangana’ for the first time at this seminar / conference. chaired by Swami Ramananda Tirtha on• Student leaders announced at the conference 12th March, 1969. Thereafter, on 17th, 18th that they would launch a new organization and 19th March, three meetings were held in called Rudra Sena to lead the Telangana the guesthouse of legislators chaired by movement. Kodati Narayana Rao.
286 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureThe irresponsible attitude of the 14th Marchpress – V. Gopala Krishnaiah Slogans of Telangana in the Assembly• On 8th March, 1969, Andhra leader Vavilala Building: Gopala Krishnaiah, speaking in the • On 14th March, 1969, 14 students from Assembly, said that Telangana people were Telangana state came to the assembly press attacking Andhra people and the newspapers gallery and gave ‘Jai Telangana’ slogan. were provoking the people and criticised the These slogans echoed throughout the assembly irresponsible attitude of the newspapers. area. th 11 March • They gave the slogan, “Andhra’s• The indefinite strike of students begins from predominance should perish, we shall 11th March due to resolution made at Reddy break up” Hostel Conference. • Addressing the Assembly session, the newly-• To support the movement, employees action elected Congress member Jaipal Reddy who committee was formed under the leadership won the by-election from Kalvakurti, on 14th of K.R.Amos, and Teachers’ Action March, said that Telangana issues will not be Committee was formed under the leadership solved by a separate Telangana state. of Balakrishna Reddy. th 15 March 12th March • On 15th March, 1969, the Governor of the State (Khandubhai Kasamji Desai) cameKorrapati Pattabhiramayya to Osmania University for the release of• Korrapati Pattabhiramaiah of Andhra’s postage stamp during Golden Jubliee East Godavari district started fasting on 4th celebrations. March before the Assembly for a separate • Students led by Sridhar Reddy rushed on to Telangana state. The police arrested him on the stage, chanting “Governor go back”. 12th March and broken up his strike. • Police arrested many people, including• A former Communist leader, he expressed his Sridhar Reddy, in front of the Governor. support for the Telangana movement from the • The next day, a similar situation occurred when begining. Governor went to unveil the Nehru statue in• He worked as editor for ‘Nava Shakti’ Abids. newspaper. 17th March• He released the pamphlet ‘Why Telangana state’ / Telangana Rashtram endukoraku. • On 17 th March, Telangana teachers celebrated Telangana struggle day. 13th March • The students celebrated democracy• In a statement, the Chief Minister announced protection day and picketed in front of that he would give Rs 9 crore means Rs 1 government offices. crore for each district in addition to the budget • N.G. Ranga from Andhra supported separate allocated to Telangana. Telangana.• He appointed additional chief secretary for • N.G.Ranga said that if there are more than one Telangana to look after the things. He doubled state for Hindi speakers, then why can’t there the funds for Pochampahad Project. be two states for Telugu speakers. PNR Publications 287 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureExtension of Mulki rules for another five • They also threw stones at the car of Stateyears: minister Ramaswamy.• On 17th March, the Parliament passed a bill 24th March extending the Mulki rights to the Telangana for another five years which were going to • On 24th March, the government appointed expire by 20th March, 1969 and were issued Abdul Qadar as a state’s additional chief under the Public Employment Act 1959. secretary, a senior official from Telangana, on a temporary basis, on the instructions of• The public employment act was amended to Union Minister for Social Welfare, J.B. apply mulki rules to Public sector corporations Muthyala Rao. and boards. th 25th March 21 March Telangana Praja Samithi:• Former deputy Chief Minister Konda Venkata Rangareddy has declared that • The Telangana People’s Convention, which separate Telangana as his goal. “He said that was formed in February 1969, was converted by the Mercy and need of Andhra’s, if to Telangana Praja Samithi on 25th March Telangana person become CM, he should also 1969. work according to the instructions given by • Telangana Praja Samithi them only”. 1st President - Madan Mohan• On 21st March, 1969, the Union Home (Siddipet Lawyer) Minister Y.B. Chavan announced in the Lok Chief Secretary - Venkatrami Reddy Sabha that he did not have the intension to re- Treasurer - Nagari Krishna look into the problem of forming a separate • Ad Hoc committee was formed with 17 Telangana State. members. 22nd March • It was formed by youth and intellectuals, who• Konda Laxman Bapuji, who expressed his were working as lawyers, teachers, journalists support for the movement from the beginning, etc. appealed to the Prime Minister and other leaders in Delhi to create Telangana as an 26th March independent region like Meghalaya. But • On 26th March, 1969, Telangana Teachers none cared his request. Started a hunger strike in front of the• Bapuji along with Telangana Regional Secretariat to remove non-mulkis from Committee Chairperson Chokka Rao also jobs. met the Prime Minister in Delhi. • But the police demolished all the hunger strike camps in the city that night. 23rd March• The city’s civic body (Nagara Poura Samithi) 27th March has decided to intensify the movement. • The first chairman of the Telangana Regional• Telangana activists threw tomatoes and rubble Committee and legislator Achyutha Reddy on Union Minister Gurupadaswamy’s car announced that the people of Telangana cannot while going to Rajendranagar Agricultural be satisfied except a separate state of University. Telangana.
288 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 28th March 30th MarchSupreme court verdict – agitations in Separate Telangana CongressTelangana: Committee:• On 28th March, 1969, a five-member Full • Konda Laxman Bapuji convened a separate Bench headed by the Chief Justice of the Telangana Congress Committee on 30 th Supreme Court M. Hidaythullah cancelled March, 1969. G.O.No. 36 ruling that Mulkis provisions were • Konda Laxman Bapuji, who first sought the unconstitutional. On 20th February, the territorial status of Telangana as the Meghalaya Supreme Court also overturned the verdict of region of the state of Assam, made his first High Court that the Mulki were correct. statement on separate Telangana state on 14th• With the above judgment, riots took place in May, 1969. Telangana. People of backward classes in the• Immediately upon hearing this news, angered Movement: Osmania University students attacked the • In March 1969, a meeting of the Backward nearby Jamai Usmania railway station and set Classes, chaired by Gouthu Lachanna, was it on fire. held in Hyderabad.• By mistake two engineering students, Resolutions of the meeting: Prakash Kumar Jain and P. Sarva Reddy caught in the fire and died in the incident. • Chief Minister Kasu Brahmananda Reddy should resign from his post and give a chance• Medical College student Nagam Janardhan to a Telangana leader. Reddy also participated in the event. • Must postpone exams in all schools and• Andhra students attacked Telangana students colleges in the state so that students don’t lose with iron rods at Regional Engineering the academic year. College (REC), Warangal on 28th March. • Judicial enquiry should be conducted on the• Telangana students demanding postponement recent incidents that took place in the state. of exams and give holidays in view of movement, Andhra officials in REC provoked • Chairman of the National Liberation Front of Andhra students to make violence, Police came the scheduled castes K.R .Veeraswami and arrested Telangana students only. warned the the central government that if it does not control the situation in AndhraResignation of Konda Laxman Pradesh, and armed revolution may took placeBapuji: in Telangana.• Minister of State for Public Relations Konda 1st April Laxman resigned from his post on March 28 Debate on Telangana in Loksabha: after the Center rejected the proposal to give • Telangana issue debated in Lok Sabha on 1st Territorial status to Telangana. April, 1969 under pressure from Nizamabad• He became the first person to resign as MP Narayana Reddy. minister for Telangana. • Lok Sabha Speaker Neelam Sanjivreddy has• PV Narasimha Rao was appointed as public suggested that a parliamentary committee relations minister as Konda Laxman resigned should be appointed to look into the issue of as minister. Telangana. PNR Publications 289 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• “Sanjivreddy acknowledged that the Konda Laxman Bapuji strike: promises made to the Telangana people • Former minister Konda Laxman Bapuji under the gentlemen’s agreement he visited the site of the firing and started hunger signed had not occurred when he was the strike at his home from April 5 to April 8 for CM of Andhra Pradesh and therefore, he Secunderabad firing incident. hesitated to address the issue unilaterally”. • Telangana Praja Samithi held a mourning• After the Lok Sabha debate on the Telangana session at Nizam’s college ground on 6th April issue, the Home Minister YB Chawan did not to express condolences for the firing incident want to send the Parliamentary Committee to that took place on 4th April. Telangana.• Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Brahmananda 6th April Reddy has opposed the proposal of the • The protesters were arrested using PD parliamentary committee. (preventive dentention) act. This was the 1st time they used this PD act in this 3rd April movementt.Citizens Integration Association: • Mallikarjun and Madanmohan were arrested.• Citizen’s Integration Committee was SB Giri was appointed as President of formed on 3 rd April, chaired by MP G Telangana Praja Samithi as Madan Mohan Venkataswamy, to oppose Telangana and to got arrested. protect state’s unity. 7th April• Later, in June, Venkataswamy resigned as president of the Citizens Integration Coordinating Committee of Telangana Association. Movement: 4th April • Representatives of various unions, working for the cause of separate Telangana did not wantFiring at Secunderabad: the movement to be stopped by arrests of• On 4th April, 1969, the Communist Party students and leaders formed Coordinating held Vislalndhra Sabha at the Boorugu Committee of Telangana Movement with the Mahadev Hall in Secunderabad RP road help of KV Ranga Reddy on 7th April. demanding Vishalandhra and thousands of • President of this committee – Telangana activists protested against it Achyutha Reddy• The important leaders of the Communist Party who attended this meeting were: Rights Resolution in the Lok Sabha on Rajbahdur Gour Brahmananda Reddy: Magdum Moinuddin •Brahmananda Reddy stated “The appointment Neelam Rajshekar Reddy of a Parliamentary Committee to look into the• The meeting was chaired by city labor leader issue of Telangana is to interfere in the affairs Satyanarayana Reddy. Hundreds of of the state” and Madhu Limaye, SSP Telangana activists raised slogans against leader proposed a resolution on the rights Communists while speaking he criticizing in Lok Sabha on 7th April against the separate state movement in the meeting. statement made by Brahmananda Reddy.• Three people were killed and over 30 injured• Madhu Limaye argued that the Chief Minister in police firing on these protesters. of Andhra Pradesh has spoken out to prevent290 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture the Lok Sabha and its members from carrying the central government to set up a separate out their duties. Telangana.• Jana Sangh leader Vajpayee said the • The Swatantra Party became the first political appointment of a parliamentary committee party to demand a separate Telangana. could prove the supremacy of the parliament, which was challenged by the Chief Minister Republican Party - Debate on the of Andhra Pradesh. issue of Telangana:• CPI leader Dange said the appointment of • Republican Party National Working Group a parliamentary committee was perfectly urges Center to impose President’s rule in reasonable and there was a constitutional basis Andhra Pradesh. for the appointment of a committee. • Similarly, the Republican Party has appealed• Andhra Congress MPs, however, obstructed to the central government to appoint a high- the action, defending Brahmananda Reddy’s remarks level committee under Supreme Court judge and if necessary, to establish a separate• Telangana Women MP Laxmikantamma Telangana state as per the recommen- supported Brahmananda Reddy’s comments, and extended support to him. dations of the Fazal Ali Commission.• The Lok Sabha rejected the Madhu resolution PM’s all-party meeting on Separate by voice-voting (Mujuvani vote). But with this debate Madhu Limaye was able to make some Telangana: point to the public about the discrimination that • The Prime Minister held an all-party meeting Brahmananda Reddy and Andhra rulers were in Delhi on the creation of a separate state. following in Telangana. • Only N.G.Ranga of a Swatantra party 9th April supported the separate Telangana. • SSP leader Rabi Ray said the constitutionMass Satyagraha Day – TPS: should be amended to make Telangana a• Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS) New President sub-state. SB Giri called for mass satyagrahas across Telangana on 9th April. Police arrested • Vajpayee said the Jana Sangh would seek state Satyagrahis and SB Giri. Sada Laxmi was integration. elected as President of TPS with the • On April 10, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi arrest of SB Giri. held discussions with some Telangana & Andhra leaders on the situation in TelanganaSchools as prisons: and made eight-point formula.• Thousands of people have been arrested in the Telangana district from the night of April 5 11th April, 1969 to April 10, transformed schools and colleges into prisons when prisons became full. Eight Point Formula(11thApril, 1969): • Observing the intensity of the TelanganaThe first political party to seek a movement, Prime Minister Indira Gandhiseparate Telangana-Swatantra Party: announced the Eight Point Formula to address• The state committee of the Swatantra Party the Telangana issue in the Lok Sabha. chaired by Gouthu Lachanna appealed to PNR Publications 291 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture8 points of the Scheme: • Members –1) To calculate Telangana surplus funds moved Venkatraman to Andhra Pradesh, a high-level committee has (Member of Planning Commission) to be appointed under the leadership of J. Chokkarao Supreme Court judge and asking has to submit (Regional committee president) its report within a month. VB Raju (Revenue Minister)2) Provide necessary funds to cover Telangana loss caused by surplus funds transfer. • Other Telangana Ministers: J.V. Narsinga Rao, Gurumurthy, PV3) A regional development committee should be Narsimha Rao, KV Narayana Reddy, Md. set up under the chairmanship of the chief Ibrahim, Arige Ramaswamy minister to make a plan for the development of Telangana region. Representative from • Secretary – The Secretary of the Planning Planning Commission, Telangana Ministers and commission and Panchayati Raj is the chairman of Telangana Regional Committee Secretary to it. should be the members of this committee. Functions of the committee:4) Set up of a planning implementation committee • Separating Schemes & Programs for at official level under the planning commission Telangana Region in the Five-Year Plan. advisor for detailed periodic review of programmes and schemes relating to • Determine the financial and specific goals for Telangana region. the projects.5) Telangana Regional Committee and authorities • Reviewing the implementation of schemes and dealing with problems in Telangana was given advising the State Government from time to more powers. time.6) Making a certain constitutional arrangement 15th April to provide jobs to local people only in Telangana region. • On 15th April, 1969, the protesters held a Telangana struggle day, on the instructions7) Establishment of a committee under the UPSC of Praja Samithi, rejecting the Prime Minister’s to address the issues relating to the services eight-point formula. of employees in Telangana region. • On 15th April, Gouthu Lachanna (the then8) Conducting Telangana Development opposition leader) met Prime Minister Indira Committee meetings in the presence of the Gandhi and asked to form a separate Prime Minister at least once every six months Telangana state. as the central government needs to pay constant attention to issues related to the Telangana Advocates Association: development of Telangana. • Telangana Advocates’ Association was• On 25 April, 1969 the government set up a th formed under the chairmanship of BC Jain high-level committee called Telangana to play their role in the formation of a separate Development Committee chaired by the Telangana state. chief minister to implement the eight-point • On 15th April, 1969, all Telangana advocates formula. boycotted court duties seeking separate• Chairperson – Chief Minister Telangana. 292 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 17th April 22nd AprilWarangal Municipality Resolution for Telangana Deception Day /Seperate Telangana: Telangana Vanchana Dinam: Warangal Municipal Council Special Meeting • 22 April, was observed as the Telangana nd• was presided by Uma Reddy on 17th April, Deception day by Telangana activists. 1969. • Telangana Chief Minister’s and Ministers• Made a resolution to form a separate effigies were burned and staged Telangana state as Telangana protections were demonstrations with black flags. not implemented. SSP support for separate Telangana State: 21st April • The Samyuktha Socialist Party which convened in Vijayawada on April 22, 1969,Marri Chenna Reddy entry in to the passed a resolution on the politicalMovement: situation to set up a separate state in view• On April 21, 1969, Congress leader Marri of the democratic rights, hopes and Chenna Reddy entered into the movement with aspirations of Telangana people. a clear declaration that there was no other way • The meeting was presided over by Seetharami for the present situation except separate Reddy. Telangana.• Until the end of April, the movement was led Committees on extraction of surplus by students and young people without the funds of Telangana involvement of politicians. 1) Kumar Lalith Committee:• Earlier, Konda Laxman Bapuji resigned from • As part of the all-party agreement on 19th his minister post and support given to the January, 1969, the government of movement. Brahmananda Reddy set up the Kumar Lalit• The central government viewed the Telangana Committee (CAG official) which was in movement as a mere student movement and charge of estimating the surplus funds of the issue of peacekeeping. Telangana on 23rd January, 1969.• Telangana Praja Samithi thought that under • The state government has directed Kumar such circ*mstances, it is necessary that Lalith to submit a report on allotments made politically experienced leaders like Dr. Marri from 1st November, 1956 to 31st March, Chenna Reddy and Konda Laxman Bapuji to 1968. discuss the issues with the Center and Prime • Kumar Lalith submitted his report on 7 March Minister. 1969.• The movement under the leadership of Chenna • In this report, from 1 November 1956 to 31 Reddy entered the second stage. March 1968, combined with excise duty, the• In the month of May Dr. Chenna Reddy Telangana Revenue Account was with 102 became the President of Telangana Praja crores of surplus, out of which the net Samithi. He reorganized the TPS with his surplus was Rs 63.92 crores. statesmanship to advance the movement in a • The committee also stated that after removing new way. Later, he transformed TPS into a the surplus from the capital account during the political party. last two years, the total amount of Telangana PNR Publications 293 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture surplus funds remaining without spending government did not formally disclose this on Telangana would be Rs 34.10 crore. report.• The Telangana Regional Committee alleges In the report of Bhargava Committee: that the Kumar Lalith Committee has made • In the period between 1956-1968, the mistakes in calculating Telangana surplus funds Telangana surplus fund was estimated to and considering all aspects including be Rs. 28.34 crores. Telangana’s surplus funds as of the formation • It stated that the Telangana surplus funds were of Andhra Pradesh, the total surplus will be not spent in Telangana. 107.13 crore. • It also suggested that additional measures• The Telangana Regional Committee should be taken to implement the gentlemen’s condemned the committee for covering the agreement. income of the state-wide boards and • Telangana Representatives and Telangana corporations. Regional Committee Opposed Bhargav• The central government to resolve this dispute Committee Report. stated to appoint an authority to calculate • With that, the central government asked Telangana surplus funds as part of the eight- the state government to allocate Rs 45 point formula announced on 11 April 1969. crore from the budget for the development• The government again set up a Justice of Telangana by the end of the 4th Five Bhargava committee on Telangana surplus Year Plan starting from 1st April, 1968. funds. • These 45 crores was in additional to the usual2) Justice Vashishta Bhargava 1/3 amount of budget. The central government Committee: has given Rs 45 crore as a grant to the state• On 22nd April, 1969, as announced in the government. eight-point Scheme, the Government 3) Wanchoo committee: appointed a higher official Committee to • On 19th April, 1969, the Central Government examine the surplus funds of Telangana under appointed a panel of judicial experts, the leadership of Supreme Court Justice chaired by former Chief Justice Wanchoo, Vashishtha Bhargava. as announced in the eight-point Scheme. President of this committee – • The committee studied the issues of Vashistha Bhargava Telangana employees and made appro- Members - Vihari Mathur, Hari Bhushan priate suggestions on the amendment to Secretary - Krishna Swamy the constitution to maintain Mulki rules.• The Telangana Regional Committee argues President – K.N Wanchoo before the Bhargava Committee that the Members – M.C Sethalwad Andhra region revenue deficit or surplus (Ex-attorney General) need not be taken into account in Nirenday assessing the Telangana surplus funds, in (Attorney General) opposition to the Lalitha Committee report. Wanchoo Committee Report:• The Bhargava Committee submitted a 123- • The committee said continuing protections pages report to the government, but the to Telangana employees working in the294 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Andhra Pradesh government is not • S. Venkatrami Reddy, president of Medchal possible according to legally and Panchayat Samiti, stood from Telangana Praja constitutionally. Samithi in this election. Hayatnagar Samiti• The Committee stated that Parliament has the President Koheda Prabhakar Reddy power to do act for the state’s preference for contested election on behalf of Congress. state employment, but that it does not have the • In the election results announced on 25th April, power to do act for a particular area of a state. 1969, Telangana Praja Samithi candidate• Similarly, the Committee stated that Mulki S.Venkatrami Reddy won by a margin of provisions were not possible to continue 53 votes against Prabhakar Reddy. Venkat and that the constitutional amendment Ram Reddy got 305 votes and Prabhakar was unlikely. Reddy got 252 votes.• In addition, the Committee has made an • The victory of Telangana Praja Samithi important suggestion that the Telangana Secretary Venkatram Reddy, who was leading Regional Commission should delegate the Telangana Movement, has given a lot of authority over Subordinate Services in the enthusiasm to the Telangana activists. Telangana region. Release of Telangana Praja Samithi’s• The committee suggested the regional Leaders: committee should be given authority to • On 25 th April, 1969, a division bench administer state-level subordinate services as comprising Chief Justice of the High Court 3rd and 4th class jobs. Pingali Jaganmohan Reddy and Justice• It has been suggested that the recruitment Aavula Sambasivara Rao ordered the authority of fourth-class employees be government to release Madan Mohan, removed from the Andhra Pradesh Public Mallikarjun Venkateswara Rao and eight Service Commission and handed over to the others arrested under the P.D. Act. District Collectors. 27th April th 24 April Congress President Nijalingappa’sJayaprakash Narayan supports proposal:separate Telangana: • On 27th April, 1969, Congress National• On 24 April, 1969, when a leading th President, Nijalingappa, speaking at the 72nd Sarvodaya leader, Jayaprakash Narayana session of the Indian National Congress, stated visited Tirupati, he said that the formation of that the country should be restructured on small states would strengthen the Center in the basis of economic solvancy, not response to a question by reporters on anymore on the linguistic basis. Telangana. KV Ranga Reddy asked for separate th 25 April Telangana:TPS leader wins in legislative council • Former Deputy Chief Minister Konda Venkata Rangareddy issued a statementelections: mentioning eight points on 27th April, 1969,• In April 1969, Legislative Council elections declaring that there was no substitute for a were held for the Hyderabad District separate Telangana state. Local Councils constituency. PNR Publications 295 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• KV Ranga Reddy said that the past 12 years • As the procession reached the Siddi Amber proved that Andhra rulers have no Honesty Bazaar mosque, police fired and three people and selflessness and in the absence of these died on the spot. qualities it is useless to make laws. • With that the protesters set fire to Maharajganj police station. Two people 30th April were killed in the shootout made by sentry for• On 30 th April, 1969, Ravada self defense. Satyanarayana (Physics Professor) was • The procession reached the public garden. appointed as the VC of Osmania University as DS Reddy completed his tenure. Procession from Secunderabad: • The procession from Secunderabad was 1st May, 1969 headed by SB Giri, Nagam Krishna andMay Day/ Demands Day: Gouthu Lachanna. As the procession approached the parade ground from• Telangana Praja Samithi wished to celebrate Secunderabad, police arrested SB Giri. 1st May as Telangana Demands Day / Telangana desires day. • This procession reached the public gardens and joined with the procession from Charminar.• A parade from Charminar to Raj Bhavan in Hyderabad city on May Day, another • The two processions met at the public garden procession from Secunderabad to Raj Bhavan and from there approached Raj Bhavan and is jointly scheduled to be held and desided to submitted a petition to the governor with only present report to the governor. one demand i.e, to dismiss the government and to impose president’s rule in the state.• Police Commissioner gave permission for procession not from Charminar but from public • Umender Rao, president of Secunderabad gardens in Nampally. But Telangana Praja night college Students’ Union, died in the firing Samithi calls for large numbers of people to that took place at Rajbhavan on the activists. join the procession from Charminar. • According to unofficial figures, up to 20 people• Thousands of people reach Charminar from were killed in police shootings and many were Old City lanes violating police prohibitions. injured. Thus, in the history of the city of Hyderabad, May Day 1969 remains as a black• KV Ranga Reddy made historic speech to day. the crowd gathered at Charminar. He said, “Death is better than slavery to the 2nd May Andhras” and Telangana people cannot have Bomb attack on Police van: a free life until it gets separated from Andhra Pradesh. • Strike was done throughout the city on 2nd May in protest of the 1st May violence.• He said “it is the government of the bandits and the government of thieves in which • Advocate EV Padmanabham was arrested by people are suffering in many forms”. The police as he was responsible for the 1st May worst crime is to use the backward Telangana riots. Narender and Kumar protesters region for selfishness, said KV Ranga Reddy. bombed a police van in Secunderabad in order to answer the violence with violence.• Mallikarjun, Madan Mohan and Keshava Rao Jadhav led the procession from Charminar. • Farukh Ali was the constable who died in the bomb attack.296 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Later, Narender and Kumar were sentenced 15th May to three years in prison. • On 15 th May, 1969, Konda Venkata• PJ Suri has been arrested for having bomb Rangareddy resigned from his post and ingredients in his house. announced his support for a separate• On 3rd May, Telangana leaders have decided Telangana. to suspend the movement Temporarily until the 17th May mourning days is over with the death of Telangana Dead Heroes Day: President Zakir Hussain. • “Telangana Dead Heroes Day” was 4th May celebrated in Hyderabad on 17th May and paid tribute to the martyrs.Vishalandhra Unity (Intigrity • The protesters gave the slogan “Lathi, GoliConvention) Meet: khayenge, Telangana layenge”.• On 4 May, 1969, the two Communist th 20th May parties held the Vishalandhra Unity Meet at Telangana College Teachers Convention: Nakirekal. • Telangana University College Teachers• The President of this meeting was Narra Convention was held at YMCA Hall on 20th Raghava Reddy (Nakirekal legislator) May, 1969 which was presided over by Prof. th 7 May Shahmanjur Aalam. • In the event, the inaugural speech was givenTNGOs Meeting: by Dr. Rawada Satyanarayana, Vice• Telangana NGOs convened at the Chancellor of Osmania University. Gandhibhavan Auditorium in Hyderabad on • Acharya Jayashankar and Ananda Rao 7th May, 1969 and said, “Separate Telangana attended the seminar along with many scholars is the only way to protect the employees of and presented their research articles on the the area”. injustices done to Telangana region.• The meeting was chaired by the interim • All the research articles were published as a president of the TNGO association, SNN book entitled ‘Telangana Movement & Chari. Investigative Focus’ and the article ‘Dr. KL th 8 May Rao – Nagarjuna Sagar’ written by Prof. Jayashankar was discussed in the parliament.Release of KR Amos: • Later, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi called• On 8th May, the government has issued an Jayashankar and others to Delhi to discuss the order for the release of TNGO President KR matter. Amos, who was arrested on 31st March. • The closing ceremony of the event was 12th May addressed by Marrichenna Reddy. ndSupport of Andhra Pradesh Teachers 22 MayUnion to Telangana: Formation of Rebel (Poti) Telangana• The Andhra Pradesh Teachers Union met in Praja Samithi: Hyderabad on 12th May, 1969, supporting • On 22nd May, 1969, Dr. Marri Chenna the demand for a separate Telangana state. Reddy assumed the responsibility of presiding
PNR Publications 297 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture over the Telangana Praja Samithi resulting in • Students started an indefinite hunger strike on the splits of TPS. May 30 in protest of Amos dismissal. On May• Student leaders who were playing a major role 31, people sent their donations to the press in the movement opposed the intervention of offices supporting the unemployed Aamos. politicians in the movement. 26th May• TPS leader Sridhar Reddy announces the Rebel Telangana Praja Samithi on the Formation of Rebel TNGO same day to protest Chenna Reddy’s by Chief Minister: presidency. • On 26 th May, 1969, the government• Politicians who supported the Rebel employees who were in favor of the chief Telangana Praja Samithi: minister held a special meeting in Hyderabad.• Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao, EV • The meeting was presided over by Padmanabhan, Badri Vishal Pitti, SB Giri, Mohammad Ghouse. Santhapuri Raghuveera Rao, GM Anjaiah. • It was at this meeting, the trade and employ• Marxist Forum President Y Srinivasa Rao union who were in favour of CM formed stated that he will work with Sridhar Reddy Rebel TNGO. for a separate Telangana state. • Harinath Rao was the temporary president of the Rebel TNGO 24th May • The new association announced that it is fairTermination of Recognition of for the government to dismiss Aamos whoTelangana NGO: misleading the Telangana NGOs and brought• On 24th May, 1969, Telangana NGO leader into politics. KR Aamos, speaking in the employees meeting, warned the government that there Six Telangana Congress MLAs suspended: would be bloodshed if a separate recognition • The PCC boycotted six Telangana Congress of Telangana was not formed by 1st June, 1969. legislators for participating in the Telangana• By this the government responded Movement for three years on the 26th of 1969 immediately and cancelled the recognition of who already received show cause notices from Telangana Teachers’ and Employees Unions Andhra Pradesh PCC President Kakani on 25 May. th Venkataratnam.• Under Article 311 clause (2) of the They were: Constitution, Governor dismissed KR Aamos K. Achyutha Reddy T.Anjaiah from his job for his statement which is likely G.Rajaram P.Narsinga Rao to provoke employees and disrupts peace. MM Hashim C.Manikya Rao• KR Aamos has been fighting the injustice done to Telangana employees since 1956. He was Satyagraha by Praja Samithi: the first person to start the Telangana • Chenna Reddy launched the second phase of movement for protections. Telangana movement on 26th May, 1969 and• KR Amos was described as pioneer of the his call for satyagraha was held across separate state movement. Telangana.• He was arrested on 27 th May under the • Leaders who were participating in Satyagraha PD Act. were arrested in various parts of the city 298 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Abids chourasta – Sada Laxmi • Earlier, Swatantra Party and Samyuktha (TPS Vice president) Socialist Party extended their support to Near Secretariat – T.Govind Singh Separate Telangana. Rashtrapathi road – Nagam Krishna 1st June 28th May Formation of Telangana PCC: • Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee wasLegislative Assembly Chief Whip, (Telangana PCC) constituted on 1 June 1969Ramchandra Reddy Resignation: in Prakasham Hall of Gandhi Bhavan.• On 25 th May 1969, Chief Minister President – Konda Laxman Bapuji Brahmananda Reddy attended a meeting held in Mahabubnagar district, Nagar Kurnool Vice President – K.Rajamallu (MLA) conducted by Vishalandhra seekers. Sangam Laxmibai (MP)• The police made lathi charge and fired at • Konda Venkata Rangareddy, Dr. Chenna Telangana activists in Nagarkurnool and Reddy and other Telangana Congress Leaders Jadcharla who protested in the meeting. attended the Telangana PCC Formation• Assembly chief whip, K. Ramachandra Meeting Reddy resigned to his post on May 28, 1969 • KV Ranga Reddy at the meeting said “the for the atrocities made by Vishalandhra seekers provision for having Telangana PCC according on Nagarkurnool people. to Gentlemen’s agreement has been violated by terminating Hyderabad Pradesh congress 31st May committee in 1958". He said that they haveAndhra prisoners attack on Telangana set up TPCC to show up Telanganaprisoners: independence and energy.• Andhra prisoners attacked Telangana Journalists in the Movement: prisoners with sticks in Chanchalguda jail (who made satyagraha) in Hyderabad & Jail • On June 1, 1969, the Telangana Press officials supported to Andhra Prisoners. Association was formed• In this attack, 80 Telangana activists got injured • Telangana Journalists Union meeting was and 24 of them were taken to hospital. held in Hyderabad on June 1, 1969.Dr. Rajbahadur Gour’s Hunger Strike: • Pratap Kishore presided over the meeting (President of Telangana Journalist Union).• Prominent Communist leader Dr. Rajabahadur Gour, had been on a week- • At this meeting ‘Telangana Pratyeka long hunger strike demanding the dismissal Rashtram – Prajala Udyamam’ book was of the state government in the wake of the released written by Adiraju separate Telangana movement. Venkateshwararao.• Konda Laxman Bapuji made him to withdraw • This Union urged the central government to his hunger strike by giving him lemon juice appoint a Supreme Court judge to investigateNational Parties support to the the police firing in Telangana movement.Movement: 2nd - 5th June• Charan Singh, president of Indian • Up to 30 people died in police firing between Kranthidal Party extended his support to 2nd - 5th June. Separate Telangana movement. PNR Publications 299 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureTelangana protest day: 4th June, 1969. Chokka Rao was with her.• 2nd June was celebrated as day of protest On the same night she discussed with state across Telangana in protest of the May 31 ministers and Konda Laxman Bapuji. incident. • Telangana Praja Samithi requested her to dismiss the government and to imposePrem Kishore’s heroic Death: president’s rule immediately.• On 2 nd June, 1969, bandh was made • Chief Minister Kasu Brahmananda Reddy throughout the city by the call of the Telangana said that the “Telangana Movement was just Praja Samithi. a peace and security related issue and he also• But Andhra’s Durga Vilas Hotel in Abids said that he would suppress the movement if Chaurasta was not closed. The activists went he was given time”. inside the hotel and told them to close the hotel • Chenna Reddy said Indira Gandhi that any but the Andhra goons who were inside the other option other than separate Telangana hotel already attacked them with swords. state can’t satisfy the Telangana people.• In this incident Andhra goons killed Prem • Indira Gandhi spoke to reporters before she Kishore, a teenager, with swords. left to Delhi.• Chunchu Chandramouli, an agitator in a group • Reporters asked her what was the outcome marching in front of the Abids post office, of your discussions with Telangana leaders, shouting ‘Jai Telangana’, showed his chest to Indira Gandhi replied, “I have not come here police and said ‘shoot me if u want to’ and the to achieve any outcome, but to express my police shot him, he died. concern because of these incidents”• These police from the northeastern states did • The Prime Minister appealed to the people of not know Telugu. Telangana to be peaceful.• Telangana Praja Samithi gave a call for 6th June Telangana bandh on June 3 for the incident happened on June 2. Telangana Writers / Author’s Conference:• On June 3, the government decided to hold high school exams. Students were called to • Telangana Writers’ Conference was held boycott exams. More than 20 people died in in Hyderabad on June 6, 1969. A writer’s the police firing on activists involved in protests. Committee was formed under the leadership of Kaloji Narayana Rao to fight for• On June 3, on the call of Sreedhar Reddy they Separate Telangana state. celebrated as ‘No Revenge Day’ (Paga sadhimpu vyatireka dinam) 7th June• On 4th June, Telangana movement got Labour strike: intensified and police made firing in many • Two and a half lack workers in twin cities went places. on strike on June 7, 1969, in protest against police firings in the last week.Sudden visit of Prime Minister Indira • The Electricity Board, all the companies andGandhi to Hyderabad: industries of Telangana workers held a• Mrs. Indira Gandhi, who received an convention in Hyderabad and organized an Intelligence Report on the agitations in action committee. Hyderabad, suddenly visited Hyderabad on300 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Their action committee president was – • With no response from the central government, Govind Singh on June 12 Telangana Praja Samithi & Student Action Committee called for TelanganaHome Minister YB Chavan visit to bandh on June 16.Hyderabad: • On 14 th June, 1969, the government• When YB Chavan came to Hyderabad on 7th suspended 29 Telangana teachers. June, 1969, Chenna Reddy met him and asked him to impose immediately by 16th June - Telangana Bandh: President’s rule in the state. • Telangana Bandh on the call of Telangana• 15 representatives under Mrs. Kumud - Praja Samithi was fully successful on 16th June, Nayak met him and explained him that the 1969. Andhra rulers see Telangana people as • Praja Samithi leader Chenna Reddy said “It second-class citizens and doing injustices to is witnessed by today’s bandh that the people them. of Telangana can agitate peacefully without the interference of police and goons”.Home Minister Chavan’s response on • Bojja Narasimhulu, a prominent freedomTelangana: fighter and who fought for backward classes• The following announcement was made by and Munnur kapu’s, was dragged by the police Chavan before leaving for Delhi after a two- from his home and thrown into Police Jeep in day visit to Telangana. Sultan Bazar, and everyone condemned this• He said “I recognize the strong views on the incident. issues of Telangana. There is a need to resolve • Bojja Narasimhulu played an active role in these problems immediately. However, these the Telangana movement. problems are serious and need to be examined • Chennai Reddy wrote letters to neighboring by the Prime Minister & Union Cabinet. It is chief ministers asking for withdrawal of reserve necessary to have normal conditions to calm police forces sent from their state for police down issues without hatred and grumpy. I urge brutality in Telangana. to withdraw all kinds of agitations”. Anti-detention day: th th 10 - 16 June • On 16th June, 1969, the day of anti-detentionEmployees strike: was celebrated in protest of government• On 10th June, 1969, Telangana employees restraint policies. launched an indefinite strike. 17th June 1969• Employees ignored home minister Chavan’s appeal not to go for strike. Telangana Women’s Day: • On June 17, 1969 Telangana Women’s Day• Palwancha Electricity department employees was celebrated. On that day, women took part strike has resulted in power shortage in the in satyagraha in large scale and police arrested state. the Hyderabad Mayor Kumud Nayak who• Teachers have announced that they will join participated in the satyagraha in Abids. the strike as schools begin. • First time in the history of the country, the first• Employees went on strike for almost 37 days. citizen of Hyderabd, a mayor got arrested for agitating against the government. PNR Publications 301 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Kumud Nayak walked in the streets holding Attack of Andhra prisoners on the ‘Jai Telangana’placard and chanting slogans. Telangana Satyagrahis in• Two thousand members of corporation staff Mushirabad Jail: immediately started strike to protest against • Telangana prisoners who were doing strike in the mayor’s arrest. A large number of women Mushirabad jail were attacked by Andhra were arrested for participating in the prisoners and staff on 24th June, 1969. satyagraha on this Women’s Day. • Hundreds of people came to the prison andThey were: agitated as soon as they heard the news. The Near Secretariat – J. Eshwaribai (MLA), crowd stoned at the armed forces who came Republican party Secretary from outside to control the situation. The police Near Mojamjahi Market – made several rounds of fire into air. Smt. Sadha Laxmi • An attack was made on MP G. At Charminar Cross roads – Laxmi Reddy Venkataswamy’s jeep when he came to visit (TPS women’s wing) satyagrahis in Musheerabad jail. Near Nehru statue in Abids – • His head was injured as the jeep rolled over, Kumud Nayak (Mayor) and Indian Express journalist Avinash Near Sultan Bazar – Family members of Mishra was also injured. Chenna Reddy and KV Ranga Reddy Arrest of prominent leaders – Moving them to Rajahmundri jail: 20th - 25th June • 16 top leaders like Chenna Reddy and• Thousands of people got arrested for striking Konda Laxman who protested against the throughout Telangana between June 20-25. attacks on Telangana satyagrahis in They were brutally lathi charged by the police. Musheerabad Jail, were arrested early in the All the prisons got filled up and they turned morning of 25th June, 1969 and were moved city college into prison. to Rajahmundri jail.• On 20th June, 1969, the people were on Important leaders who were arrested: strike in Abids, cut the Andhra Pradesh map Badri Vishal Pitti (Legislator) in two pieces and the Telangana map was MM Hashim T. Anjaiah handed over to Laxman Bapuji and burnt the Manikya Rao Achyutha Reddy Andhra map. EV Padmanabhan• Telangana leaders went to Delhi between 21st • Parliamentarians Dr. Melkote and Sangam and 24th June 1969 and failed to negotiate with Lakshmibayamma prepared to resign from central government leaders. their Lok Sabha seats in protest of arrests of• Congress President Nijalingappa said that it top leaders. is not possible to make a separate state and 26th June to impose President’s rule, but said it is possible to provide more powers to regional Car rally of Lawyers: committee. • On 26th June, 1969, lawyers in the twin cities marched in 400 cars and approached the Raj• Deputy Prime Minister Morarji Desai Bhavan, submitted a memorandum to the made it clear that there was no option of Governor demanding the dismissal of state separate Telangana. government and to impose President’s rule. 302 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Students and teachers at a large number They were: involved in strike in front of Telangana ministers • JV Narsinga Rao, Sheelam Siddha Reddy, demanding them to resign. PV Narsimha Rao, Arige Ramaswami, VB• Industrial workers went on strike to protest Raju, BV Gurumurthy, KV Narayana Reddy, the arrest of Telangana leaders on June 26. Ibrahim Ali Ansari• This was the first time the Brooke Bond • The resignation of Telangana ministers was industry workers participated in the strike. accepted by the governor on 14th July, but Brahmananda Reddy’s resignation was 27th June rejected by high command as he expected.Resignation drama of Chief Minister • As a part of plan by Brahmananda Reddy andKasu Brahmananda Reddy: Nijalingappa they left the CM resignation to• Telangana ministers decided to resign all Andhra Pradesh legislative Assembly. together as agitators pressurised them for Nijalingappa and Kama Raj held a legislative resignations. session on 6th July.• All ministers decided to hand over their • Telangana Minister PV Narasimha Rao passed resignation letters to the Governor on the a resolution proclaiming his complete confidence in the chief minister and the evening of 27th June, 1969. legislative house unanimously approved the• However, a minister named Guru Murthy resolution. (Industrial Minister) hurriedly went to the chief • State Congress legislators in a meeting minister and submitted his resignation to the declared confidence in Brahmananda Reddy. chief minister. • Kasu Brahmananda Reddy made his• Realizing the matter, Chief Minister unanimous acceptance when 9 Telangana Brahmananda Reddy put up a big political MLA’s and few legislative council members drama, realizing that the resignation of were in jail and when the remaining Telangana Telangana ministers would give moral strength members were absent. to the movement and would eventually 1st July endanger his chief ministerial seat. Auto drivers & taxi drivers protest:• Kasu Brahmananda Reddy sent his resignation • On 1st July, 1969, nearly a thousand auto letter on 27th June, 1969, to the Congress drivers and taxi drivers in Telangana held a party president Nijalingappa in Delhi, not procession under their unions and submitted to the governor. a petition to the Governor.• If he really wants to resign as chief minister, • After issuing a memorandum to the governor, he should submit the resignation to the a public meeting was held on the grounds of governor. Khairatabad railway station to express• Telangana ministers have fallen into a helpless their full support for the Telangana movement. situation with the resignation of the chief 2nd - 7th July minister. However, eight Telangana ministers have resigned from their posts to Arrest of activists under PD Act: support the movement. • On 2nd July, 1969, student leader PJ Suri was arrested in Secunderabad and Mallikarjuna PNR Publications 303 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture was arrested on July 3 under PD Act and was Telangana was ignored – Jaya Prakash sent to Rajahmundry jail. Narayan:• All those who had arrested under the PD Act • Addressing a meeting in Calcutta, have filed writs in the High Court for their Jayaprakash Narayan said that Telangana release. region has been neglected and the formation• On the same day, the Congress Working of smaller states in the country would not Committee met in Delhi and decision was endanger the country’s unity. taken against the separate Telangana. Separate Andhra meeting in Guntur:Arrest of Dr. Gopalkishan andRamakrishna Dooth: • On 5th July 1969, a separate Andhra Conference was held in Guntur.• On 4th July, 1969, Ramakrishna Dooth, who was the treasurer of the Telangana Praja • The meeting was chaired by Nadimpally Samithi, was arrested under the PD Act along Narsimha Rao with Dr. Gopal Kishan and four others. • Inaugurating the conference, Independent• Dr Gopal Kishan, Assistant Surgeon of Party leader N. Vijayaraj Kumar spoke that Osmania Hospital, was the first Gazetted the gentlemen’s agreement has not been Officer arrested under PD Act all over implemented for the last 13 years and the mulki India. rules has been violated.• He also served as president of the Andhra • At this meeting, Nadimpally Narasimha Pradesh Medical Students Association. Rao said, “State bifurcation is not related to the unity of the country. If Andhra &People Gheraoed Minister VB Raju: Telangana states are formed, the two• On 4th July, 1969, the people of Telangana regions will be more developed”. gheraoed Minister V.B. Raju and demanded him to accept separate Telangana and made • Telangana leaders Sadalakshmi and Sridhar strike at his office for hours. Reddy sent messages to this meeting.
• Nothing else to do, he just sat on the floor Bomb attack on JV Narsinga Rao’s with them. house:• This Satyagraha team was led by the owner • On 7th July, 1969, Telangana agitators threw of a pharmaceutical company called a bomb on the house of Narsingarao (deputy Gupta. chief minister) who wanted Vishalandhra. It• Telangana Liberation day was observed on 5 was an act of protest. July, 1969. • On 7th July, girls from several high schools surrounded the president of the NationalCongress President Nijalingappa’s visitto Hyderabad: Congress Committee Nijalingappa who stayed at the Lake View Guest House and• Absolute bandh was held in Hyderabad chanted the slogans to support the separate on the occasion of the arrival of Congress Telangana. President Nijalingappa on 6th July 1969. Police made firing at Khairtabad.
304 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureProgram for Telangana Protection – 16th JulyMinister VB Raju: TNGO withdraws Strike:• On 8th July, 1969, Revenue Minister VB • Telangana NGOs called off indefinite strike Raju told reporters that the people of on July 16 which they have been doing from Telangana were in discontent and disappointed June 10 for 37 days. and it is necessary to remove their agony and • Employees joined in the duties and all protect Telangana. temporary employees were dismissed from• Also, VB Raju asked Andhra people to hand government jobs. over the affairs of the state to the leadership • Aamos resigned from his post due to of Telangana. differences of opinion in the Telangana NGO. 10th July Reasons for withdrawal of strike:Telangana Protections Day: • The government lured few employee leaders and created splits in the NGO• On 10th July, 1969, the activists organized the Telangana Protection Day. • While prominent employee leaders were in jail, Chief Minister Brahmananda Reddy made• On the same day they conducted Black a deal with INTUC president, Flag Day G.Sanjivreddy, created disturbances in the 11th July NGO and made them to withdraw their strike.• There was no discussion on separate state in • Andhra Pradesh State Union Congress the All-India Congress Party meeting held in General Secretary N. Sathyanarayana Bangalore on 11 th July, 1969 by this Reddy criticized the movement, saying that Telangana supporters got disappointed. the Birlas are behind the Telangana movement• When Telangana employee families and their in order to increase their deadline on Alwin children were on strike in Abids on July 11, Metals in Hyderabad. police made lathi charge and injured them. • Osmania University employees also called off th 12 July their strike on July 23.• Telangana Liberation day was observed on 18th July 12th July, 1969. Brahmananda Reddy’s New Cabinet:Telangana Flag Day: • Kasu Brahmananda Reddy rebuilds cabinet on July 18 after the approval of eight• 12th July, 1969 – Telangana Flag day. Telangana ministers’ resignations.• On 12th July, Flag Day was held throughout • In the new cabinet, JV Narsingar Rao was Telangana. appointed as the Deputy Chief Minister and• Police arrested GS Melkote (MP) for Home Minister was assigned to Jalangam unfurling Separate Telangana flag at Isamia Vengal Rao who came from Andhra Pradesh. Bazaar. • Speaking at a public meeting in Palvancha on• A procession of motor vehicles was held with August 5, Vengal Rao said, “as how Sardar a flag displaying Telangana territory. Vallabhbhai Patel suppressed the Razakars in• Telangana flags were hoisted in schools and the same way I will suppress the current in front of various government offices and even rebellion” after he was appointed as home on the Charminar. minister. PNR Publications 305 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 19th July • With the death of President of India Zakir Hussain, in ruling Congress Party there wasAnti-traitor’s Day: disagreement between Prime Minister Indira• Telangana Praja Samithi and Telangana Gandhi and Congress President Nijalingappa Student Action Committee organized over the selection of the Congress candidate Telangana Bandh to protest against Telangana for the post of President. Ministers who joined the new cabinet and organised ‘Anti-traitor’s Day’. • Nijalingappa announced Lok Sabha speaker Neelam Sanjeev Reddy as congress 24th July candidate who was in race for President, while• On July 24, 1969, M. Narayana Reddy Indira Gandhi declared VV Giri as wrote a letter to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presidential candidate. proposing a resolution. • Indira Gandhi tried to get along with• The letter asked to appoint the Parliamentary Brahmananda Reddy until the presidential Committee with 21 members to study the election, by seeing his following in Andhra Telangana issue and submit a report to the Lok Pradesh. Sabha on 26 August 1969. • But Chief Minister Brahmananda Reddy has• The letter was signed by more than 40 MPs declared his support for Nijalingappa’s from various states, including Vajpayee. strengthened candidate Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy.Telangana Regional committee’s • Legislators and MPs wanting separatesubcommittee: Telangana voted for VV Giri, who was• The Telangana Regional committee formed a supported by Indira Gandhi. subcommittee with 22 members to suggest a • Finally, the Prime Minister’s strengthened solution to the Telangana problem. independent candidate VV Giri won the• TPS president Chokka Rao appointed election. Telangana ministers and legislators of various parties as members of this subcommittee. 5th - 10th August Home Ministers Visit – Firings at th 25 July Kothagudem:Private Bill in the Lok Sabha: • Home minister Jalagam vengal Rao• MP Narayana Reddy, who was elected as congratulatory meeting was held in an Independent candidate from Nizamabad Kothagudem on August 5, 1969, police made introduced a private bill in the Lok Sabha firing on the protesters. on 25th July, 1969, in which he proposed a • Dastagiri (10) and Ram Chander (25) referendum to be conducted to know the will students were killed in the shootings. of the people of Telangana. Satyagraha by Clerk Community:President’s election – its effect on • On August 6, 1969, under the leadership ofTelangana: P. Vasudev, President of the Store Clerks’• President’s election was another main reason Association, a number of clerks made for the high command to overlook at satyagraha in President’s Road in Secunderabad and got arrested. Brahmananda Reddy’s atrocities.306 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureFirings at Secunderabad: • After the meeting was completed, the police• Chepalabavi Rabindranath, a young man, made lathi charge on the students who were died when police opened fire on protesters in about to take out a procession at the college the market area of Secunderabad on 7th premises. August 1969. • Mrs. Sada Lakshmi, who was inside the• The same day Mahadev singh was arrested college, was injured by a tear gas shell. by police in Secunderabad. • “Sumitra Devi”, honourable legislativeSatyagraha in Warangal: member was wounded in Police Lathi Charge.• On 10th August, 1969, Kaloji Narayana • K.Rajamallu questioned the government the Rao and Warangal medical student leader next day, about the lathi charge made on Kolluri Chiranjeevi were arrested under Sumithra Devi. Sumitradevi put her clothes in Section 151 for doing Satyagraha. front of the house, stained with blood.
14th August 16th August• On 14th August, 1969, three legislators in Hyderabad were arrested under PD Act. Legislative Assembly condolences to Telangana martyrs: They were: • Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative J Eshwaribai Assembly mourned two minutes of silence on Palwai Govardhan Reddy 16th August for those who lost their lives in DV Sudhakar the agitation in Telangana since January 1969.• At the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council • Deputy Chief Minister JV Narsingarao meeting held on August 14, as the Governor proposed the resolution and all members were Khandubhai Khasamji Desai started his silent. BV Subba Reddy was the speaker at inaugural speech, Telangana activists chanted that time. ‘Jai Telangana’ slogan and the Governor returned without completing his speech. 18th August• At the same time student working Telangana in Loka Sabha: committee president Gottam Gopala • In view of the aggravating situation in Reddy who was taking the procession into Telangana, Jana Sangh member KL Gupta the premises of Assembly got arrested. on 18th August proposed a resolution to take 15th August necessary actions by the central government,Meeting at Vivekavardhini College: which was debated in the Lok Sabha.• A large Meeting setup under the aegis of the • Members of Parliament of Telangana Telangana Praja Samithi at the G.Venkataswamy and Dr. Melkote Vivekavardhini college, while Sadalakshmi, participating in the debate on Telangana urged Sumitradevi and Konda Venkata Rangareddy the Center to intervene, bring down the addressed the gathering. government and impose the President’s rule.• At the meeting the National Flag and • Dr. Melkote said “The people of Telangana Telangana Flag was hoisted on the eve of have come to the conclusion that there is no Independence Day. hope other than forming a separate state. They can continue to agitate until it is achieved”. He
PNR Publications 307 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture said that 250 activists had been killed in the August, 1969, supported by Telangana Praja last eight months for a separate state and nearly Samithi. This victory gave strength to the 50 thousand were arrested by the government Telangana people. and exhibiting the pictures of the martyrs he • In a public meeting held at Reddy hostel in the said they will fight until they achieve separate city chaired by Sadalakshmi on 30th August, Telangana. 1969, Chenna Reddy and Mallikarjun said• People’s Socialist Party Leader S.N. Dvivedi they would not stop the movement till the compares riots in Telangana with Jallianwala formation of Telangana state. Bagh incident. • But the movement has been on the decline• Independent Party member NG Ranga said stage from September. that the separate Telangana agitation was • Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy suggested setting up supported by a large number of people. He of second state reorganisation committee, asked the central government to quickly Congress president Nijalingappa rejected. decide whether to make Telangana a sub-state or a separate state. 5th September 21st to 30th August Teachers misery day: • On 5 th September, 1969, Teachers• On 21st August, 1969, the Chief Minister Miserable Day was observed. announced the establishment of a fertilizer plant at Ramagundam with a cost of Rs.60 • On that day, teachers attended school wearing crore to subdue the Telangana movement. black badges. Meetings and conferences were held to demand the implementation of the• On 23rd August, 1969, under the leadership Kothari Committee recommendations. of the wives of the leaders of the Movement Mrs. Chenna Reddy, Mrs. Achyuta Reddy, 6th September Mrs. Narottam Reddy and many others met Telangana meetings by Leaders of ruling Prime Minister Indira Gandhi demanded to party and Opposition: intervene in the Telangana affairs. • On 6th September, 1969, Government Chief• The Prime Minister said she would not Whip Parigi Ram Reddy held a meeting in intervene untill the movement did not cease the hall of the Legislative Assembly to look and peace would prevail. into the steps to be taken to resolve the• Chenna Reddy, Konda Laxman and other Telangana issue. leaders released in phases from Rajahmundry • Parigi Ram Reddy has been a follower of Jail on 23rd, 24th August. Brahmananda Reddy from the beginning.• On 26 th August, 1969, a six-member • 52 legislators and ministers attended the delegates of the Telangana Workers Party meeting while Telangana activists were absent. called on President VV Giri to intervene in the Telangana issue. VB Rajus’ meeting: • Meeting conducted by VB Raju in ExhibitionLakshminarayana elected as mayor Grounds on 6th September 1969 attendedof Hyderabad: by all parties.• Lakshminarayana was elected as Mayor of • Telangana seekers and others attended the VB Hyderabad Municipal Corporation on 28th Raju’s meeting.308 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 18th - 30th September 10th - 18th October• On 18 th September, 1969, Warangal Satyagraha by Chenna Reddy: Medical Students’ Leader K Chiranjeevi • In the wake of criticism of students for asked students to temporarily withdraw the attending classes, Reddy has announced that movement and attend exams and not waste he will be doing satyagraha along with students the year. who were above 18 years from October 10.• Marri Chenna Reddy and Konda Laxman Bapuji met President VV Giri at the • On 10th October, 1969, by the invitation of Presidential Palace in Bollaram in Hyderabad Marri Chenna Reddy, three lakh people joined City and discussed about Telangana. the satyagraha.• On 23rd September, 1969, the Telangana Indefinite Hunger strike by Praja Samithi and the Students’ Action Mallikarjun and Kumari Ramadevi: Committee announced that students should • Mallikarjun launched indefinite fast at attend classes immediately. Gandhi Statue in Secunderabad on• The leaders who signed on the announcement October 10 (In protest of the negligence of were Marri Chenna Reddy and Mallikarjun. the Center for the establishment of separate• Reddy informed President VV Giri about their Telangana) decision to make the students attend classes • Telangana Students (girls) Action and the President expressed his joy over the Committee Convener Fifteen-year-old decision. Kumari Ramadevi also started indefinite fast• Rebel Telangana Praja Samithi vice-president on October 18 at the statue of Raja Bahadur Veerareddy said in a statement that Chenna Venkatarama Reddy at Narayanaguda Reddy should quit the movement and hand YMCA circle in support of a separate over the movement to the rightful ones. Telangana.• Veerareddy said that Chenna Reddy cheated • On November 3, police arrested Mallikarjun the movement from inside. and rushed him to the hospital, ending his 24-• Keeping Chenna Reddy in his mind, Captain day fast. Ansari, leader of Telangana Praja Samithi, 24th October criticized the Congress party for turning the Tax Refusal Movement – Parkal: Telangana movement into an internal struggle. • K Narasimhareddy, President of Telangana• Rebel Telangana Praja Samithi President Liberation Committee in Warangal, called Sridhar Reddy issued a statement saying that for a tax refusal movement. the decision has to be taken by students but not by Chenna Reddy or Mallikarjuna. • People participated in the tax refusal campaign under the leadership of K Narasimha Reddy• Hyderabad old city students started relay in Warangal district. The program was carried hunger strike at charkamaan criticising the out in the spirit of national movement. decision to attend the classes and demanding Telangana leaders to resign. 31st OctoberFew important leaders of them were: • Few people threw bombs on the houses of• Swayam Prakash, Tamizoddin Ahmad, K Telangana ministers Mrs Rhoda Mistry and Govind, Mohammad AliUddin Khureshi. Jalagam Vengal Rao. PNR Publications 309 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1st November • TPS meeting was held on 26th December,Konda Laxman Bapuji’s strike: 1969, at which Chenna Reddy was unanimously elected TPS president.• Konda Laxman Bapuji launched an 11-day fast to bring to the notice of the central • Similarly, on 29th December, 1969, for the government the ‘breach of contract’, on the student united action committee, day of the emergence of Andhra Pradesh on Mallikarjun, was unanimously elected. 1st November 1969. Janadharma News Paper:• On 12 November, Bapuji’s daughter Sumitra • Janardharma a weekly magazine from th
made him to end his fast by giving fruit juice. Warangal, alone publicly published articlesAnti-Andhra Pradesh Day: defending the 1969 Telangana movement and• The Telangana Praja Samithi decided to published the news of the movement as they declare 1st November as an Anti-Andhra were. Pradesh day and made relay hunger strikes. • Janadharma editor & the owner was Sri• Jalil Pasha & Vishnuvardhan Reddy also Madabhushi Srinivasacharya. started a fast at Nehru Statue in Abids. • In the 1969 Telangana Movement, the• Telangana Fourth Class Employees’ Andhra Bhoomi and the Deccan Association calls 1st November, 1969 as Chronicle, along with the Janma Dharma ‘Candidates Day’. magazines, also published some news of the• Bakar Ali Mirza resigned from Congress in movement. November 1969 in protest of state and central government’s attitude towards Telangana The role of various parties movement. in the movement 27th November Congress Party:• Returning from Delhi on 27th November, • Congress leaders like Konda Laxman Bapuji 1969, Chenna Reddy said “At the moment and others demanded Autonomous status for the movement is postponing and the movement Telangana. will be revived from 1st January next year”. • In April 1969, 8 Telangana MLAs of Congress• With this announcement, the movement, which claimed that the creation of a separate has been active for the past one year, was Telangana state was the only solution to the almost ended. current problem. 5th December • However, after the Prime Minister’sDifferences in Telangana Praja announcement of 8 point formula on 11th April,Samithi: 48 Telangana Congress MLAs have issued a• Former President Sadalakshmi, along with joint statement demanding immediate three others, issued a statement on 5th implementation of the 8 point formula, saying December, 1969, overthrowing Chenna there is no need for a separate Telangana state. Reddy from the Telangana Praja Samiti • With that Protesters threw stones on car of presidency. Labour Minister K.V. Narayan Reddy at• They criticised that he introduced person Khairatabad. worship method and dominating attitude.310 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• A few days later, unidentified persons threw • Rajabahadur Gaur of CPI party in bombs on the house of minister G. Sanjeeva Hyderabad and Dasari Nagabhushanam Reddy and on the house of Transport Minister made hunger strike in Vijayawada to oust Lakshminarasayya. the state government and impose President’s• On 19th September, 1969, 70 MLAs from rule. Telangana appealed to the central government • Magdum Moinuddin, CPI leader in internal to change the leadership of the state. meeting of the CPI he has demanded that their• On 15 th December, 1969, of the 135 party should demand for the legality of the members of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Telangana Regional Committee and the Committee, 82 Telangana members gave Telangana Public Service Commission. notice to the Prime Minister that the Telangana Janasangh Party: did not need a separate Pradesh Congress • It also opposed the formation of separate Committee. Telangana state.• The memorandum was also signed by • But Jansagh Party Hyderabad City Secretary Telangana Deputy Chief Minister JV CM Jaganmohan Reddy defends the Narsinga Rao. separate Telangana state movement. With that• With this the prime minister felt that the majority he was expelled from the Janasangha party. of the Congress leaders were in oppose of • Addressing the Lok Sabha, Jana Sangh the division of the state. member Chand Goyal said, “The central and• On 16th December, 1969, again 90 Telangana state governments are trying to bring Congress leaders who were on chief minister’s Telangana in to a permanent backward state”. side, took unanimous decision for the ‘Telangana Pradesh Congress Swatantra Party: Committee’. • Completely supported separate Telangana.• Telangana Congress leaders thus lacked unity United Socialist Party: in the movement. • At a meeting held with opposition leaders byCPM Party: Indira Gandhi in April 1969, the United• CPM party opposed separate Telangana and Socialist Party stated that Telangana should gave the slogan ‘Vishalandhra lo Praja be made as a sub-state in Andhra Pradesh. Rajyam’. Praja Socialist Party:• But it demanded for effective implementation of Telangana safeguards. • On 2nd April, 1969, the Praja Socialist Party issued a resolution declaring that theCPI Party: government of Brahmananda Reddy should• The CPI party also wanted a united state but be dissolved and to impose President’s rule in demanded for the implementation of Telangana the state. protections.• The Communist Party and its subsidiaries Praja Party: AITUC, AISF and AIYF demanded for the • On 25 September, 1969 Praja Party th
dismissal of the government and to impose working committee in Vijayawada said President’s rule. “Telangana people’s distrust has been increased due to delays in resolving the PNR Publications 311 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Telangana issue by the central government and • This movement was fought only as a matter of made a resolution to implement the jobs and surplus funds and was not connected recommendations of various committees that to the agriculture on which the majority of the made so far”. Telangana people depended.The reasons for the failure of the 1969 • In June 1969, the movement’s top leadersTelangana movement: were put in jail.• 1969 Telangana movement was started by • With lack of alternative second line leadership students, teachers, employees and intellectuals. the movement became weak. As the movement escalated, opportunist • National parties like Jana Sangh and politicians entered into the movement and took Communist parties supported the integrated the leadership into their own hands. state and opposed the separate state• This became the Congress Party’s Movement movement. and eventually became the internal affairs of • Chief Minister Brahmananda Reddy and the Congress Party. Congress affiliate trade union leader• The movement resulted in the formation of Sanjeevayya made a deal and have called off three groups in the leadership of the Telangana the indefinite strike of employees while Congress. employees were on indefinite strike. 1) Telangana Praja Samithi under the • The students became alienated from the leadership of Marri Chenna Reddy movement as the movement leaders wanted students to attend exams with the intent of not 2) Telangana Congress Committee under losing an academic year. Konda Laxman Bapuji 3) Telangana United Front under VB Raju Lack of literature in the Movement: and Narottama Reddy • Another major reason why the 1969• Only 24 out of 74 members of Telangana movement did not achieve its intended result Congress MLA’s fully supported the Telangana was lack of literature. movement. • The 1969 movement was an aggressive• These people are also against to Kasu movement. The movement was run by Brahmananda Reddy, but not to Cental aggressive slogans and provocative speeches, Government and Prime minister Indira Gandhi. but lacked books that convey the injustices, insults and regional inequalities to the people• Indira Gandhi made Kasu Brahmananda of Telangana. Reddy to resign from his post in September 1971 and he was replaced by Telangana Nonparticipation of the majority Muslim candidate PV Narasimha Rao as the Chief community in the movement: Minister. • The majority Muslim community was not• Within few days the Telangana Praja Samithi involved in the movement. merged with the Congress party and diluted • Kingshuk Nag (Times of India, Resident of the aspiration of Telangana people of having Hyderabad) in his book ‘Telangana separate Telangana. Movement - Historical Background’, cites• The 1969 Movement was only extended to the following reasons for non-participation of urban areas, district centers and urban centers the majority Muslim community in the but not to rural areas. movement.312 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Razakars of the MIM party staged • 1969 April 22 - Telangana Deception indiscriminate attacks on Hindus before the Day (Telangana Vanchana merger of the Hyderabad state in to dinam/Vidroha dinam) IndianUnion on September 17, 1948. • 1969 May 1 - Telangana Demands Day• After the merger, the hindus who had anger (Telangana Korikala dinam) on razakars showed their anger on muslim • 1969 May 17 - Telangana Martyrs Day brothers. (Telangana Amaraveerula• This made Muslims to distrust on Hindus and dinam) they did not join the 1969 movement. • 1969 June 2 - Telangana Protest Day• The flaws in the movement have been (Telangana Nirasana dinam) corrected in the last phase of the movement. • 1969 June 3 - No Revenge Day (PagaResults of the Movement: sadhimpu vyatireka dinam)
• However, this movement gave for Telangana • 1969 June 16 - Anti-detention Day effective leadership. For example, GM (Nirbandha vyatireka dinam) Anjaiah, who played an active role in the 1969 • 1969 June 17 - Telangana Women’s Day movement, laid huts for shelter less poor (Telangana Mahilala dinam) people in Addagutta area of Secunderabad. • 1969 July 5 - Telangana Liberation• Jayashankar sir, Keshava Rao Jadhav, Day (Telangana Vimochana Bhupathi Krishnamurthy & Kaloji dinam) Narayanrao, who were student leaders during • 1969 July 10 - Black Flag Day (Nalla the 1969 movement, lead the second phase jendala dinam), Telangana of movement. Protection Day (Telangana• A new fighting culture has spread among the Parirakshana dinam) people of Telangana. This struggle culture has • 1969 July 12 - Telangana Flag Day, become instrumental in the second phase of Telangana Liberation Day the movement. • 1969 July 19 - Anti-traitor Day (Vidrohula vyatireka dinam) Important dates in the • 1969 November 1 - Candidates Day 1969 Movement (Abhyardula dinam)• 1969 March 17 - Telangana Fighting Day (Telangana Porata dinam) The major events of the (Teachers, Employees) 1969 movement which happened - Democracy Preservation for the first time Day (Prajaswamya • The first person to do indefinite hunger strike Parirakshana dinam) during the first phase of the movement – (Students) Ravindranath• 1969 April 9 - Mass Satyagraha • First Lathi charge in the first phase of the (Samuhika Satygraham) movement – 18th January 1969.• 1969 April 15 - Telangana Fighting Day • First firing in the first phase of the movement (Telangana Porata dinam) – Shamshabad Railway station (20th January 1969) PNR Publications 313 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• “Shankar” was the 1st Martyr in 1st Phase • During the Telangana movement, with the of Movement. hatred on Andhra people a series of scandalous insults against women were written• First minister to resign – on the walls, and under Kumudin Naik, Konda Laxman Bapuji. womens started the process of removing the• First Bandh – 3 March 1969 rd writings from Himayat Nagar.• First conference – Reddy hostel conference • In May 1969 a women’s conference was (1969 March 8,9) held at Hanumakonda presided over by• Quit Telangana Slogan for the first time was Devaki. Eswari Bhai was the chief guest at given by – Sreedhar Reddy, Student leader the conference.• First political party demanded for separate • Kanakaratnam (MLC), a freedom fighter, Telangana – Swatantra Party led the women in Warangal for the movement.• First Andhra MP who asked for separate Sangam Laxmibai (1911-1979): Telangana in parliament – NG Ranga • She was born in 1911 in a hamlet village near• First Andhra person who fasted for separate Telangana – Korrapati Pattabhiramayya Ghatkesar (Medchal district)• First person to won the elections during the • She studied at the University of Karve and movement – S. Venkatramireddy (TPS) Sharada Niketan, started by the late Lakshmibayamma.Andhra supporters for the Movement • She played a pivotal role in the freedom/ Andhra People who supported the movement and participated in the SaltMovement: Satyagraha with Durga Bhai Deshmukh.• Some Andhra Pradesh leaders had extended • In 1928 she joined the anti- Simon commission their full support to the formation of a separate movement. Telangana. Few of them were • She was elected to the Hyderabad State Ex-MLA, A. Mala Konda Reddy Legislature in 1952 from the Banswada (Ex-president of AP advocates council) constituency. She held the post of deputy NG Ranga (Swatantra Party Leader) minister of education in the Burgula Gouthu Lachanna government from 1954-56. (Swatantra Party Leader) • She was subsequently elected to the Lok Korrapati Pattabhiramayya (Ex-MLA) Sabha from the Medak constituency as a Nadimpalli Narsimha Rao member of the Indian National Congress in 1957, 62 and 67. Women who participated in • During the 1969 movement, she prepared to 1969 Movement resign from her position as MP (Medak1) Rani Kumudin Nayak 2) Sangam Laxmibai Constituency). (Hyderabad city Mayor) • She headed Vinobha Bhave’s Bhoodan3) Masuma Begum 4) TN Sadalaxmi Movement in Telangana.5) CH Rama Devi 6) Kumari Hamsa Rani • During the movement when she was in jail she7) Kumari Narsamma 8) Geetanjali Pillai wrote a book entitled ‘Na jailu gnapakalu9) Rhoda Mistry 10) Sumithra Devi anubhavalu’.314 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Until her death in 1979, Lakshmibai worked • Elected to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative relentlessly for the welfare of women and girls. Assembly from the Ellareddy constituency She founded ‘Indira Sevasadan Society’ in Nizamabad district on behalf of the with the aim of helping women and girls with Republican Party. the help of other women. • Served as secretary of the Republican Party.
Masuma Begum: Geetanjali Pillai & Hamsa Rani:• She was born in 1901 in Hyderabad. • On 6th August, 1969, under the leadership of• She was awarded with the Lady Baden Kumari Geetanjali Pillai, twelve young Powell medal for her Indian Scout services. women were arrested for making satyagraha• She was the first Muslim woman to hold in Secunderabad. the office of minister in India. • Young girls performed satyagraha under the• She served as president of the All India leadership of Kumari Hamsa Rani at the Women’s Conference from 1962-64. Chadar Ghat Bridge in Isamia Bazaar and under leadership of Narasamma in Abids.• She supported 1969 Telangana Movement • Later, they declared temporary halt for theTN Sadalaxmi: movement.• During the 1969 movement, Sadalakshmi Important leaders in the movement: influenced her colleagues with exciting speeches. Marri Chenna Reddy (1919-1996):• She belongs to the Mehar caste, a Dalit sub- • Marri Chenna Reddy was born in the village caste. of Siripuram in Vikarabad Taluk.• Recognized as the woman who chaired the • Telugu Weekly Magazine titled ‘Hyderabad’ Telangana Praja Samithi. was organized from Vijayawada.• Sadalakshmi was initially elected from • From 1950-52 he was a provisional member Peddapalli constituency and later elected as for the Parliament. MLA from Kamareddy. • From 1952, he had been a member of the• She served as Minister of Devadaya in the Hyderabad Legislative Assembly and worked Neelam Sanjivreddy’s Cabinet and was the as Minister for Civil Affairs, Agriculture and first woman Deputy Speaker during Planning ministries. Damodaram Sanjeevya’s period. • He was elected as Chief Minister of Andhra• After serving a short time in the Congress party, Pradesh on 6th March 1978. Worked as she joined the Telugu Desam Party in 1982. Governor for Uttar Pradesh and• Institutions established by Sadalakshmi Rajasthan states. 1) Bandhu Seva Mandali • During Chenna Reddy period, on 15 th August, 1978 Ranga Reddy district was 2) Leadcop organisation formed in the name of KV Ranga Reddy.J Eshwaribai: • In 1989 Chennreddy became Chief Minister• She was born in Secunderabad in 1918. for the second time. He resigned in the wake• Born into a common dalit family, she studied of religious conflicts in the old city of Ambedkar’s theories and aspirations and Hyderabad. worked hard to achieve them. PNR Publications 315 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureKV Ranga Reddy (1890-1970): • Gul-e-taar (The Dewdrended Rose) – 1961• KV Rangareddy was born in Pedda His famous Ghazals: Mangalaram village of Chevella Taluk, in • Ek chameli ki mandve taale Rangareddy district. • Aapki yaad aathi rahi raat bhar• Worked as secretary for Reddy hostel. • Phir chide raat baat phoolonki• He established the ‘Vemanandhra Bhasha Nilayam’ in 1923 at Nampally with his own Other important things: money. • In 1969 he was awarded with the Sahitya• He was the president in Andhra Mahasabha Akademi Award in Urdu Literature. meetings held at Shadnagar in 1936 and at • He participated in the Free India Movement Hyderabad in 1943. against the British.• In 1944 he founded the AV College, Institute • He was a key figure in the Join India of Education. Movement which wanted to merge the• From 1952-56 he served as the Revenue Nizam’s kingdom into the Indian Union. Minister in the Burgula’s government and as • Seventh Nizam thought that his writings were Deputy CM for Andhra Pradesh in provoking people against Hyderabad state and Damodaram Sanjeevaiah’s cabinet. issued a firmaan to kill him.• His Biography – • He was one of the founders of the Communist My autography by KV Ranga Reddy Party of Andhra Pradesh. He started• He was a member of the Indira Sevasadan Comrade Association. society founded by Sangam Lakshmibai in • During his visit to Russia, he met Yuri Gagarin 1952. (first space traveller) in Moscow and wrote a poem on him.Makhdoom Mohiuddin (1908-1969): • His son Nusrat Mohiuddin worked as• He was born in Andol of Medak district. secretary for Insaf Tehriq• He wrote many revolutionary songs in Urdu and recognised as a great poet. JV Narisinga Rao:• His title was shayar-e-inquilab (Poet of the • Joginapalli Venkata Narsinga Rao was born revolution). Laksettipeta of Adilabad District.His literary works: • He was the President of the Hyderabad PCC (1956) during the reorganization of the• His first work was ‘Piladushala’ ( Pasupu states. Pachcha Utariya) written in the student stage in 1932. • He was elected to the legislature from Laksettipeta in Adilabad.• ‘Khoon ke nakhoon’ play was appreciated by Tagore. Anantula Madan Mohan:• The song ‘Jung hai Junge’ and ‘Bhagmathi’ • He was instrumental in establishing the TPS poem was popular through out the country. during the 1969 movement.• Bisat-e-Raqs (A Compilation of Poems and • In 1970, won Siddipeta by-elections from Ghazals). Telangana Praja Samthi.• Surk Savera (the Red down) – 1924 • Elected as Member of Legislative Assembly from Siddipeta Constituency in 1972, 78 and 316 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 83 (next KCR and from 2004 Harish Rao is Park opposite to the Assembly, despite several MLA of Siddipet). injunctions.• When the Telugu Desam Party came to power • Pratap Kishore and Williams Anthi together in 1983, Madanmohan acted as the opposition gathered the belongings of the martyrs like leader of the Congress party. books, certificates etc who died in police firing• The JNTU was established during his tenure and put them at the bottom of the memorial in as Minister of Technical Education in Gun Park on the night before laying the Hyderabad. foundation. • Leadres arrested for attending FoundationTanguturi Anjaiah: ceremony was;• His hometown was Banur village (Medak). Manik Rao Chenna Reddy• He worked in Alvin Metal Company in EV Padmanabhan T. Anjaiah Hyderabad and grew as labour union leader. T Govind Singh MM Hashim• He served as Chief Minister of Andhra • The stupa was carved by Ekka Yadagiri Rao Pradesh between 1980-82. His cabinet was • The stupa was completed in 1975 so large that his cabinet was referred to as an • City Deputy Mayor M. Ramachandraiah Airbus cabinet. inaugurated it on 25 February 1970 in the• In 1984 he worked as Central Labour Clock Tower area of Secunderabad. Minister. Martyr’s stupa specialities:• The World Telugu Conferences were held abroad for the first time when Anjaya was the • The bottom of the stupa was made of black Chief Minister. stone. • There are nine holes on each side of the four-Vandemataram Ramachandra Rao: sides of Black stone & inscriptions on this• His real name was black stone, and those holes indicate the 9 Vavilala Ramachandra Rao districts of the then Telangana.• He was given the title of Vandemataram by • The stupa was made of red stone, which was Veer Savarkar (at Pandaripuram meeting) built above the bottom.• His writing – Hindu Sanghatan • Red was chosen as a symbol of sacrifice.• For participating in Quit India Movement, he • The stupa has an Ashoka chakra on top. was prisoned in Bhagalpur jail in Bihar. • This Dharma Chakra reveals that the dead martyrs of the movement sacrificed their lives Telangana Martyr’s for protecting Dharma (Truth). Memorial – Foundation • In the center of the stupa is contains a makara thoranam. This was taken from the Sanchi• Sridhar Reddy decided to erect a monument Stupa. to commemorate the martyrs of the 1969 • The vertical portion of the stupa consists of 9 Separate Telangana Movement. white stone flowers (Jasmine flower with 9• The city mayor S Lakshminarayana laid the petals), which symbolizes the sacrifice and foundation stone for Telangana martyr’s peace. memorial on 23rd February, 1970 in Gun
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First State level meetings of Hyderabad under the Chairmanship ofTelangana Praja Samithi: Nukala Ram Chandra Reddy.• On 10th January, 1970, T.P.S State level • After the meeting, some Telangana legislators meeting was inaugurated by Marri Chenna decided to quit the State Government and Reddy at the Boys Scott Headquarters in form the “Telangana United Front” party. Secunderabad. • On 6th February, 1970 V.B. Raju resigned• The President of the invitation committee of to State Cabinet and formed the “Telangana this meeting – Nagari Krishna. United Front” party and became the party• M.P. “Gray” of the British Labour Party President. was attended as a special guest to this meeting. • This front consisted of rebel Congressmen (28)• In this meeting only, Marri Chenna Reddy and three Independent members (Total 31). requested the centre to have a referendum on • Palvai Goverdhan Reddy, who was the first Separate Telangana Statehood. to sign on the list of this front, later withdrew. The rest of the list is given to the then Assembly15th January, 1970: Speaker B.V. Subba Reddy.• 15th January, 1970 was held as a “Day of • On 9th February, 1970, speaker B. V. Subba Protest” to mark the completion of one year Reddy announced that “Telangana United of launching of a Separate Telangana Front” party is recognised as the opposition Movement. party.• On this occasion, a big open meeting was • Rama Chandra Reddy, became the leader organized in the ground of Keshav memorial. of opposition in the legislature, replacing This meeting was chaired by M. Sridhar Gouthu Lachchanna, he was the opposition Reddy. leader till then.21st January: • Important leaders joined in Telangana• On 21st January, 1970, the two Telangana United Front: Praja Samithi’s headed by Mrs. Sadalakshmi Nukala Ram Chandra Reddy and M. Sridhar Reddy were merged to form Achyutha Reddy a single entity. Konda Laxman Bapuji24th January, 1970 – Martyr’s Day: K. Ram Chandra Reddy• On 24th January, 1969, Martyr Shankar died during firing in Sadashivpet. To commemorate • On 24th March, 1970 during the budget this, Mrs. Sadalakshmi gave a call to observe introduction by the Finance Minister Vijay 24th January,1970 as “Martyr’s day”. Bhasker Reddy, the members of Telangana United Front walked out of the Assembly forTelangana United Front: showing the budget estimations separate for• In January, 1970, the legislative members Andhra and Telangana region. seeking Telangana organized a meeting in318 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureExtensive Powers to Telangana Telangana should be given a statusRegional Council: of Sub-State – V.B. Raju:• On 7th March, 1970 the president issued an • In the Rajya Sabha elections held on 28th order extending the powers of Telangana March, 1970 the president of Telangana Regional Council by amending Andhra Pradesh United Front V. B. Raju, was elected to Rajya Regional Committee order – 1958. Sabha from Telangana Region by a Margin of• The extended powers, as amended came into 31 votes in the third set of counting under effect on 9th March, 1970. Legislators Quota.Increased Powers of Regional Committee: • On 13th May, 1970 V.B. Raju during his speech in Rajya Sabha requested the Central• The details of income – expenditure Government to give “Sub-State” status to department wise should be shown separately Telangana, as given to Meghalaya. for Andhra – Telangana region.• University Education, jobs and industry also K. V. Ranga Reddy Death: come under the ambit of Telangana Regional • On 24th July, 1970 K. V. Ranga Reddy (80) Committee. died at 10.30 pm.• The rules and regulations to be followed for • The dead body was covered with Telangana the recruitment of locals of Telangana come Flag and the funeral was held at Amberpet under the ambit of Regional Committee. Cemetery with Government’s mandate.• The State Government should submit a report Formation of Telangana Praja Parishad: to Regional Committee on the implementation • Some important persons formed “Telangana of Central Government decision on Merger Praja Parishad” for achieving Separate of services. Telangana. Important among them:• A report should be submitted every six months K.R. Amos Jagan Mohan Reddy to the Regional Committee explaining the steps G.P. Saxena Ansari taken by the Government on the recommen- dations made by the Regional Committee. • On 3 rd September, 1970 about 250 members of Parliament presented aHigh level Supervisory Committee on memorandum to the Prime Minister withEmployee’s Issues – 1970: a proposal to establish a legislative mechanism• This Committee was appointed as per the for the implementation of decisions given by resolution made by Telangana Regional the Telangana Regional Committee. Committee in August, 1969.• The State Government have constituted a high – level committee chaired by “Justice Nasirullah Baig” to give suggestions on the issues of Telangana employees.• Other members in this Committee: Iqbal Chand (member of Revenue Board) C.R. Krishna Swamy (Special Secretary to the Board of Revenue) Rao Saheb PNR Publications 319 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Telangana Praja Samithi Parishad. The Praja Samithi leaders said that they could not compete with the money and as a Political Party reputation of ruling party.• On 28th February, 1969 students and lawyers Legislative Council elections: formed “Telangana people’s Convention”, this • On 24th June, 1970 elections were held for transformed as “Telangana Praja Samithi” on six legislative council seats in Telangana. 25th March, 1969 and in later period changed as political party due to the entry of political • Out of these 6 seats, T.P.S contested for 5 leaders. seats and won three. • In Hyderabad district, from one localKhairatabad by-elections: constituency T.P.S candidate Venkat Rami• By-elections were held for Khairatabad Reddy won the election and from another constituency, due to the death of Congress constituency Congress candidate K. party M.L.A B.V. Guru Murthy. Prabhakar Reddy won.• In these by- elections, Telangana Praja • One each T.P.S candidates won in Samithi declared Nagam Krishna Rao as Mahbubnagar and Medak districts. their candidate. But Konda Laxman, • On 23 rd July, 1970 Telangana Praja Sadalakshmi opposed the candidature of Samithi was changed as a Political Party. Nagam Krishna Rao and made their candidate Venkatesham to file nomination. But, later Siddipet By-election: Venkatesham withdrew his nomination. • The rural constituency Siddipet MLA seat has• The Ruling congress party declared been vacated due to the election of Siddipet “S.Yadagiri” as its candidate. legislator V. B. Raju as a Rajya Sabha• On 15 th June, 1970 the results were member. announced in which Nagam Krishna Rao, • On 17th November, 1970 the by – election a member of Telangana Praja Samithi, was held for Siddipet constituency, in which who contested the election with the Telangana Praja Samithi candidate Separate Telangana Slogan won over “Madan Mohan” won over the congress Yadagiri by a margin of about 14 thousand Party candidate P.V. Rajeshwar Rao with votes. 19,800 votes majority.• Chenna Reddy commented that, “this is a • Marri Chenna Reddy said that, “the T. P. S victory of Telangana people”. victory in Siddipet by – election will ensure• Due to this, the congess deferred the municipal that all regions and communities irrespective elections, which are to held in June due to the of rural and urban areas support for Separate fear of losing election. Telangana”.• At the same time, panchayat Raj elections • With this victory, various political parties have were held and the Telangana Praja Samithi changed their opinion on Telangana. failed to win as expected. • At a meeting held in Kakinada, the Jan Sangh• However, there were indirect elections for the Party delegation said that their leadership is chairman post of Panchayati Samithi and Zilla going to review its earlier opinion on Telangana.320 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The outcome of Siddipet election is a proof • With this victory, the Telangana Praja Samithi of Public opinion. Therefore, the C.P.I party opined to fulfill its objective by negotiating with opined that a solution should be found in the the central government. case of Telangana. • But in the same Lok Sabha elections, Indira Gandhi, who won with the absolute majority Lok Sabha Elections (1971) across the country, did not support for the• In March 1971, Indira Gandhi dissolved the formation of Separate Telangana State. But in Lok Sabha and held general elections. view of the forthcoming Assembly elections in 1972, Indira Gandhi begun efforts to merge• On 5th March 1971, in the Lok Sabha By- T.P.S party. elections held in Andhra Pradesh, the Telangana Praja Samithi under the • Later, the President of Telangana Praja Samithi leadership of Chenna Reddy contested alone Marri Chenna Reddy made an oral with “Shovel” (Salkepara) symbol. agreement with 6 conditions infront of Indira Gandhi regarding protections to• The Indira Congress contested with “Cow – Telangana and then merged T.P.S with Calf” symbol. Congress.• In 1971 Parliamnetary elections, the • Marri Chenna Reddy held secret talks with Telangana Praja Samithi won 10 Lok the Delhi Government keeping aside the Sabha seats out of 14 Lok Sabha seats in aspirations of Telangana. Telangana (with 47.5 % of votes). • On 18th September, 1971 the state council• Of the remaining 4 seats, Congress party won of Telangana Praja Samithi made a resolution 3 seats and one seat won by C.P.I (M) that they decided to merge with the congress, candidate Bhim Reddy Narsimha Reddy as the centre had finally approved the proposal from Miryalaguda. of Six – principles made by T.P.S.• T.P.S candidates who won 10 seats: • On 19th September, 1971, the student leaders Constituency Winning T.P.S candidate and Telangana activists convened a meeting,1. Warangal S.B.Giri calling the decision of Praja Samithi as a2. Medak Mallikarjun Sabotage and resolved to continue the3. Hyderabad G.S.Melkote movement.4. Siddipet G.Venkat Swamy • Mrs. Eshwari Bai, Purushottama Reddy,5. Mahbubnagar J.Rameshwar Rao Sridhar Reddy, Pratap Kishore, Santapuri6. Nagarkurnool M. Bhishma Dev Raghuveera Rao and others have formed7. Secunderabad M.M. Hashim “Sampurna Telangana Praja Samithi” and8. Peddapalli V. Tulasi Ram tried to continue the movement.9. Nalgonda K. Rama Krishna Reddy 6 Principles proposed by Telangana Praja10. Karimnagar M. Satyanarayana Rao Samithi:• Chenna Reddy did not contest in these 1. Removing Brahmananda Reddy from chief elections due to six – year ban imposed by Minister’s position (Change of State Supreme court. leadership).
PNR Publications 321 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture2. To give Statutory powers to Telangana • In 1938, he participated in the Regional Committee. Vandemataram movement held in Osmania3. Formation of Special Pradesh Congress University and was expelled from University. committee for Telangana. • Next, he joined into Nagpur University and4. Separate budget and Separate estimations for completed LL.B. Telangana. • He was the disciple of Swami Ramananda5. Implementation of Mulky rules. Theertha and actively involved in the politics6. To give the Telangana legislators an of the then State Congress. opportunity to decide on the issue of separate • He worked as the founding President of state, if required, based on the performance Telugu Academy, which was founded in the of the government. year 1968.• But out of the 6 proposals made by Chenna • In 1957, for the first time he was elected to Reddy to Indira Gandhi, only first proposal the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly on was implemented. behalf of the Congress party from Manthani• On 15th September, 1971, Andhra Pradesh Constituency. C.M. Brahmananda Reddy resigned. • He was elected as M.L.A from Manthani• On 24th September,1971, the All India Constituency for the consecutive four terms Congress Committee (AICC) accepted the (1957 – 1977). proposal of merging T.P.S into Congress Party. • During 1969 movement, P.V. Narsimha Rao• On 25th September, 1971, AICC examiner was the Minister for Law and Information C. Subramanyam attended the Congress department in the Kasu Brahmananda Reddy legislative session, which was held to elect a Government. new leader in place of Kasu Brahmananda • P.V. Narsimha Rao worked as the Andhra Reddy, P.V. Narsimha Rao was elected as a Pradesh Chief Minister from 30 th new leader. September, 1971 to 10th January, 1973.• On 30th September, 1971, P.V.Narsimha • In 1977, for the first time elected to Lok Rao became the Andhra Pradesh Chief Sabha from Hanumakonda Constituency. Minister. • In the Union Government, he worked as• First Telangana region person to become the Minister for Home Affairs, Defence, Planning chief minister of Andhra Pradesh – P.V. Commission and as the Foreign Minister. Narsimha Rao. • In 1991, he assumed the office of Prime Minister of India. He held the post from 21stP. V. Narsimha Rao: June, 1991 to May 16, 1996.• Pamulaparthi Venkat Narsimha Rao was • The first South Indian to hold the Post of born on 28th June, 1921 in Laknepally village of Warangal district. Later, he was Prime Minister of India and the only Telugu adopted by Pamulaparthy Ranga Rao and Person is P.V. Narsimha Rao. Rukminamma of Vangara village of • He held the post of Prime Minister without Bheemadevarapalli mandal, Karimnagar being elected to the Parliament. Later, he was district.322 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture elected to the Lok Sabha from Nandyal • P.V. Narsimha Rao was able to speak 17 Constituency in the by-election. languages, including English, Hindi and other• He made the economist Man Mohan Singh Southern languages. as the Finance Minister and introduced new • He translated the great Telugu literary work liberalized economic policies in the country. “Veyipadagalu” of Viswanatha Satyanarayana• P.V. Narsimha Rao died on 23rd December, into Hindi as “Sahasraphan”. For this book, 2004. P.V. was awarded with “Kendra Sahitya Academy Award”.P.V. Narsimha Rao Literary Work: • He translated Marathi novel “Pan Lakshat• P.V. Narsimha Rao has written his Kon Gheto (But who Pays Attention?)” into autobiography titled as “Insider”. This Telugu as “Abala Jeevitham”. translated into Telugu as “Lopali Manishi” (Inner Person).
Presidents of Telangana Praja Samithi 1) Ananthula Madan Mohan – From 25th March,1969 to April 6th, 1969 2) B.S. Giri (Temporary President) – From 6th April,1969 to April 9th,1969 3) T. N. Sada Lakshmi – From 9th April,1969 to 25th April, 1969 4) Ananthula Madan Mohan – From 25th April, 1969 to 22nd May, 1969 5) Marri Chenna Reddy – From 22nd May, 1969 to 25th June,1969 6) Madan Mohan – From 25th June, 1969 to 2nd July, 1969 7) T.N. Sada Lakshmi – From 3rd July, 1969 to 29th August, 1969 8) Marri Chenna Reddy – From 29th August, 1969 to 24th September, 1971
PNR Publications 323 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Organizations during early phase of movement - Founders Year Organization Founders / President1952 Hyderabad Hitha Rakshana Samithi G. Rama Chary28/07/1952 Students Working Committee Buchaiah1952 Navya Sahithya Samithi Kuruganti Sitaramaiah1957 Mitra Mandali Udayaraju Seshagiri Rao, Pendyala Raghava Rao1958 Telangana Maha Sabha -1960 Sahitya Vikasa Mandali Vemuganti Narsimha Charyulu1964 Medak district writer’s association Mudumbai Ranga Krishnama Charyulu1966 Freeverse Front Kundurti Anjaneyulu1966 Srujana (Modern Telugu Literary Platform) Pendyala Varavara Rao1968 Telangana Regional Council Kolishetty Ramdasu13/01/1969 Telangana Protection Committee Katam Lakshmi Narayana13/01/1969 Telangana Students Working Committee Mallikarjun25/03/1969 Telangana Praja Samithi (T.P.S) Madan MohanMay, 1969 Poti Telangana Praja Samithi (Competitive T.P.S) Sridhar Reddy1969 Telangana Congress Samithi Konda Laxman Bapuji1969 Sampurna Telangana Praja Samithi Satyanarayana Reddy, Keshav Rao Jadhav3/04/1969 Public Integration Committee (Powrula G. Venkata Swamy Samaikyatha Sangam)20/05/1969 Telangana University College Teacher’s Prof. Shah Manjur Alam Convention1969 Bhava Samaikyatha Praja Sanghatana Swamy Ramananda Theertha1969 Rashtra Samaikyatha Samrakshana Samithi P.V. Ranga Rao1969 Telangana NGO’S Union Aamos1969 Telangana Advocates Union B.C.Jain1969 Telangana Integration Union G. Venkata Swamy1969 Telangana Udyama Samanvaya Sangham Achyuth Reddy1969 Telangana Praja Parishad K.R. Amoos1969 Poti T.N.G.O (Competitive T.N.G.O) Harinath Rao1969 City Students Integrated Working Committee Gottem Gopal Reddy1969 Telangana Vimochana Samithi K. Narsimha Reddy1969 Labourers Jiont Action Committee Govinda Singh1969 Special Telangana Congress Forum Marri Chenna Reddy4/07/1971 Revolutionary Writer’s Association (Virasam) Varavara Rao1971 Bharathiya Sahithya Samithi Ande Venkata Rajyam1972 Jana Natya Mandali Gaddar
324 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
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• Mulki means “Native / Local”, Gair Mulki However, Article 372 provides for means Non-local / Non-Native. The amendments, changes to the existing legislation problem of Gair Mulki started since Medieval and to make new laws by the parliament. period during Bahmanis. Hyderabad General Recruitment• In 1868, when the first Salarjung was the Rules – 1955: Prime Minister, he made certain provisions for • This rule was created as per Article 309 of providing employment to Mulki’s. the Constitution and issued by a special• In 1884 – 86, during the period of 6th Nizam notification. Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, the Mulki • Article – 309 – Recruitment and employment provisions were made strong through “Civil rules for the employees working in Central and services Regulation”. State Governments.• During 1908 – 10, when Maharaja Kishan Prasad was the Prime Minister, he added State Reorganization Act for Mulki some more points to Mulki Regulations. regulations – 1956 Protection: • As per Section 119 of State Reorganization• Finally, in 1919, the 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Act – 1956, the existing laws in the areas Khan issued a farman on Mulki rules. incorporated into new states, will continue to• The Mulki rules in 1919 farman, were once be in force in those areas like as earlier only. again issued by the then Military Governor • Accordingly, the Mulki regulations issued by Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri in November, 1949 the Raj Pramukh of the State of Hyderabad through Civil Service Regulation. on 9 th November, 1955 should beConstitutional Protection for Mulki implemented in Telangana region.Rules: • The Amendments on these types of Mulki rules• On January 26th, 1950 when the Indian by G.O’s, Circulars and legislative Acts were Constitution came into force, as the Mulki Null and Void. Only the Parliament has the rules were already in force in the state of power to amend the Mulki rules, which Hyderabad, these rules were given became effective as per Article 35 (B) of the constitutional protections as per the article Constitution. 35 (b) of the constitution. Public Employment act – 1957:As per Article 35 (b): • The Central Government drafted the Public Article 16 (3) relates to the laws for imposition Employment Act – 1957, by repealing many of restrictions on the employment of public laws related to employment in the country, servants based on their residence (such as the which were made before Independence. implementation of reservation), these laws will • The Andhra Pradesh Public Employment Act remain in force which were enacted before – 1957 was made in accordance with this Act the constitution. of Central Government. PNR Publications 325 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 21st March, 1959, the Andhra Pradesh • However, under special circ*mstances, if Public Employment Act–1957 came into qualified locals are not available, then Section effect. Important sections of this act are - 3 may be relaxed and the non-resident may Section-2, Section-3 and Section-5. be appointed.Section - 2: • The Andhra rulers have violated the Mulki• As per Section-2 of this act, the provisions regulations by promoting this relaxation. related to residential qualifications for • As per the Gentlemen’s agreement made on employment by the Government or State – 20th February, 1956 in Delhi, the Mulki owned enterprises or Local bodies, which are regulations will continue in Telangana. so far in force will be repealed upon the According to this, Parliament made the Public enactment of this act. Employment Act - 1957 (Residence,• This means that under this Section - 2, the Regulations). former Mulki Provisions of Telangana Should be repealed. But, Mulki regulations are Petition filed by the employees of included in Section-3 for enforcement as set Kothagudem Thermal Power Station: forth in Section 119 of the States • In 1959, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy government Reorganization act and in the Gentlemen’s established the State Electricity agreement. Corporation and appointed most of the employees from Andhra region.Section - 3: • And also appointed more of Andhra employees• Mulki regulations, were included in in the Kothagudem thermal power station Section-3 of Andhra Pradesh Public in Khammam district. Employment Act-1957 for enforcement of Mulki rules in Telangana. • However, in 1968 April, the Government ordered the removal of Non – Mulki’s with in• As per Section-3(1)C, the Central 3 months, who were recruited in place of Government may impose the residential Mulki’s and to appoint eligible Mulki’s. qualifications in respect of recruitment of employees in subordinate employment or in • The Non-Mulki employees who lost their jobs Local bodies of Telangana Region. at Kothagudem Thermal power station according to these orders, have filed a case in• According to this, Mulki is a resident of the High court. Telangana for 15 years as on formation of Andhra Pradesh. High Court Judgement• The rules stipulate that Mulki’s should be given (3rd January, 1969): a second job in every three vacancies in offices • High Court Justice Kuppu Swamy, made of Head Department (HOD) and Secretariat trail on the above case delivered the following in the twin cities. Judgement on 3rd January, 1969.Section - 5: • The Mulki rules set forth in Andhra Pradesh• Section-5 of the Act provides that the Public Employment Act-1957, does not apply Protections provided in Section – 3 shall be to the A.P. state Electricity Board which is an in force for a period of 5 years from date of autonomous body. Hence, he gave the decree enactment. in favor of Non-Mulki’s.
326 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureHigh Court Judgement the previous judgement given by Justice(3rd February, 1969): Chinnappa Reddy and gave a decree that• After this judgement, the 1969 movement Mulki regulations are Constitutional. became critical. Due to this Kasu • However, Court said that Non – Mulki’s Brahamananda Reddy government held all should not be sent back, but super numeri posts party meeting on 21st January, 1969 and should be created for them wherever they are. issued G.O.36. According to this G.O, the • The division bench has made it clear that the Non-Locals will be sent to their native places Andhra Pradesh Public employment rules – before 28th February, 1969. 1959 is valid.• The Andhra employees immediately • Rejecting the argument that Parliament cannot approached the High Court on G.O.36. make a law for a particular region in the State,• On 3rd February, 1969, the High court’s the Division Bench states that “Article 16 (3) Single bench (Judge Chinnappa Reddy) of the Constitution relates that the parliament said that Section – 3, which was included in has the power to make law related to the issue the “Public Employment (Requirement as to of residence not only for the entire state but Residence) Act -1957” to enforce Mulki rules also for any part of the state”. is against the Fundamental rights. Hence • In case of single Judge’s verdict, section – 3 dismissed the G.O.36 which was issued for of the Public employment act is Invalid, if the the implementation of the Provisions of Judgement of Judge Chinnappa Reddy is Section-3. implemented then also the Mulki regulations• A petition was filed against the above (Which means 15 years of residence rules in Judgement, then High Court formed a division Telangana region) were in force before the bench with two Judges (P. Jagan Mohan Public Employment Act came into force on Reddy & Avula Samba Shiva Rao). 21st March, 1959. Therefore, the High Court Division Bench made it clear in it’s ruling that,Supreme Court Stay if Section – 3 of the Public Employment act is(17th February, 1969): invalid, then left over will be old Mulki Rules• On 17th February, 1969, after hearing the only. arguments, the Supreme Court gave stay on Government Response: the Judgement made by High Court on 3rd • As the High court Division Bench ruled that February and also G.o.36. and said not to send the G.O.36 is valid, but the case is pending on back the Andhra employees. G.O.36 in the Supreme court. Hence, the• A.V.S. Narsimha Rao and others working in Government decided not to take any action it. the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat have filed a case directly in Supreme Court against G.O.36. Supreme Court Full Bench (A.V.S. Narsimha Rao v/s Andhra Pradesh Judgement (March 28th, 1969): Government). • On 28th March, 1969, the supreme CourtHigh Court Division Bench Verdict finally overruled the G.O.36. a five-Judge bench headed by chief Justice of India(20th February, 1969): Hidayatullah ruled that Mulki regulations• On 20th February, 1969, Judges Jagan are unconstitutional and Andhra Mohan Reddy and Avula Samba Shiva Rao employees should not be sent back. of High Court Division bench have dismissed PNR Publications 327 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The above Judgement was delivered by the High Court Full Bench Judgement chief Justice of India “M. Hidayatullah”. (14th February, 1972):• The Court declined to comment on the Mulki • In 1961, the Andhra Pradesh Government rules present in the old Hyderabad State. The have temporarily appointed few extension Supreme Court has given this verdict in the officers in the Department of Industry. case of Secretariat employee A.V.S. • However, in 1967, the Government have Narsimha Rao v/s Andhra Pradesh sacked some of these Andhra employees. Government. • V. Venkat Reddy and some other employees• This verdict made the Telangana movement who were dismissed in this way have filed a violent. Due to this, the center appointed a case in the High Court against the Mulki panel of Judges chaired by Justice regulations. Wanchoo on 19th April. • On 14th February, 1972, a five-memberHigh Court Full Bench Judgement High Court full bench headed by Justice(9th December, 1970): Obul Reddy (4:1) heard the arguments and• P. Lakshman Rao and other Andhra gave a decree that Mulki regulations does Employees of the Public works department not apply after the emergence of Andhra have filed a case in High Court against Mulki Pradesh State, hence Mulki rules cannot rules. enforced under any circ*mstances and they are invalid.• On 9th December, 1970, a bench headed by Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court • Out of these Five Judges, one Judge who Justice Kumaraiah ruled that “Mulki rules disagreed with the remaining four Judges was are Constitutional”. Konda Madhava Reddy.• This Judgement was delivered by Justice • P.V. Narsimha Rao Government challenged Gopal Rao Ekbote on behalf of the bench. the Judgement given by the Full bench. Headed by Justice Obul Reddy in the Supreme Court.• Earlier, a Full Bench of Supreme Court gave a ruling dismissing the Section-3 of the Public Final Verdict on Mulki Rules: Employment Act. The High Court gave above • On 3rd October, 1972, the Supreme Court Judgement in respect with this decree of dismissed the Decree given by the High Court Supreme Court. Full Bench and gave a verdict that “Mulki• Section – 3 of the Public Employment Act was Rules are Constitutional”. dismissed by the supreme Court. So, it should • The Supreme Court held that a person who be considered that Section – 2 is also dismissed resides in Telangana region for 15 years will and therefore the Mulki regulations which only be eligible for the appointment in the were in force before the enactment of Government Jobs, and “the Mulki rules Public Employment Act – 1957 will introduced by the Nizam half a century ago continue to be in force. This was the decree are still valid and that the Mulki regulations given by High Court. are still in force as per Article 35 (b) of the• Later, some Andhra employees have Constitution”. approached the High Court to reconsider the • Even though Andhra Pradesh State was above decree. formed with the merger of Andhra Telangana regions, the provisions will remain in force.328 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• As per the Supreme Court latest ruling, the 11th July, 1973, High Court Mulki regulations should be applied to Non- Judgement: Gazetted jobs as well as Gazetted jobs and • The High Court ruled that Mulki regulations also to all other types of Jobs. will apply only during the process of initial• This verdict was given by the Supreme Court appointment but does not apply during 5-member bench headed by the Chief Justice promotion, seniority and retirement. of India Justice S.M. Sikri. • This method is not applicable to All India• In Supreme Court, this case was argued by Services. K. Narsing Rao, brother in-law of P.V. Narsimha Rao on behalf of the Government. Five – Point Formula, 1972 Note: Supreme Court gave Judgement on 3rd • On 3rd October, 1972, after the Supreme October, in Director of Industries & Court Judgement, the prime Minister Indira Commerce, Andhra Pradesh Government Gandhi held discussions with Andhra and v/s V. Venkat Reddy Case. Telangana leaders many times, and announced the “Five-Point Formula” in Lok Sabha on• The then Chief Minister P.V. Narsimha Rao November 27th, 1972 with the intention of spoke on this verdict and said that “in view of satisfying the people of both the regions. the Supreme Court verdict there is no obstruction / restriction to Mulki rules and this Issues in the Five – Point Formula: is final verdict on the controversy”. 1. In Telangana region, the Mulki regulations will• T.N.G.O. President K. Rama Krishna applied to Non-Gazetted jobs, Tahsildar, Civil Reddy announced that they are happy with Assistant Surgeon and Junior Engineer Posts. the Judgement even though it is delayed. The Mulki rules will apply to “Second job• The Andhra people who felt that injustice was in every three jobs” in direct recruitment done to them due to the Supreme Court of Non – Gazetted jobs in secretariat, the Judgement, have launched “Jai Andhra” offices of Head of Department and other movement demanding a separate Andhra joint ventures of the State Government. State. 2. These guarantees will be in force in the Telangana region till the end ofPetition on the definition of “Mulki”: December, 1980. In the capital city of• Few Andhra region Non-Gazetted employees Hyderabad, these will be operation till the approached the High Court in 1972 December end of December, 1977. to define the word “Mulki”. 3. The first or second gazette level jobs of various service cadres were made regional, to provide17th February, 1973, High Court adequate opportunities for government jobJudgement: promotions in Andhra-Telangana region.• The High Court gave a ruling that those who 4. There will be no harm to availabilities of were born and brought up in Telangana are Telangana students present in twin cities only Mulki is not fair so, and also the persons regarding educational facilities, including who are settled in Telangana are also Mulki’s. technical and vocational education.
PNR Publications 329 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture In addition, some seats will be created in the educational institutions. Newly created Jai Andhra Movement seats can be unconditionally obtained by • Kasu Brahamananda Reddy is the one, who the students of any region. lost the Chief Minister Post due to 19695. In Hyderabad and Secunderabad cities, the Telangana movement. Despite the suppression joint police force of Andhra and Telangana of Telangana movement in 1970, the Indira regions will be present. Gandhi have decided to make the Telangana region person as Chief Minister in order to• This five - point formula could not satisfy the prevent the Separate Telangana sentiment. people of both the regions and it led to a This led to the resignation of Kasu separate state movements. Brahamananda Reddy in September, 1971.• Dr. Chenna Reddy said that the Prime • P.V. Narsimha Rao, from Karimnagar of Minister’s Five - Point formula is an “Abuse Telangana, was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Telangana Protections” (Telangana of Andhra Pradesh on 30th September, Rakshanalaku Goddali Pettu). 1971.• Gouthu Latchanna speaking on Five – Point • P.V. Narsimha Rao after becoming the Chief formula said that “this is like, when we ask minister, he took steps to identify the non- a King for wish, he gave us two more locals and send them back to their native blows”. places.• A.P.N.G.O President Rama Krishna Rao • On 14th February, 1972, the Andhra Pradesh said that Five – Point formula is like a “Wasp High Court Five-Member bench gave a ruling Comb”. He added that this did not solve even that Mulki rules are Unconstitutional. one problem but created many problems. • Following the verdict, Indira Gandhi• This formula did not satisfy the Telangana addressed a public meeting held on 17th people. This plan was not came into force. February, 1972 at the grounds of Azamjahi mills in Warangal. And said “we will see that injustice is not done to Telangana People”. • P.V. Narsimha Rao, with the support of Indira Gandhi, Challenged the High Court Verdict in the supreme Court. P.V. Narsimha Rao’s brother in-law K. Narsingh Rao, argued this case in Supreme Court. • It was during this Period, P. V. Narsimha Rao has taken many decisions in state, in compliance with the law of land acquisition made by the Central Government. • On 2nd May, 1972, the Government of Andhra Pradesh issued an ordinance, halting all the land transactions in the State. • On 15 th September, 1972, the State legislative assembly passed “Land Ceiling Bill”.330 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Due to this, P.V. Narsimha Rao turned against • This Parishad made a resolution for the Andhra investors and feudal communities. separation of Andhra region because, if• At the same time, on 3rd October,1972 the Andhra Pradesh existence is not possible Supreme Court ruled that Mulki regulations without conditions. are Constitutional, this ruling was supported • On 24th October, 1972, when the then Chief by P. V. the Andhra people did not like this Minister P. V. Narsimha Rao visited Eluru in and started “Jai Andhra movement” to West Godavari district on an official visit, there separate from Telangana region. the students insulted P.V. Narsimha Rao.• At the same time, students in Telangana region Debate in Lok Sabha: demanded full time implementation of Mulki • On 21st November, 1972, C.P. I leader regulations. Indrajit Gupta brought the attention of Lok• Some political opportunists have made false Sabha on the situations of Andhra Pradesh propaganda that the land of Andhra peasants through a resolution. in Telangana region will be seized and will drive • At the same time, M.P. Pendakanti Venkata out the Andhra people from Telangana due to Subbaya demanded that special protections Mulki rules. are not necessary for Telangana and those• As the posts of Assistant Engineer and should be abolished immediately. Assistant Civil Surgeon were included under • On 5th December, 1972, the bandh was the Mulki rules, the concerned employees have organized in Andhra region against the Five- got worried & protested against this. Point formula.• Enraged by this, the Andhra Pradesh people • On 7th December, 1972, Andhra Non- have protested in large numbers demanding Gazetted employees launched a indefinite the abolition of all protections given to strike opposing the five – point formula. They Telangana and due to which Vishalandhra was went on strike for 108 days and called of formed. on 25th March, 1973.• Students and Employees in Andhra region • On 10th December, 1972, the opposition began to hold meetings and strikes against the parties Janasangh, Independent party and Supreme Court verdict. some Congress legislators held a large meeting in Vijayawada demanding Separate Andhra• Already the landlords who were against the State. P.V. Narsimha Rao Government. The Political leader’s group which was against P.V, students • In this meeting, Swatantra party leader and employees supported the movement. Gouthu Latchanna have unveiled the flag for Andhra State.Praja Parishad - 18th October, 1972 • On 12th December, 1972, about 1.5 lakh• “Praja Parishad” was formed with Sardar people from various organizations have Gouthu Latchanna as its President, for the organized “Jaitra Yatra” in Vijayawada organization of Separate Andhra Movement. demanding the formation of Separate Andhra State.• Praja Parishad’s: Vice-President– Resignation of Andhra Ministers: Nadimpalli Narsimha Rao • Nine Andhra region ministers from P.V. Secretary – Tummala Choudary Narsimha Rao’s cabinet have resigned to Treasurer – Jagarlapudi Chandra mouli. support “Jai Andhra” movement. PNR Publications 331 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 13th December, 1972, Batthini Subba • This led to clashes and destruction C.R.P.F Rao was the first person to resign as the forces opened fire. Eight people lost their lives. Minister. Apart from the movement, there are On 25th December, 1972, in the early hours many other personal reasons for the Kakani Venkataratnam died due to heart resignation of these Minister. attack, as the death of protestors in the police attacks caused great pain to him.Andhra Sena: • Initially, “Jai Andhra” movement led by –• On 17th December,1972, the Ministers who Kakani Venkataratnam. have resigned and others formed an • After the death of Kakani, “Jai Andhra” association named “Andhra Sena”, preside movement was led by – B.V. Subba Reddy, by Madala Janaki Ram, as a part of Jai Vasantha Nageshwar Rao. Andhra Movement. • Few important leaders who participated in Jai• The association made a resolution for a Andhra movement – Kakani Venkaratnam, separate Andhra State. Sardar Gouthu Latchanna, B.V. Subba• On 18 th December, 1972, the Andhra Reddy, N.G. Ranga, Vasantha Nageshwar Pradesh government have accused N.G.O’s Rao. president Rama Krishna Rao provoking the Government employees against Mulki’s and Separate Telangana Congress forum: suspended him. • Marri Chenna Reddy has set up “Separate• On 22 nd December, 1972, Kakani Telangana Congress forum”, when Jai Andhra Venkataratnam and N.G. Ranga sought for movement was on peaks. Separate Andhra State, while addressing a • On 27th December, 1972, the Joint Action massive public meeting in Guntur. Committee of Andhra – Venkateshwara• On 23 rd December, 1972, Parliament University students met in Nellore. On this approved the Five- Point formula. occasion, the President of this Committee B.J.• The Prime Minister announced on the same Augustine, called for an armed struggle for day in the Lok Sabha that there would be no the achievement of separate state. The young extension of Mulki regulations, no division of leaders who participated in this movement the state and will think regarding the creation were Venkaiah Naidu, Y.S.R and Chandra of regional development boards. Babu Naidu.Procession by United State supporters in Tirupati Sabha:Vijayawada: • On 31st December, 1972, the Andhra region• On 24th December, 1972, the supporters of Congress leaders held meeting in Tirupati, United State held procession in Vijayawada with the support of Communist Party of India chaired by B. V. Subba Reddy. (C.P.I), as the five – point formula was made • This meeting was attended by 99 Assembly statutory by the Parliament. members, 32 Legislative Council members, 11• The procession was also supported by the then M. P’s and Zilla Parishad Presidents and Chief Minister P. V. Narsimha Rao. discussed about the creation of Separate• But Kakani Venkataratnam and hundreds of Andhra State. Separate State activists, who are seeking • In this meeting, it was resolved to carry out a separate Andhra State, have obstructed the non – cooperative movement, without paying procession of the United State Supporters. taxes to the Government.332 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 2nd January, 1973, the police opened fire Continuation of on those marching in support of Jai Andhra Jai Andhra Movement: movement. Three young men have died. • On 30th January, 1973, complete Telangana• Aggrieved by this incident, 15 M.P’s of bandh was maintained peacefully under the Coastal and Rayalaseema regions issued an supervision of “Sampurna Telangana Praja ultimatum to the Central Government for the Samithi”. creation of separate Andhra State before 26th • The Telangana Praja Samithi has warned the January, 1973, otherwise warned with serious Government to declare a State Separation by consequences. February 5th, in a meeting held at Sultan Bazar,• In a meeting, the State Reorganization Hyderabad. Earlier, even “Andhra Working Commission member (S.R.C) Hridaynath Committee” has warned Central Government Kunzru opined that “Creation of Andhra and set 5th February as the last date for the and Telangana States is a Wise decision”. formation of separate Andhra State.• In Andhra Pradesh, many people were killed • On 1st February, 1973, two lakh women held in police firings and due to lathi-charge Law massive presentation in Vijayawada, as a part and Order was completely deteriorated. of Jai Andhra movement.• At the same time, P.V. Narsimha Rao faced • Women from all professions participated in the many problems. Due to Land ceiling act, the procession with colorful sarees, flowers, feudal and business groups launched a Vermilion & turmeric with “Jai Andhra” slogan campaign against P.V. Narsimha Rao. for about 5 miles.• Andhra region students and employees were • On 31st January, 1973, special congress forum against P.V. for implementing Mulki regulations. chairman Dr. Chenna Reddy, while speaking Pressure from all sections increased on the in a meeting at Pochampadu of Nizamabad Central Government to remove P.V. Narsimha district said “Even though the right time has Rao from the post of Chief Minister. come for partition, the Telangana legislators who are still supporting United AndhraPresident’s Rule: Pradesh, should be gifted with Bangles and• In the wake of Jai Andhra movement, on 10th Vermilion”. January, 1973, P.V. Narsimha Rao resigned • Former C.M. Kasu Brahamananda as Chief Minister, under the instructions of Reddy said in another meeting that “The Indira Gandhi. peaceful creation of Andhra and Telangana• On 18th January, 1973, President’s rule was states is perhaps the only way to come out of imposed in Andhra Pradesh. the present situation in the State”.• During the President’s rule, the State • The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi made Legislature was kept under “Suspended an attempt to appease the movements by Animation”, instead of abolition. appointing Telangana Lok Sabha member Note: if the Legislature is kept under G.Venkat Swamy as Deputy Minister for Suspended animation, it is likely to be re – Labour and Kottha Raguramaiah of Andhra instated. as Union Minister in 1973.• The then Andhra Pradesh Governor – Jai Andhra Front: Khandubhai Kasonji Desai. • In April, 1973, an Organization named “Jai• Advisors to Governor – H.C. Sarin Andhra Front” was formed, due to Differences V.K. Rao. between Jai Andhra movement leaders. PNR Publications 333 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Gouthu Latchanna, Annabattula Nageshwar Vijayawada Sabha: Rao and Thenneti Vishwanatham played lead • On 1st February, 1973, the meeting was role in formation of this front. organized in Vijayawada under the aegis of• B. Satyanarayana Reddy, one of the Advocates Association, which was chaired by founders of Sampurna Telangana Praja Hari Ananth Padmanabha Sastri. Samithi, attended the Jai Andhra front meeting. • Jana Sangha party president Vajpayee• Film Stars Krishna, Vijay Nirmala, NTR, attended this meeting and gave the slogan “Jai Andhra – Jai Telangana”. He attacked the ANR, Krishnam Raju and others supported CPI party and said that it should not be called Separate Andhra movement. as communist party. And it criticized as “Her• On 17 th February, 1973, Akkineni Majesty’s Royal Opposition”. Vajpayee Nageshwar Rao and N.T. Rama Rao said that “there were police firing in 10 districts appealed to the Central Government in a joint of State and atrocities of C.R.P.F”. Statement “to divide the Andhra and Telangana • In this meeting, Kodali Damodaraiah sang as two separate states by giving value to the “Agadura eka Andhra Udyamam” song public aspirations. (Andhra Movement won’t stop now).• On 18 February, 1973, Smt. Vijaya Nirmala • Vajpayee said that “the army which should th
and film star Krishna went on a 24-hour hunger be sent against enemy, is being sent strike at Panagal Park, Madras, seeking against people, this is insult to country and state separation. Other movie stars started six army”. – day relay hunger strike. • Vajpayee said, “Language alone does not• On 1st September, 1973, the president’s rule solve the problems and language alone was extended for another six months. will not bring the hearts of the people together” in Vijayawada Sabha.• Jai Andhra movement was slowly watered down due to tactics of H.C. Sarin. Andhra Sangharshana Samithi Conference:Jana Sangh Party in the State • On 2 nd February, 1973, the AndhraPartition movement: Sangharshana Samithi held a large public• The Jana Sangh Party, which called for United meeting chaired by Kolimarla State during 1969 movement, have supported Venkateshwarulu at Gandhi Park, Guntur, in the demand for separate States of Andhra – support of Jai Andhra Movement. Telangana during 1972 – 73. • In this meeting, Vajpayee said “With the• Jana Sangh party president Atal Bihari Gunshots, the bodies will be shattered, but Vajpayee said that the party have changed the aspirations in the hearts won’t the stand, because both Andhra – Telangana shatter”. He cautioned not to restrain the regions are demanding for separate states. movement with police force.• In affiliation to Jana Sangh Party, the “Andhra Telangana Sangharshana Samiti Sangharshan Samithi” was formed in Andhra Conference: region and “Telangana Sangharshan Samithi” • On 2nd February, 1973, the Telangana in Telangana. By these Jana Sangh Party Sangharshana Samiti organized a conference played important role in the movements. in the Presidentship of Jagan Mohan Reddy at Keshav Memorial school, Hyderabad.334 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Vajpayee who attended this conference said, State level and set – up Sub – committees for “Telangana – Andhra Raji – Kya Karenge the development of backward areas, to Indiraji” (if Telangana – Andhra compromise, oversee the development process. what Indraji will do). Vajpayee said, “when 2. Same approach should be applied throughout the people of Andhra – Telangana want to the state, in respect of preference of local break up amicably, no power can prevent candidates in the educational institutions. them”. And the target could be achieved. Establishment of a new Central university in• Vajpayee said that “the earthquake won’t the State, especially in the Capital City come, if two Telugu states are formed”. Hyderabad to augment the existing educational facilities.Telanganism of Paga Pulla Reddy: 3. Natives should be given priority to specified• Gadwal Legislative member “Paga Pulla extent in jobs that are directly recruited in Reddy”, who led the Vishalandhra movement accordance with State requirements. They are; during 1950 – 55 in Telangana region and who A) Non – Gazetted posts in Local supported the United State during 1969, have organizations / bodies. said that he is aspiring for separate Telangana in February, 1973. B) Tahsildars, Junior Engineers and Civil Assistant Surgeons.• Separate State movements in Andhra – Telangana region were sparked after the The following Jobs are exempted: Supreme Court verdict that “Mulki rules are Non-Gazetted posts, Secretariat, Offices Correct” on 3 October, 1973. In view of rd of Head of Departments, other State level these movement, Prime Minister Indira offices and Hyderabad City Police. Gandhi has announced a Six – Point For Promotions, Gazetted officers are formula. classified as Primary and Secondary levels. 4. The formation of High – Power Six – Point Formula “Administrative Tribunal” is must to deal (Shut Sutra Scheme) with the grievances of services regarding• On 21st September, 1973, Indira Gandhi appointments, seniority, promotion and other announced the “Six-Point Formula”. matters. The decisions of the tribunal should ordinarily be binding on the State Government.• Due to this formula, the Mulki rules that were existing in Telangana since long period, have 5. The Constitution should be amended so as to ceased to exist. give legitimacy to the above issues. The President is empowered to issue orders on• Previously, a person who resides in Telangana the above issues. for 15 years, would be considered as “Mulki”. The person who had lead role in framing the 6. Due to implementation of above principles, the Six – Point formula – K.C. Pant (Central continuation of Mulki rules and the Regional Irrigation and Power Minister). Committee is deemed unnecessary.
Six-Points: • Telangana leaders who signed on this Six –1. To accelerate the development of the Point formula were P.V. Narsimha Rao, Kodati backward areas of the State, and planned Rajamallu, V. B. Raju, Jalagam Vengal Rao, development of the State Capital by allocating J. Chokka Rao and others. special funds. Establish a planning board at PNR Publications 335 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The leaders who opposed the Six – Point • On 20 th October, 1975, the State formula and directly told the Minister of State Government issued G.O. No: 674, prescribing for Home Affairs K.C. Pant that they will not the points to be followed for employment sign on this paper were – S.B. Giri, G.S. recruitment. Melkote, Mallikarjun, M.M. Hashim & others. Key Aspects of the Presidential order include:• Marri Chenna Reddy said that, “ Telangana 1) Classification of Zones. people do not like any solution, except a 2) Reducing the time period for a local separate State”. candidate to 4 years.Andhra Congress Working 3) Local cadres and local area determination.Committee Meeting: 4) transfers.• On 1 October, 1973, the Andhra Congress Classification of Zones: st
convened a meeting in Hyderabad, chaired by • Andhra Pradesh total 23 districts were Separate State activist B. V. Subba Reddy. classified into 6 zones.• In this meeting, the leaders have unanimously • Among these Zone 1, 2 and 3 belong to the assented the Six – Point formula. Coastal area, the 4th Zone to Rayalaseema Article 371-D, region and the 5 th and 6 th zones to Telangana region. Presidential order • According to the Presidential orders,• In May, 1974, Parliament made the “32 nd education and jobs are reserved zone – wise. Constitutional amendment”, to give That means the candidates of a zone are local Constitutionality to the Six – Point formula only to that zone and non – local to the rest of announced on 21st September, 1973. the zones.• President gave assent to the “32 nd Zone 1 – 4 : Districts of Andhra region. Constitutional amendment bill” on 3rd May, Zone 5 : Adilabad, Karimnagar, 1974, while this amendment act came into Khammam, Warangal. force on 1st July, 1974. Zone 6 : Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy,• Through this 32nd Constitutional amendment, Medak, Nizamabad, Article 371 (D) and Article 371 (E) were Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar. newly included in the Constitution. Reduction of time period to 4 years• As per Article 371 (E), the Parliament can for a Local: establish a central university in Andhra Pradesh through a special act. • Local candidate means the one who studies for 4 consecutive years from 4th to 10th grade• Due to the authority vested in him through in an area, there he will be treated as local. article 371(D), the then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed issued the notification GSR – 524 Local cadres and Local Areas (E) on 18th October, 1975. This is known as determination: the Presidential order. A) District – Level Cadres:• This Presidential order is also known as “The • In a district, all the L. D. C levels jobs in the Andhra Pradesh Public Employment Government offices and institutions come (Organization of Local cadres & under District-level cadre. For this type of regularization of Direct recruitment) recruitment, every district will be considered order – 1975”. as a local area.336 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureB) Zonal – Level Cadres: • According to 14 (F), the Police system in• Zonal – Level Cadres are all the Non – Hyderabad is considered as a free zone. That gazetted jobs which are higher than LDC level means a person from anywhere in the state in government offices and institutions in a zone. can work as Hyderabad Police. For these recruitments, every zone will be • On 1st November, 1975, the Government considered as a local area. issued another G.O. 728 in accordance withC) Multi – Zonal Level Cadres: the Presidential orders. According to this,• If required, a district level cadre can be Hyderabad City falls under 6th Zone. So, extended to more than one district. Similarly, Hyderabad is considered as free zone only a zone – level cadre can be extended to more for Police recruitments. than one zone. These are known as Multi – • Once a person gets a job in Hyderabad, there zonal level cadres. is no chance of transferring to different zones.Posts reserved for Local Candidates: Similarly, a person from other zones cannot District level cadre posts – 80%, be transferred to Hyderabad. But contrary to Zonal level non – gazetted posts – 70%, this rule, many police officers from Andhra were transferred to Hyderabad. Zonal level gazetted posts – 60 %. • Although some officers are exempted from• The jobs which are left over after reserving local reservation as per 14 th para of for the local candidates, should be filled through Presidential Orders, but the G.O.728 states open competition, but should not be reserved that the “Equitable Share” principle should for non-local candidates. All local and non- be applied to all employments and transfers in local candidates are eligible for open posts. all the exempted offices.Transfers: The organizations which are not mentioned in• Transfers can take place from one local area the Presidential order: to another and as well as from the institution under Presidential order to the institution which Institutions and Universities that receive does not came under Presidential order, if Government grants, required by following certain rules. Corporations, boards under the• The following State level offices are exempted supervision of the Government and from the scope of local reservation as per Secretariat posts and offices of Head of Paragraph (14) of the Presidential decree. Department. 14(A) – Posts in state secretariat 14(B) – Offices of Head of Department Injustice done to Telangana due to 14 (C) – State level Special offices and Six-Point formula (Presidential Establishments Order): 14 (D) – Posts in State level offices and 1) Mulki rules were abolished: institutions The period of time, to be recognized as a local 14 (E) – Posts related to the major of Telangana was reduced from 15 years to development projects 4 years. As per 9th Para included in 371 article 14 (F) – Appointments made under the Andhra employees who had so far illegally Clause (B) of Section (3) of Hyderabad City Police act. entered, were identified as legitimate.
PNR Publications 337 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture2) Telangana Regional Committee • Injustice was done to Telangana region by Constituted in 1958 was dissolved: claiming that the Universities, the boards under As Telangana Regional committee was Government supervision and the educational dissolved, there was no Protection for institutions that receive government grants will Telangana lands. not come under the Presidential orders. Regional development board was formed in • Many illegal transfers were made due to the place of Telangana Regional committee. But options given by Presidential orders. About there was no use. 99% of transfers were made from other regions to Telangana.3) The provision of separate budget estimation to Andhra and Telangana • Similarly, the 14(F) para of Presidential order regions was also abolished. will tell about the Clause (b) of Section 3 of the Hyderabad City Police Act. According toViolations of Presidential Orders: this, Hyderabad is considered as free zone in• As per Presidential orders, all the vacancies police recruitments. other than reservation posts for local • But Andhra rulers misused this, separated candidates in local and zonal levels, shall be Hyderabad from 6th zone and turned into free filled through open competition. But, the zone in many other Government departments. remaining posts other than reserved posts, • In the name of City zone, many candidates were reserved for non – locals and filled only from rest of regions in state were illegally by non-locals. transferred and allowed deputations into• Few district level cadres are converted as various departments and educational Zonal level cadres and reduced the reservation institutions in Hyderabad. This left a lot of quota for local candidates from 80% to 70% Depression among Telangana youth and and illegally increased the non – local quota. employees.• The non-gazetted cadres are converted as • After the Jai Andhra movement in 1973, the Zonal level Gazetted cadres and reduced the people of Telangana lost much of the benefits reservation quota for local candidates from which were allotted due to 1969 Telangana 70% to 60%. movement.• When appointments are made, the posts were Officers Committee (Jai Bharath first filled in reserve quota instead of filling it through open competition. Therefore, all the Reddy Committee) Report–1984 local candidates who are likely to be selected • In 1984, the NTR government appointed in open competition. Based on merit, were a three – member IAs officer’s committee selected into reserved quota. headed by Jai Bharath Reddy, following the• Thousands of candidates from Andhra region complaint lodged by the Telangana NGO got jobs as a local candidate of Telangana, by President Swaminathan that Six – Point producing the Bogus/ fake certificates. And formula and Presidential orders were violated. looted the jobs of Telangana candidates. • This committee is also known as officer’s• Severe injustice was done to Telangana region committee. The other two members in the candidates in the offices of State Secretariat, committee are: Head of Department, State wide offices etc. 1) Kamalnathan 2) Umapathi Rao338 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The committee was formed to determine the number of Andhra region employees appointed G.O. 610 - 1985 in Telangana after the Presidential orders. • On 30th December, 1985, N.T. Rama Rao• This committee submitted 36 pages report that Government released G.O.610, based on the 58,962 non-locals acquired employment in recommendations of Jai Bharath Reddy Telangana from the date of enforcement of committee and V. Sundaresan committee. It presidential Orders i.e., 18th October, 1975 is mentioned in the G.O that, 610 G.O should to till 30th June, 1981 by violating the be implemented by 31st March, 1986. Presidential order. • This G.O.610 was released in the name of• According to the committee report, the non – Andhra Pradesh Governor, with the signature locals in various districts. of Government Chief Secretary General Zone - 5: Khammam – 10,353 (24.6%) Shravan Kumar. Adilabad – 5099 (11.5%) Important Points in G.O.610: Karimnagar – 4638 (10.2%) 1. As per G.O.610, all the non-Telangana Warangal – 3141 (11.6%) employees appointed in the 5 & 6th zones Zone – 6: Hyderabad – 22,722 (22.3%) against the Presidential orders, shall be sent Nizamabad – 4286 (17.5%) back by 31st March, 1986. Nalgonda – 3707 (14.3%) Additional super numerary jobs should be Ranga Reddy – 2103 (14.5%) provided wherever necessary, so that they Mahbubnagar – 1489 (5.8%) can be transferred. Medak – 1424 (8.0%) 2. The non-locals appointed in non – gazetted Note: the number in the brackets represent cadres of Jurala, Srisailam left canal and the percentage of non – locals in the total Sriram Sagar projects should be transferred workforce of district. to their respective zones.• Telangana NGO’s started protests again, as 3. Equal justice should be done for all the local government does not respond to Jai Bharath cadres in the recruitment of jobs in the State Reddy committee report. Secretariat, offices of head of departments andSundaresan Committee: other State level offices.• N.T. Rama Rao Government appointed 4. Action should be taken against the non – locals another committee headed by V. Sundaresan who have registered in the Telangana region (IAS) to examine the report submitted by Jai employment exchange through bogus Bharath Reddy committee. certificates and acquired jobs illegally.• By December, 1985, the committee has 5. All the appeals filed by the Telangana region submitted its report to the Government. candidates against illegal appointments and According to the report of the committee, promotions should be resolved by 31 st these are very few officials from Telangana March, 1986. region among the employees in Telangana. 6. Transfer of Staff between various local areas I.A.S - 8% I.P.S - 11% and cadres should not be done as per their wish. I.F.S - 15% High Court Judges - 25% 7. All the appointments and promotions that took Only one Telangana person among the place since the implementation of presidential collectors of 23 districts. order should be examined.
PNR Publications 339 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• G.O.610 was released but N.T.R Government • Initially, Y.S.R have set up a committee headed did not make efforts for its implementation. by Uttam Kumar to look into Girglani report. During the same period, N.T.R Government But this committee has not submitted any issued G.O.564 on 3rd December, 1985, to report. Later, Y.S.R have formed a Cabinet send back the non-locals appointed for Telugu Ministers Committee headed by Ganga Project in Rayalaseema. This G.O.564 M.Satyanarayana. But, no report has been was implemented immediately and transferred submitted by this committee also. all the employees appointed illegally from zone • In December, 2006, the State Government 4 to zone 1, 2 and 3. But, the non – locals has appointed a committee under the who were illegally recruited in zone 5 and zone leadership of minister for Rural Development 6 of Telangana region were not sent back since D. Srinivas, to monitor the implementation three decades. of G.O.610. Despite the formation of many committees, the report of Girglani was not J. M. Girglani Commission implemented.• As G.O.610 was not implemented properly, the frustration and anger increased among the Important points of Girglani Report: Telangana employees. • Girglani have noted that the Presidential orders• The Telangana N.G.O association have were violated in 126 methods. These repeatedly demanded the government to send violations were categorised into 18 types back the non – locals in Telangana to their and suggested 35 remedial measures. hometowns. • In the report, it was mentioned by Girglani how• Chandra Babu Naidu Government observed the Presidential orders were violated, which this and appointed J.M. Girglani (Jeto must be followed during recruitment of Mangaldas Girglani), one – member employees. commission on 25th June, 2001 through The most important of them: G.O.270 (to examine the implementation of G.O.610). • Appointments should be made in accordance with local reservation based on district, zone• The commission was given 90 days (3 and state as a unit. But the district posts have months) of time to submit its preliminary report. been converted into zonal posts and zonal• On 6 th October, 2001, the Girglani posts into state level posts, disturbing the local commission submitted an interim report. reservations.• On 29th December, 2001, the discussions • Non-gazetted posts are converted as were held in the State Assembly on this report. Gazetted posts without the permission of• Later, the government has set up a house Central Government. With this, the 70 % committee in February,2002 headed by reservation for Non – gazetted posts will be Revuri Prakash Rao on the interim report reduced to 60 % reservation due to the of Girglani commission. conversion as gazetted posts. This will result• On 30th September, 2004, J.M. Girglani in 10 % of reservation loss. commission have submitted its final report to • As specified in 14 th para of the 1975 Y.S. Rajshekhar Reddy Government. Presidential orders, local reservations were• Y.S.R have disclosed this report in the excluded for certain State – level offices. Due Assembly in the year 2005. to this, the State – level offices which were 51340 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture in 1975 were increased to more than 200 by should coordinate the implementation of the 2004. In this way, the jobs in those offices Presidential order. were exempted from local reservation. • Employees must clearly state their hometown• As per para 5(1) of Presidential order, and district, locality in the Service register. transfers should not be made from one district Proper measures should be taken to to another and from one zone to another. But compulsorily implement the Presidential transfers were allowed in exceptional cases orders in Public sector organizations and for public benefit. Using this exception, there Government corporations. were unilateral transfers from Andhra Pradesh to Telangana.• Local reservations were abolished in Hyderabad, by naming it as free zone and 7th zone. In the name of deputation, employees were transferred from Andhra to Hyderabad and settled permanently in Hyderabad.• Many Andhra people got teacher jobs in Telangana by providing bogus certificates on residency eligibility.• Telangana people constitute 40 percent of the State’s population but the state employees from Telangana region are not more than 16%.• the representation of Telangana region employees does not exceed 10 % in Secretariat, Government corporations and boards.
Suggestions made by GirglaniCommission:• The violations of Presidential orders should be corrected and to implement orders effectively in the job appointments, postings, promotions, deputations should be stopped immediately and reviewed.• Establish a monitoring authority for the implementation of presidential orders. Employees should be educated on Presidential orders. A website should be opened on the Presidential orders.• The legislative committee should be set up to monitor the local reservation as per Presidential orders. The cabinet subcommittee
PNR Publications 341 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Naxalite Movement in Telangana123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Anti-Landlord Struggle in Jagityala – Siricilla, North Telangana1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
Rise & Spread of Naxalite and S.A. Dange through his paper “Socialist”. Movement, Consequences • Manabendra Nath Roy (M.N. Roy),• The Naxalite movement started from a village inspired by Russian Communist theories of called Naxalbari, in the state of West Bengal. achieving economic and social equality through• In 1967, the Santhal tribes, led by Charu revolutionary struggle, have founded Majumdar, assembled in this village of “Communist Party of India” (CPI) in Naxalbari and launched the movement for Tashkent ( Present day Uzbekistan capital) in economic and social equality. Hence, the October, 1920. movement is named as Naxalite movement, • In 1925, Communist leaders gathered in after the name of the Village. Kanpur to reinstate C.P.I in India. Satya• The Naxalbari peasant movement have clearly Bhakta, worked as the first secretory of C.P.I. defined it’s aims with the slogan of land, food • In 1934, the Communist party was banned in and liberation. India.• Based on the concept that land belongs to the • In 1936, Puchalapalli Sundarayya founded one who works on it, the ideology of the Andhra Communist Party in Kakinada. movement was declared, that the new • In 1940, Ravi Narayan Reddy and revolution pivots on the agrarian revolution Baddam Yella Reddy founded Hyderabad• The new democratic revolution means the fight Communist Party. The Communists did not against landlordism and imperialism. co operate with the British in World War – II• First person to call for the achievement of in 1939. But in the wake of Hitler’s invasion economic and social equality through on Russia in 1941, Russia participated in world revolutionary struggle was – Karl Marx. war II on behalf of British and gave a call to• Karl Marx explained the concept of equality World Communists to join with British in this in his book “Das Kapital”. War.• Lenin influenced by Karl Marx’s theories, • Due to this, from 1941 onwards the have led the October / Bolshevik revolution Communists participated in World War II and in Russia in 1917 and ended the rule of Tsar supported British in India. emperors and became the world’s first • In 1942, the Communists supported the British Communist party to form the Government. during Quit India movement. Because of• In 1917, Lenin founded the “Communist this, Communists lost some of their importance International” organization. The Indian in India. member who joined this organization – M.N. • On 23 rd July, 1942, the ban on the Roy. Communist Party was lifted. Communist Party• M.N. Roy introduced communist sentiments was defeated in the Central Legislative house in India through his magazine “Van Guard” elections in 1945 and State Legislative Assembly elections in 1946.
342 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Ranadiva, the then Communist party Leninism and Maoism have come out from Secretary said that these democratic elections CPI, CPM parties and formed new parties. In will not work for us and economic and social 1967, elections were held in West Bengal prior equality is possible only through armed struggle to elections, CPI (M) party released the and gave a call for armed struggle in 1946. manifesto, in which the party promised to• Between 1946 and 1951, there was an armed distribute 6 lakh acres of Vacant land to Tribals struggle in Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Kerala in Bengal. With these promises, the CPI (M) and Telangana in India. There were violent party won the 1967 elections. Ajay Mukherjee incidents in other areas. sworn in as Chief Minister and Jyothi Basu as• In 1949, Communist party formed Deputy Chief Minister and Home Minister. Government in China under the leadership of • But the CPI (M) government has refused to Mao Zedong. distribute the vacant lands to the poor in• India-Russia relations strengthened after accordance with its election promise. Charu Russian Communist leaders Bullanin and Majumdar, General Secretary of the CPI (M) Khrushchev visited India in 1956. In 1956, in Darjeeling, opposed the Decision of the Communists meeting was held at Palghat, party. Kerala. • In May, 1967, the people of Siliguri in• In this meeting, one group was influenced by Darjeeling (West Bengal), under the leadership Russian ideology and came forward to work of Charu Majumdar, began to occupy the with Congress in India and the other Group crops and lands of Jothedars (Zamindars). influenced by Chinese Communist and • The land agreement papers were seized from Claimed that they don’t want to work with Jothedars and were burnt. Thousands of Congress. formers have Voluntarily joined the movement.• In this meeting, the one who was influenced • However, on 25th May, 1967, the police by Russian ideology and wanted to work with blocked the peasants and tribesmen who were Congress – Ravi Narayan Reddy. involved in the land invasions. Later in clash,• The one who supported Chinese Ideology and seven women and two children died due to do not want to work with Congress were : police firing. Puchalapalli Sundarayya • Leader of the movement Charu Majumdar Basava Punnaiah declared that the peasant liberation war has started due to this event.• In 1964, communist Convention was held in Calcutta, where the Communist party is split • Peasant struggles were started in Naxalbari into two parties. village and surrounding villages. There were restraints on this struggle not only by Bengal 1) CPI Secretary - S.A. Dange Government but from all over Country. Ravi Narayan Reddy • Students, Intellectuals and people from all 2) CPM Secretary - Puchalapalli Sundarayya walks of life started protests in support of• CPI party defended Soviet Russia while Naxalbari struggle. CPI(M) party defended China. • The peasant struggle leaders of almost all parts• At the same time, some activists with the idea of the country accepted the Naxalbari way of of advancing the Anti – feudal struggles in the Struggle and made contacts with the Naxalbari light of Political ideologies such as Marxism, movement leaders. PNR Publications 343 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1967 – 68, local body elections were held These Party Policies are: in West Bengal. There was a rift between 1. Conquering the lands. Naxalites regarding contesting in these 2. Practicing guerrilla warfare techniques to elections. protect the occupied lands.• Thus, the Naxalite movement, which began in 3. Ruling powers to workers and peasants. 1967, was split into A.I.C.C.R and • Workers and peasants means the landless U.C.C.R.I.M.L in the earlier phase. people, small farmers, middle farmers and bigA.I.C.C.R: farmers. This is known as the “New• A.I.C.C.R (all India Co – ordinating Democratic Revolution”, which is the first Committee of Communist Revolution) was phase of socialist revolution. formed by Charu Majumdar and Kanu • C.P.I (M.L) party ideology – “Marxism – Sanyal. They called for an immediate armed Leninism- Maoism” conflict and to boycott the local body elections Marxism – it is the policy of Karl Marx, who in West Bengal. was the ideologue of Communist party.• Their supporters are: K.G.Krishna Murthy, Leninism – the policy implemented in Soviet Kondapalli Sitaramaiah, Panchadi Krishna Union. Murthy, Vempatapu Satyanarayana and Maoism – Communist policy implemented by Choudary Tejeshwar Rao. Mao Zedong in China.U.C.C.R.I.M.L: • Marxist intellectuals claim that this movement• U.C.C.R.I.M.L (Unity Centre of Communist has come against semi colonial, semi feudal Revolutionaries of India) have opposed the and middlemen in India. armed struggle. Semi Colonial: proceedings of British colonial policy are still implemented.• Their Supporters are: Tarimela Nagi Reddy, Devulapalli Venkateshwar Rao. Semi Feudal: the kings and the zamindari policies are lost but the landlords continue.• Even they supported armed struggle, but said no for immediate armed struggle and gave a Middlemen: Middlemen are created due to call to contest in panchayat elections. capitalist policy.• In June, 1968, Bardhan was elected for Tribal peasant struggle in Srikakulam: C.P.M plenary. • The moneylenders and landlords occupied theCommunist Party of India (Marxist tribal lands and made the tribals work asLeninist) CPI (M.L): bonded labour (vetti) on their own land. These• On 22 April, 1969, on the occasion of Lenin nd bonded labours were known as “Kambaris”. Jayanthi Utsavalu, Charu Majumdar and • The Naxalite movement, which begun in West Kanu Sanyal founded C.P.I(M.L) party. Bengal have spread to Srikakulam district in• On May 1 , 1969 Kanu Sanyal announced st Coastal Andhra. During that time, the Tribals the formation of C.P.I (M.L) party and policies of the Agency areas of Srikakulam district of party at “Shaheed Minar” ground in were brutally exploited by the traders of the Calcutta. plains and the moneylenders have occupied• Charu Majumdar, served as the first General the tribal lands. The tribals started an armed Secretary of C.P.I (M.L). struggle against it.
344 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The tribesmen have also decided to campaign • Later, Naxalbari movement allied for the following objectives: association was formed under the leadership1. Waste land should be distributed. of Venkata Ratnam in Guntur and this2. Landlords and Moneylenders, who have established the relations between Andhra occupied the tribal lands should be punished. revolutionaries with Charu Majumdar.3. the entire agency area should be made into a • On 27th May, 1969, the leading activist independent self-governing area. Panchai Krishna Murthy died due to police firing at Jalantra fort.4. The representatives elected by tribals should only govern. • After the death of Krishna Murthy, the movement became more intense instead ofMondemkhal Meeting: decline. In July, 1972, Charu Majumdar was• On 31st October, 1969, Srikakulam tribal arrested. He died in police custody in the same farmers organized meeting at Mondemkhal month. area. At this meeting, they discussed regarding • The impact of Naxalbari and Srikakulam the peasant movement in Naxalbari and struggles was on Telangana region. decided to fight for their demands.• Srikakulam activist Panchadi Krishna Revolutionary Movement Murthy, Choudhary Tejeshwar Rao made initiation in Telangana contacts with Charu Majumdar and continued • In The forests of Khammam and Warangal the Naxalbari movements. districts of Telangana, Tarimella Nagi Reddy,• The Naxalbari and Srikakulam movements Devulapalli Venkateshwar Rao, Chandra Pulla were identified and declared as “Spring Reddy, P. Rama Narsaiah and others have Thunder” by the Chinese official magazine, worked for the revolutionary movement. this became the sensation in those days. • Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, Chandra ShekarGuthikonda Bilam Meeting Reddy and K.G. Krishna Murthy of Warangal(Guntur District): were actively involved in the communist• In 1969, Charu Majumdar secretly activists and “Kakatiya Medical College organized Guthikonda Bilam Meeting, this Students Union” leader Kolluri meeting was attended by Warangal leaders Chiranjeevi and Kishanji, Ganapati have K.G. Krishna Murthy and Chandra turned towards Naxalism. shekhar Reddy from Telangana region. • Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and K.G.• Leaders from Srikakulam attended this Krishna Murthy worked as teachers in St. meeting are: Gabriel school in Warangal. They developed contact with the students and mess workers Panchadi Krishna Murthy of Regional Engineering College (REC) and Choudhary Tejeshwar Rao. turned them towards revolutionary movement.• In Guthikonda bhilam meeting, Charu Role of Students in the Naxalite Majumdar formed Andhra Pradesh State Committee of CPI (M.L) with 12 members. movement: •The students of the Regional Engineering• In this committee, Satya Murthy and College (REC), Kakatiya medical College and Kondapalli Sitaramaiah are members from Osmania University played a key role in this Telangana region. revolutionary movement. PNR Publications 345 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1966, there was movement for Ganapati (Muppalla Lakshman) Vishakapatnam Steel Plant with a slogan – Kishanji (Mallojula Koteshwar Rao) “Vishakapatnam Steel – Andhra right” Naradasu Lakshman Rao (M.L.C) (Vishakapatnam Ukku – Andrula Hakku). Nalla Aadi Reddy, Venkat Reddy.• Warangal R.E.C students participated in this movement in large numbers. Kondapalli Osmania University Students: Seetharamaiah was behind the students and • Students movements are the foundation for led the movement. Naxalism in the State. In 1972, there used to• In 1969, Kondapalli Seetharamaiah was about be an atmosphere of confrontation between to attend the Secret Guthikonda Bilam National Students Union of India (N.S.U.I – Meeting under the Presidentship of Charu Congress allied organization) and All India Majumdar, but Kondapalli died due to ill – Students Parishad (ABVP) in Osmania health. University.• Kondapalli Seetharamaiah have sent his son • In April, 1972, George Reddy, a student R.E.C student Chandra Shekhar Reddy as leader, died after being stabbed in a clash, his representative to this meeting. during the elections of Osmania University• During this period, the R.E.C students were students’ associations. also very active in the 1969 Telangana • George Reddy is a native of Chittoor district. movement. But, because of the failure of the He is acquainted with Marxist literature. He movement due to some selfish politicians, they worked as a part-time lecturer in A.V. College. moved towards Naxalbari movement. • In 1960, the affiliated Student organization of• During the 1969 movement, the police carried the CPI (M) – Student Federation. out attacks and violence on the people of • However, the students who were influenced Warangal. Satyamurthy collected the by the Naxalite movement, separated from the signatures from the people against this violence Student Federation and formed a Student and detention. organization named “Democratic Students”.• Students who supported Satyamurthy in the P.D.S.U formation (1974): collection of signatures were: • The students working under the leadership of Kolluri Chiranjeevi (Kakatiya Medical Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and Chandra Pulla College Students Union leader), Reddy had split from the Democratic Students Kodanda Rami Reddy (R.E.C student’s organization and formed the Progressive Union leader). Democratic Students Union (P.D.S.U) in• Satyamurthy, tried to divert the students like 1974. Chiranjeevi who were active in Telangana • On 12 th , 13 th October, 1974, P.D.S.U Movement towards the revolution. meetings were organized at Sarojini Devi hall,• In 1973-74, Kolluri Chiranjeevi joined the Hyderabad. revolutionary movement and was appointed • In this meeting, there was a clash between as the Central Organizing Committee (C.O.C) in-charge for Karimnagar district. Kondapalli Seetharamaiah group and Chandra Pulla Reddy group. Due to this, Kondapalli• At that time, when Chiranjeevi was the in- group students walked out of the meeting room charge of district committee, the following demanding the boycott. activists were attracted towards the revolution.346 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Kondapalli Group Students: Fourth State – level conference: Shanigaram Venkateshwarulu (Sahu) • In 1981, fourth state level conferences were Mallojula Koteshwar Rao (Kishan) held at Guntur. Muppalla Lakshman Rao (Ganapati) • R.S.U conducted 3rd and 4th conferences Allam Narayana, Allam Veeraiah under the leadership of Raj Kumar.
Radical Student Union (R.S.U): Fifth State – level conference: • In 1982, fifth state – level conferences were• Students of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah group held at Tirupati. disagreed with the leadership of Chndra Pulla Reddy and came out of PDSu and formed • By the time of 5th state level conferences, the Radical Student Union in October, 1974. It R.S.U has expanded to 18 districts out of 21 was named as Radical Student Union by – districts of state. Sri Sri. • In February, 1985, R.S.U have set up “All• On 13 October, 1974, the students gathered th India Revolutionary Student federation” at “Kach Bhavan” near Sarojini Hall, with the aim of expanding throughout the Hyderabad and formed R.S.U. country.• Later, R.S.U organized 5 state – level • This federation was formed and a national level conferences. conference was held at Hyderabad. • In 1978, the leaders of Kondapalli group gaveFirst State Level conference: a call to boycott the Assembly elections. The• In February, 1975, R.S.U 1st State – level R.S.U played a key role in bringing the election conferences was held in Hyderabad. boycott slogan into students and public.• In this meeting, the first R.S.U State committee • In 1984, about 25000 polytechnic students was formed. went on strike for 104 days to achieve their State Committee President – wishes. R.S.U played a key role in this strike Venkata Ramana also. General Secretary – Jagan Mohan Reddy. • R.E.C Warangal students played an active role in making the movement a widespreadSecond State – level conference: campaign and preparing many students and• In 1978, second state – level conferences were people to revolt in guerrilla warfare and to held in Warangal. make them as the members of CPI (M.L).• In this meeting, R.S.U State Presidential • Since 1982, the All India Student Parishad had responsibilities took over by – Cherukuri Raj several clashes with Radical Students Union. Kumar (R.E.C Student).• Chief guest for the 2nd meeting was leading “Move to Villages” - R.S.U. Program: journalist – Arun Shourie (Indian Express • Radical student’s union has taken up the newspaper). program “Move to Villages” to motivate the people in villages.Third State – level conference: • Kondapalli Seetharamaiah envisioned that• Third State – level conference were held at students are the source for future revolution Anantapur. and made a thought that connecting the students with public organizations. PNR Publications 347 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He planned to organize training classes for Student Organization”. Official magazine of students during summer holidays and engage this organization – “Alochana (to think)”. them in the revolutionary movement. Editor of magazine – Jyotsna.• As a part of this, from April to May, 1978 a training camp for 30 days was set up at Restraint on Naxalite movement: “Shastrulapalli near Manthani in • In 1986-87, ABVP student leader Krishna Karimnagar” district. Vardhan Reddy was shot dead by R.S.U• The training sessions were conducted by students in Osmania University. Satya Murthy, Ekkaladevi Sambasiva • The Telugu Desam Government has imposed Rao (White man) and central committee severe restraint on students targeting the members. revolutionary movement of R.S.U, which was• After the training, 150 student groups of 5 strengthening in the cities. members each were sent to tour in • On 24th July, 1975, police shot and killed four Karimnagar district. Naxalites in Giraipalli forests at Sirisina Gandla,• As a part of “Move to Villages” program, Medak district by tying them to trees. the students were given the following • Kondapalli Seetharamaiah wrote an article in tasks: the name of Prabhakar Reddy, defending The people of every village should be separate Telangana movement. assembled and meeting should be held • At the same time, revolutionary politics had Farmer’s unions should be formed. an impact on the popular revolutionary poet “Jana Natya Mandali” presentations “Pendyala Varavara Rao”, who was should be expanded. running the “Srujana”, a literary magazine. Selling the revolutionary literature, • Varavara Rao who was working as lecturer, mobilizing the important people and gave lectures in colleges at Warangal for teaching about the agrarian revolution. spreading the Telangana movement. Organizing events such as collecting Various trends in the signatures on postcards with the demand of the release of political prisoners. Naxalite movement• On 11th March, 1969, Marxist party leader After the tour, in 1978 June, the Radical Youth • Council held its first state – level meeting and legislator Tarimela Nagi Reddy, of in Guntur, to which people from Karimnagar Anantapur district, was fed up with the and Adilabad attended in large numbers. Parliamentary practices and resigned to the membership of legislative assembly. Naradasu Lakshman Rao, who attended the Telangana Armed Struggle leaders campaign “Move to Villages” wrote a book titled • “Gramalaku tharalandi-Na Anubhavalu” Miryalaguda former M.P. Devulapalli Venkateshwara Rao (Nalgonda district), (Move to Villages-My experiences). former MLA Chandra Pulla Reddy ofDemocratic Student organization Kurnool district, Rama Narsaiah of(Prajatantra Vidyarthi Samastha): Warangal district and others together with• In October, 1973, the Students with Tarimela Nagi Reddy formed the “Andhra revolutionary ideas formed the “Democratic Co-ordination Committee” to build revolutionary movement in the State. 348 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureNagi Reddy Conspiracy Case Trend of Chandra Pulla Reddy(Anna Nagar Conspiracy Case): movement:• In December, 1969, Tarimela Nagi Reddy • In early 1970, when A.P.C.C.C.R leaders and Devulapalli Venkateshwara Rao were Devulapalli and Nagi Reddy were in jail, arrested and jailed in “Nagi Reddy Conspiracy Chandra Pulla Reddy declared his Case”. A.P.C.C.C.R as the original.• Chaganti Shankar Rao gave his house in • For this, P. Rama Narsaiah was appointed Madras for State committee meetings. as the Secretary. • In 1971, due to clashes between• When Nagi Reddy, Devulapalli and others held Satyanarayana Singh of Bihar and Charu meeting at Shankar Rao’s house, the police Majumdar the C.P.I.(M.L) party was splitted. went there and arrested them. • In 1975, the Andhra Pradesh committee of• They wrote the following books while in Communist Revolutionaries (APCCR), led by prison. Chandra Pulla Reddy, was merged with CPI Tarimela Nagi Reddy – (M.L) led by Satyanarayana Singh. “India is Mortgaged” • But when Satyanarayana Singh announced that (Takattulo Bharatha Desham) the CPI (M.L) party would be contesting in Devulapalli Venkateshwara Rao – elections after the emergency, the Chandra “Bharath Janata Prajatantra Viplavam” Pulla Reddy group opposed that decision.• The above books have served as a handbook • In 1980, Chandra Pulla Reddy group breaking for spreading the spirit and ideology of up relations with Satyanarayana Singh of C.P.I (M.L). in 1983, there was a first split in the revolutionary movement to the people and to Chandra Pulla Reddy group of CPI (M.L). make understand the conditions of the country. • Pailla Vasudev Rao, Rayala ChandrasekharOther documents written by Devulapalli while and others together formed “C.P.I (M.L)in Prison: New democracy”. In November, 1984,1. “The extremist trend among the Indian Chandra Pulla Reddy died in Calcutta. revolutionaries and the extremist Pratighatana Party: opportunistic trend among the Andhra • After the split of Chandra Pulla Reddy C.P.I. Communist revolutionaries”, criticizing the (M.L) party, Madhusudhan Raju Yadav Naxalbari agenda followed by Charu along with Radhakka (C.P wife) started Majumdar. “Pratighatana Party.2. Moderate Right – wing opportunism among the Andhra Communist Central Organizing Committee revolutionaries – written by Chandra Pulla (COC): Reddy, criticizing the politics. • In 1972, Central organizing committee (COC) was formed under the leadership of3. Our Fundamental agenda – the problem Kondapalli Seetharamaiah. of Unity: written by Devulapalli regarding politics and the issues related to the unity • This party started “Pilupu”, a political magazine. The editor of this magazine was among revolutionaries. “M.T.Khan” and Ranganath was the PNR Publications 349 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture publisher. This Central organizing committee • The organization made the public know about later changed as the People’s War Group the exploitation of landlords in the form of (1980). “Bhumi Kosam” drama.Various Civil/ Public groups & • Political and Social consciousness wascultural organizations formed during developed in the people through a street artNaxalite movement: form “Jana Wahini Kadilindi” (public have• Devulapalli Venkateshwara Rao have realized moved), made under the auspices of by the experiences of Telangana armed Navodaya Sahitya Samkrutika Samasta. struggle that there is a necessity of formation Organization for the Protection of the of social organizations for the construction of Democratic rights (O.P.D.R) 1975: revolutionary movement. • In April, 1975, Organization for the Protection• Between 1969 – 73, a number of public and of Democratic rights (O.P.D.R) was formed cultural organizations were formed. The important among them are. under the guidance of Tarimella Nagi Reddy and Devulapalli Venkateshwar Rao.Revolutionary Writer’s Association First President of this organization –(1970): Venkat Ramanaiah (High court Advocate)• Srikakulam revolutionary movement has First Secretary – K.V. Iyer. greatly influenced the students, poets, writers and intellectuals of the State. As a part of this, Jana Sahiti Samskrutika samaykya on 4th July, 1970; the “Revolutionary (Federation): Writer’s association” (Virasam) was • This federation originated in 1979 – 80, under formed. the guidance of UCCRI (ML). this federation• Varavara Rao is the President of Virasam. operates a literary monthly magazine namedHyderabad Art Lovers – 1970: “Praja Sahithi”.• In 1970, “Hyderabad Art lovers” (Art Rural Poor Communities / Association: lovers association) was formed by Gaddar • Rural Poor communities Association were set and B. Narsingh Rao. up under the guidance of UCCRI (ML) inJana Natya Mandali – 1971: several districts across the State to fight for• In 1971, Hyderabad Art lovers was renamed farmer’s issues. as “Jana Natya Mandali”. The Jana Natya • In 1985, for the first time the rural poor Mandali was affiliated to “Central communities Association formed at State level Organizing Committee (C.O.C)” Party. held its meeting in Hyderabad.Navodaya Sahitya Samskrutika Samasta • G. Satyanarayana Reddy of Adavi Middela– 1972: Pally, served as the President of rural poor• In 1972, the Navodaya organization was community Association. started while Devulapalli and Nagi Reddy • At Present, Satyanarayana Reddy has were in jail. During 1972 – 1975, under the founded “Porunela Publishing company” guidance of Devulapalli and Nagi Reddy, this and Publishing the works of Devulapalli. institute organised programs.350 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureSingareni Mine Workers Union – 1982: • In April, 1977, Tarkunde Committee was• In 1982, the Singareni mine workers union constituted to investigate the disappearance association was formed for the rights of and fake encounters of Naxalites in Andhra workers in all areas of Singareni coal mines in Pradesh during emergency. Telangana. • The Committee members are:• The leaders : Mogalaiah, Hakim. Tarkunde (Supreme Court lawyer)• “Bavu Mallaiah” handled the responsibilities K.G. Kannabhiram of this union. (A.P. High Court lawyer) Arun Shourie (Indian express editor)Jeevanadi Magazine: Naba Krista Choudhary, Kaloji, Verghese• During this movement, the “Jeevanadi” and others. magazine was published in the editorship of • This committee toured many areas in the State Ashwin Kumar. and conclude that encounters were fake. The• By the time of the imposition of emergency in then Prime Minister Morarji Desai and Home 1975, the Jeevanadi magazine had published Minister Charan Singh read the report of this 33 issues. committee and pressurized the Chief Minister• In Jeevanadi, the essays “Nitya Jeevitham Vengala Rao to appoint another committee. lo Videshi Dopidi” (Foreign exploitation in • Due to this, Jalagam Vengala Rao government every day life) written by P.S.N. Prasad in set up “Bhargava Commission” to enquire the name of Rajanikanth, have made thousands into fake encounters. of people to think. Civil Rights Movement:• In May, 1983, Devulapalli Venkateshwar • In 1973-74, Tarimela Nagi Reddy and Rao thought of reviving the Jeevanadi, the Devulapalli have launched “Civil rights monthly magazine, which was shut down movements”, after coming out from jail. And during emergency. made extensive trips to various districts as a• On the instructions of Devulapalli, Chakali part of the movement. Ilamma was called from Palakurthi to • Mahakavi Sri Sri also participated in the tour Hyderabad and V. Prakash made chakali along with Tarimela Nagi Reddy. Sri Sri Ilamma to inaugurate the Jeevanadi magazine commented that “these few days spent with at Sri Krishna Devarayandra Basha Nagi Reddy were most Unforgettable & Nilayam. sacred days of my life”.• Similarly, “Vadisela” literary magazine Splits in U.C.C.R.I (M.L): edited by V. Prakash and “Prajatantra” • In 1976, there was a split in UCCRI (M.L) magazine, edited by Devulapalli Ajay for the first time. were published. • In 1979, there was a split for the second time when Punjab’s Haribhajan Singh left due toTarkunde Committee – 1977: the “Three Worlds theory” issue.• In 1975, during emergency police have • In 1981, when there were misunderstandings tortured Marxist party activists and between the State Central Committee revolutionaries police killed many Naxalites in members and State Committee members, fake encounters. there was split for the third time. PNR Publications 351 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The party’s official magazine “Jana Shakti” • Maroju Veeranna have formed “Dalit was given to the split group. Bahujan Mahasabha”.• Due to this, Devulapalli group had published • Later, Maroju formed Communist party of official magazines the names “Sanketham United States of India (C.P.U.S.I – (Telugu) and Proletarian by line (English)”. Communist party for all States in India). The party disappeared after the death of MarojuDeath of Devulapalli: Veeranna in the encounter in May 1999.• On 12 th July, 1984, Telangana Armed Struggle fighter and the Secretary of UCCRI Women in Naxalite Movement: (ML) central committee, Devulapalli • Two types of women’s groups participated in Venkateshwar Rao died suddenly of heart the Naxalite movement. attack. 1. Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangatan• His funeral took place in his hometown Akkala (KAMS): they especially fought for the Devi Gudem near Chandupatla on Suryapet problems faced by tribal women in the forest – Khammam highway. area.• After the death of Devulapalli, his wife 2. Other women’s groups: fought for the issues Devulapalli Sri Rangamma wrote a book titled of rural women living on the plains. “Na Jeevitham – Na Gynapakalu” (My • The women’s Naxalite group of the plains i.e; life – My memories). R.C.S worked together with the women’sEmergence of CPI (M.L) Jana Shakti Naxalite group of the forest i.e;Party: Dandakaranya Mahila Sanghatan. KAMS was fighting for social and economic• In July, 1992, Kura Rajanna and Rama issues. Also fought for equal wages to men Chandran (who were split from CPI (M.L), and women and won. It fought against the alng with 7 other revolutionary parties have formed “CPI (M.L) Jana Shakti” party. social discrimination towards tribal women.• The Janashakti Party’s activities came to • In 1990, the liquor Prohibition movement standstill following the arrest of Kura Rajanna undertook by women’s association was in Uttar Pradesh in the year 2006. significant in Telangana region. • In 1979, the anti – country liquor ProhibitionMaroju Veeranna in Revolutionary movement (Sara movement) started byMovement: people’s war group emerged as the complete• In August, 1997, Maroju Veeranna group left liquor Prohibition movement till 1990. the C.P.I (M.L) Janashakti party due to • In 1990, people and women’s associations in differences regarding the Class – Caste many villages undertook Dharnas and theories. processions with a demand to stop the auction• After splitting from the Janashakti Party, the of country – liquor (Sara) and to completely Veeranna group had worked as “May 17 ban the liquor consumption. Group” for some-time. • In these, women were involved in large• Under the leadership of Maroju Veerannna, numbers. The Naxalites declared their full there was Telangana Movement going on, on support to the anti – country liquor movement. one hand and on the other hand oppressed Members of Progressive organization for Caste rights Struggle associations were formed. women (POW – women liberation) led by 352 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Chandra Pulla Reddy, were also involved salaries of labourers and for increasing the rates actively in this movement. of Agricultural labourers and organized strike• In 1994, the then Telugu Desam government in 1978 at Maddunur. implemented ban on liquor, as the anti – country • In a short span of time, the protests of liquor movement was intensified. agricultural labourers were intensified in Jagitya and Siricilla and were spread Struggle against landlords throughout the Northern Telangana. in Jagityal, Siricilla and • In November, 1977, CPI (ML) activist Lakshmirajyam was murdered by the people Northern Telangana of landlord in Thimmapur village of Siricilla• During 1970’s, the important thing that is seen taluk and another activist Poshetti was in villages is the tremendous land murdered in Kannapur village of Jagityal taluk. concentration. Hundreds and thousands of acres of fertile land were concentrated in the Maddunur Incident – 1978: hands of landlords, while the majority of • In April, 1978, Patel Narayana Rao was poorest farmers possess nominal land. murdered by the activists of Peasant Union in• The people living in the villages had to pay Maddunur village. taxes to the landlords, if they celebrate any • Patel Narayana Rao have tortured the people special occasions in their homes. in many ways. This was the first murder done• All the farmers and labourers in the village had by the party activists, after the start of peasant to work for free or at very low wages for movement. landlord’s agricultural activities. In many other • Rajeshwar Rao, the landlord of Maddunur ways, the landlords exploited the common in Jagityal taluk, owned 500 acres of land. people. • On 17th June, 1978 the village agricultural• Due to this, the disgruntled people in Jagityal labourer’s began their strike for the first time and Siricilla taluk villages have formed Rythu in Maddunur village demanding the increase Coolie Sanghalu (Peasant labour unions) of salaries and the rates of agricultural to fight for their rights. The Peasants started labourers. the movement under the leadership of Peasant • On 20 th June, 1978, the people from labour union (Rythu Coolie Sanghalu) with the surrounding six villages came in about 500 following demands. carts and have cut down the teak trees present• Agricultural labour wages should be in 200 acres of landlord’s agricultural land, increased, monthly payments and yearly under the leadership of union. investments should be increased to the • This incident can be said as the beginning of labourers, bonded labour should be banned, Jagityal Jaitra Yatra. all types of taxes paid to the landlords should be stopped, the money taken by the landlords Lakshettipeta Incident: should be returned and to reoccupy the barren • The Agricultural labourer’s fought against the lands, forests and wood by farmers which are contractors with a demand to increase the rates in the hands of landlords. of labourers during the season of plucking of• In August, 1977, the farmers conducted Tendu leaves and to give fair price for the “Gollapalli Sabha” on Peasant issues, Tendu leaves and won against them.
PNR Publications 353 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureManthani Incident: Chinnametpalli incident:• The contractors fraudulently took the Tendu • On 14th September, 1978, the farmers of leaves from the labourers without paying Chinnametpalli held a meeting in their village money in the name of Gampa Kattu, condemning the atrocities of their landlord Maisamma Kattu, Pochamma Kattu and Jagan Mohan Rao. Gutha Kattu. The labourers in the Manthani • Landlord Jagan Mohan Rao and his son – in Taluk went on strike against the contractors – law Bornapally Suresh opened fire in this and the forest officials. meeting, injuring 19 farmers.Jagityal Jaitra Yatra Korutla incident:(8th September, 1978): • On 18th September, 1978, C.P.I (M.L)• On 8th September, 1978, under the aegis of Radical Student’s Union, Civil rights CPI (ML) a big peasant labourers procession association, Raithu Coolie Sanghalu have was held at Jagityal with a demand that “the jointly held bandh in Korutla of Metpalli Taluk land should be owned by the one who works in protest of Metpally firings. on it” and to abolish the feudal system and hand Lothunoor incident: over the lands to the Peasants. This is known • On 26 th September, 1978, the farmers as “Jagityal Jaitra Yatra”. Thousands of marched against the landlord Jagga Rao of agricultural labourers attended this meeting. Lothunoor. A farmer named Pochalu, died• About 35,000 poor farmers and agricultural after police opened fire on this procession. labourers from nearly 150 villages from Jagityal Paidipally Mahasabha (Warangal): taluk, have attended this jaitra yatra. Students • On 1st October, 1978, the agricultural labours from schools and colleges boycotted the union (Raithu Coolie Sangham) of Paidipally classes in support of this meeting and came in village in Warangal taluk held Mahasabha procession to Jagityal jaitra yatra. Veldurthi (meeting), under the influence of Jagityal Jaitra village landlord Satyanarayana obstructed the Yatra. farmers of the village from participating in this Lakshettipeta Mahasabha: meeting. Police have encircled the whole • On 19th October, 1978, the agricultural Jagityal. Despite the efforts to make the jaitra labourers union (Raithu Coolie Sanghalu) held yatra a failure, it became successful. a big farmers meeting at Lakshettipeta ofResolutions of Jagityal Mahasabha: Adilabad district.• Land should belong to the one who works on • The leader who educated the farmers of it (Land should belong’s to the tiller). The Lakshettipeta – Kalyanam Venkateshwar atrocities of police and landlords should be Rao. stopped. Jagityal and Siricilla Taluks were• The feudal system must be abolished & a new democratic revolution should come. declared as Disturbed / Turbulent• This Jagityal Jaitra Yatra has inspired the people areas: of Karimnagar and also of surrounding • The landlords who were frightened by the districts and also made them to think. above incidents, exclaimed before the then
354 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Chief Minister Chenna Reddy. On the request “Dunnevadide Bhumi”, and “Move to of Chenna Reddy the Centre declared Villages”. Influenced by this, the people and Siricilla and Jagityal taluks as disturbed labourers in the villages fought for their rights. areas on 20th October, 1978. They formed Rythu – Coolie Sangham in the• The Civil rights of the farmers were taken away Villages. due to the declaration as disturbed areas. The • Hundreds of Rythu – Coolie Sanghams revolutionists were brutally suppressed. (Unions) were formed in Northern Telangana during 1970’s. these Unions held meetings inIndravelli incident (Adilabad): their villages and condemned the tyranny of• The then Tribal Agricultural labourers union the landlords. They protested for the abolition (Raithu Coolie Sangham) have gathered all the of feudal system. Gonds, Pardhan and Kollam agricultural labourers of Adilabad district and held a big State Meetings of Rythu – Coolie meeting in Indravelli on 20th April, 1981. Sangham: (Rashtra Mahasabha)• The Indravelli Sabha was organized with the First Meeting (Mahasabha): demands of tribals such as to acquire the • The first meeting of Andhra Pradesh Rythu - papers related to the land of Podu cultivation Coolie Sangham was held in Nellore on 14, (Shifting Cultivation), to give fair prices to the 15 June, 1981. This meeting was held in the products of tribals and correct weighing while wake of Indravelli massacre, so the meeting tribals selling their products. campus is named as Indravelli Nagar.• Initially the government gave permission to this • Representatives from various States attended meeting but later refused. And imposed the meeting. The leading sociologist A.K. Roy Section 144 on the meeting premises. addressed the meeting and said, “I am proud to be among you. I have come here to know• The police obstructed the Gond farmers and about the struggles of Andhra Pradesh. the clash broke out between Gond farmers Indravelli massacre shocked the country”. and Police at “Pitta bongaram” village. • The first meeting of Rythu – Coolie Sangham• Police opened fire on the tribals, who were have adopted many resolutions on various attending the meeting. The Government public issues. The meeting demands paper was claimed that 13 people were killed in these approved with 16 demands. shootings, but unofficially more than 60 people were killed. After the Indravelli incident, the Second Meeting: “India Today” journalist who went there and • Second meeting of Rythu – Coolie Mahasabha took up the details was – Amarnath Menon. was held on 22 nd, 23 rd May, 1983 in• The then Chief Minister Tanguturi Anjaiah Karimnagar. The main entrance of the built a stupa in the memory of those who died Mahasabha was named as “Srikakula Cammun”, as a symbol of protest. in Indravelli. In 1987, NTR removed that Stupa. It was re-built by Marri Chenna • An introductory event of martyr’s families was Reddy in 1989. held at this meeting. The meeting passed resolutions on various National andRythu – Coolie Sangham: International issues. After the meeting, a• In 1970’s, when Naxalite movement entered procession took place with around 30,000 into Northern Telangana, the Naxalites people, which was the largest procession in travelled to villages and gave slogans such as the history of Karimnagar. PNR Publications 355 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureSocial Exclusion Program: • Indravelli incident took place when• The form of protest that was strong in the Tanguturi Anjaiah was the Chief Minister. Peasant struggle is “Social Exclusion”. The The movement was strengthened by the active widely practised protest form by the people involvement of people’s unions in organizing was social exclusion of landlords. agricultural labourers.• During the days of landlordism, the people of N. T. R Attitude: the villages were expelled from the caste for • Initially, N.T. Rama Rao praised the confronting the landlords, water and fire were “Naxalites as patriots”. Later, has set up not provided for the family and they were Greyhounds forces specially to suppress the tortured financially and psychologically by movement. instructing that no one should talk to them and no one should do their works. • A 30-day deadline was set on 13th June, 1989 as the last chance for Naxalites to surrender.• During the peasant struggle, this exclusion was During this period, People’s war leader imposed on the landlords by the affected Mukku Subba Reddy surrended to the peasants. Through this social exclusion government. program, the peasant have abolished the hegemony of the landlords. • In such situations, T.D.P party was defeated in the general elections and lost the power.• In the struggle, all the people who were against the peasants and all the evil powers who • In this election, N.T.R contested from wanted to prevent the peasant struggle were Kalvakurthi constituency and lost to socially excluded. Chittaranjan, an anonymous. • During 1994 General elections, N.T.RThe attitude of the United Andhra declared that ban on the Naxalites would bePradesh Chief Ministers towards lifted if he came to power. In December, afterthe Naxalite movement: winning 1994 elections, ban on Naxalites was partially lifted.• Naxalism began in the State in 1967 when Kasu Brahmananda Reddy was the Chief Attitude of Marri Chenna Reddy: Minister. The movement started in Srikakulam •When Marri Chenna Reddy first became district and was intensified. the Chief Minister, he adopted a stern attitude.• Brahmananda Reddy government has dealt After becoming the Chief Minister for the 2nd harshly with the Naxalites. time in 1989, he adopted liberal attitude• During P.V. Narasimha Rao period, land towards them. reforms and revolutionaries were focussed. • In the first cabinet meeting convened after Naxalism spread in this period. Marri Chenna Reddy became Chief Minister• Later the Chief Minister Jalagam Vengal Rao, for the second term, a six-member Ministers suppressed Naxalism with Carrot and Stick sub-committee was constituted to formulate method. a government policy on the issue of Naxalites.• Carrot means providing employment to youth • As per the recommendation of sub-committee, by implementing the Government schemes. the State cabinet has decided to withdraw the Stick means encountering people who are law of disturbed areas and to abolish the inclined towards Naxalism. Greyhound forces established by the N.T.R Government.356 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 1989, Marri Chenna Reddy government Tigers, Palnadu Tigers, Kranti Sena against the has appointed T.L.N Reddy Commission Naxalites. to prosecute the fake encounters, which took place during N.T.R’s Government. Powra Spandana Vedika (Civilian Response Platform):• Marri Chenna Reddy Government gave • In 1996, with an intention to establish some freedom to Naxalites. He gave confidence in all communities including the permission to Naxalites for organizing open Police and Naxalite a peace council was meetings and conferences. created titled “Civilian Response• Immediately after this announcement, on 12th Platform”, with retired IAS officer S.R. January, 1990, the Revolutionary Writers Sankaran as its convenor. Association (VIRASAM) held two decades • The important members of this forum were celebrations at Rana Pratap Hall, Hyderabad. Prof. K. Jaya Shankar, Bojja Tarakam, K. In this meeting, K.G. Satyamurthy authored G. Kannabiran, Potturi Venkateshwara Rao a revolutionary book titled “Siva Sagar”. & others.Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy: Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy’s attitude:• In May, 1992, Nedurumalli Janardhan • In 2004, after Y.S. Rajasekhar Reddy came Reddy’s government-imposed ban on the to power, he first adopted liberal attitude People’s war group. towards Naxalites and lifted the ban onMurder of Inspector General K.S. Vyas: people’s war group so that Naxalites come• On 27th January, 1993, the Greyhounds into main stream. founder K.S. Vyas was shot dead by • In 2004, the Y. S. R government invited the Naxalites at L.B. Stadium, Hyderabad. People’s war group and Jana Shakthi for discussions / talks. The Naxalite leaders whoAttitude of Chandrababu Naidu: came for negotiations were given• Chandrababu Naidu adopted strict stand on accommodation at Manjeera Guest house, Naxalism. Begumpet.• In September, 1995, Chandrababu Naidu • On 15th October, 2004, negotiations began became chief minister by opposing N.T.R. between the Government and the Naxalites in• In July, 1996, he imposed ban on Naxalites. the building of Marri Chenna Reddy• In January, 1997, when Naxalites attacked Human Resources Development agency, the Karakagudem police station, Chandra in Hyderabad. Home Minister Jana Reddy Babu Naidu gave a call to the people to give led a delegation on behalf of the Government. cash award if they kill Naxalites. • Leader on behalf of people’s war group –• Crores of rupees were paid to Police Officials Ramakrishna ( Akkiraju Hara Gopal) under unaccountable accounts. • Leader on behalf of Jana Shakti –• In 2003, Tirumala tigers were created after Amar (Kura Devender) the Alipiri incident, in which attempt was made • As these talks did not meet the intended goal, to kill Chandra Babu Naidu by a bomb attack. the government did not invite the Naxalites for• Chandra Babu Naidu set up forces such as the second term discussions. Praja Bandu (NTR’s period), Gun Tigers, Red • On 15th August, 2005, Y.S.R government- imposed ban on people’s war group and other PNR Publications 357 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture allied parties, as Naxalites killed Chittem Narsi • The tribals who were dependent on the forest Reddy, a legislative member of Maktal, products and on limited rainfed agriculture, Mahabubnagar district in August, 2005. have gradually became labourers for timber• In 2010, the Indian Government announced traders and forest contractors. The traders “Operation Green Hunt” as a part of who came to the forest areas with jaggery, eradication of Naxalites. salt, tobacco and chillies roamed all over the tribal areas and took advantage of Adivasis and grabbed their lands. Alienation of • The tribals were exploited in many ways such Tribal and Adivasi lands as; with low weights and by paying low prices• Adivasis (tribals) play an important role in the to tribals for their forest products and re-selling social and cultural structure of Telangana. In the tribal lands to themselves at high rates. Telangana Koyas, Konda Reddy’s and • The Government made many laws so that Gonds on the shores of Godavari River tribal lands should not be encroached by non- and Chenchus on the shores of Krishna tribals, waiver of loans given to tribals by non- river are the main tribes. tribals and to satisfy the tribals, but none of• In Telangana among Adivasis, Koya, Guthi these tribal welfare measures were enforced. Koya, Gonds, Kollam, Pradhan, Nayak • The tribals revolted against these exploitations. Podu, Yanadi, Eruka, Andh, Thoti, Konda Reddy’s, Chenchu, Nayak and Lambadi’s are Komaram Bheem (1901 – 1940): the main tribes. • He hails from the Gond tribe of Komaram• Prior to 1976, Lambada’s have no identity of Bheem Asifabad district (formerly Adilabad). Scheduled Tribes in Telangana region. As per • in 1938-39, the Government took over G. O. M. s. 149 issued in 1976, Lambada’s thousands of acres of land surrounding Sirpur and Sugalis were identified as Scheduled for the Sirpur paper industry. Tribes. Due to this, the Lambada’s, who have • The Marathas, who were adjacent to Adilabad O.B.C status in the neighbouring States have district have entered into the district and migrated to Telangana, thereby increasing the occupied Gond lands. Due to this, the Gond’s population of Lambada’s. lost their lands. Many were frustrated with all• The Adivasi life style became the symbol for sorts of exploitation and prepared to revolt. obeying the nature’s law, adopting simple life • Komaram Bheem united all these tribes and style and production process for their started the revolt by making Babejuri and livelihood. Jodeghat hills as their centres.• The business, non-profit economy, division of • As a part of this revolt, he gave a slogan “Jal, labour, socially oriented and the traditions Jungle, Zameen” (Water, forest and land). followed by Adivasis were disturbed due to • On 27th October, 1940, Komaram Bheem the attack of people from plains. was killed due to conspiracy of his supporter• Due to the innocence of tribal people and their Kurdhu Patel, in a treasonous battle against backwardness, many landlords, businessmen the Nizam’s army. and other affluent communities have illegally • On 27 th October, 2014 Telangana occupied thousands of acres of tribal land. Government have officially organized
358 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Komaram Bheem death anniversary at Telangana Region Tribal Area Jodeghat. Regulation – 1949 (1359 Fasil):• Mir Osman Ali Khan, who was affected by • The Nizam Government established a special the fighting of Gonds, have appointed an branch named the “Department of Social officer named Haimendorf, to find out their Services” to protect the tribal interests, based condition. The important revolutionaries, who on the historic struggle for the rights over tribal built the movement for their rights of Adivasis lands led by Komaram Bheem and on the in 1970 are: reports submitted by the Haimendorf and Sahu (Shanigaram Venkateshwarlu) Greigson explaining the steps to be taken for the welfare of tribals. Dasari Laxmikantham (Porkala Dora) • Tribal areas regulation act – 1949 wasParticularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups enacted for the protection of tribals interests(PVTG’s): and their rights. The law not only resolved• PVTG’s are the tribes living in hilly areas, who various disputes but also allowed for the are unable to access the Government facilities, formation of tribal panchayats. away from the agrarian economic conditions • This act empowered the Government of these lowlands and are severely backward. representative to inspect and revoke the land• The tribal clans identified as PVTG’s in held by non – tribals and if necessary, remove Telangana are: the non – tribals from the tribal area. • This law was in force in Telangana region Chenchus Thoti till 1963. Kolam Konda Reddlu• The districts with Scheduled areas in Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Telangana (Erstwhile districts). Regulation, 1959: Adilabad Warangal • After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, this Khammam Mahbubnagar. law was enacted in 1959 to protect the interests of tribals. This law was extended to Telangana Tribal Laws region from 1963.
1/70 Act:1917 Agency Territories Benefits,Land Transfer Act: • Land Transfer Regulation Act 1959 in the 5th Schedule of the Indian Constitution was• In 1917, the British Government enacted the amended in 1970 and is known as 1/70 act. first comprehensive law to protect the interests • The 1/70 act deals with land transfers related of tribal people. It was enacted with the aim to tribals. of preventing land grabbing and protecting the tribals from the extreme exploitation of • The three important points in 1/70 act are: moneylenders. 1. The law completely prohibits any transfer of tribal lands and properties to non – tribals.• According to this law, the tribal lands can only be acquired by the non – tribals with the prior 2. It prohibits the transfer of land and property permission of a Government representative. between non – tribals. It means that it is not valid for non – tribals to sell their land to non• In 1936, the backward areas inhabited by the – tribals. If they want to sell, they have to sell tribals were declared as “excluded areas”. to the tribals only.
PNR Publications 359 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture3. It is the responsibility of the non – tribals to • He did research on the lives of tribes in prove that the lands in their possession in the Telangana (the then Nizam State) such as Scheduled areas are legally owned by them. Chenchus, Gonds and on the tribes of If not, the government will take over the land Northeast India, Nepal and their conditions. and distribute it to the tribals. • Haimen Dorf lived in a Gond village named Marlawai in Adilabad district and didForest Rights Act – 2006: research on the tribals and included the details• This law gave many rights to tribals over the in the book “Tribal Hyderabad”. forests. The Gram Sabha was given many • The young Gond man who served Haimen powers by this act. As per this act, the decision Dorf and his wife Elizabeth Dorf most dearly to sell the lands in tribal area and the trade of in the village of Marlawai was – Aatram forest products, should be done only after Lachu Patel. the permission of Gram Sabha. • Haimen Dorf summoned all the GovernmentKoneru Ranga Rao Committee: officials and set up “durbar” at Keslapur• The Koneru Ranga Rao committee appointed Nagoba Jatara to resolve tribal issues. on the land issue, has submitted in its report • This program started by Haimen Dorf in that the Government’s action on the land issue 1942, is still continued. in the state of Andhra Pradesh is an • The other book by Haimen Dorf on Gonds is “incomplete program”. “The Raj Gond’s of Hyderabad”.• The Koneru Ranga Rao committee said that the cases related to 1/70 law violations on the tribal land issue remain unresolved for a long time and causing injustice to tribals. Hence, the committee suggested to resolve the cases expeditiously.• Scholars who have studied the situation in the state on the growing crisis in tribal areas, rehabilitation and land grabbing were; Biyyala Janardhan Rao Bala Gopal Palla Trinadh Rao Mamidi Bharat Bhushan
Haimen Dorf:• The Nizam appointed “Haimen Dorf”, a Professor in the Nizam College working as an advisor related to the tribally backward classes of Hyderabad State, to study the lives of Gond people. Haimen Dorf is from “Austria” in Europe.• Haimen Dorf full name is Christoph Von Furer Haimen Dorf. 360 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Rise of Regional Parties in 1980’s and123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 changes in the Political, Socio-economic123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 & cultural fabric in Telangana.123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Suppression of Telangana Identity1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• On 10th December, 1973, the then Prime pembarthi artists all the artists who received Minister Indira Gandhi revoked the the honor are from Andhra region. Presidential rule in Andhra Pradesh and • The then government introduced some new appointed Jalagam Vengal Rao as the Chief policies to gain economic, political, social and Minister. Vengala Rao migrated to Khammam cultural control over Hyderabad and the district from Krishna district. Telangana community.World Telugu Conferences • The Vengal Rao government was setting up(Prapancha Telugu Maha Sabhas): industrial estates around Hyderabad, by providing all kinds of facilities, subsidies and• Jalagam Vengal Rao Government organized loans for Andhra people to set up industries. the first “World Telugu Conferences” in Vengal Rao opened the door for Andhra Hyderabad on April 12th to 18th, 1975 on emigration in Telangana region. the basis of the concept “Telugu race”. • As a result of above developments, the Andhra• Vengal Rao started the process of eradicating investors have invested enthusiastically in the the existence of Telangana in the name of city of Hyderabad and reaped huge profits. It practicing the emotional unity among Telugus. was during this period that the reunification of Sri Sri, Chera Bandaraju, Nagnamuni, political forces took place at National and Jwalamukhi, Nikhileshwar and others State levels. protested against the World Telugu Conferences. • During these circ*mstances, a Veteran actor N.T. Rama Rao asked Indira Gandhi to send• The Vengal Rao Government has set up a him to Rajya Sabha from Congress party. But statue of “Telugu Thalli” at the State she refused his request. Secretariat. On the occasion of Telugu conference, the song “Maa Telugu Thalli • The split of Congress party once in 1969 and Ki Mallepudanda”, written by again in 1978 and repeatedly change of Chief Shankarambadi Sundarachari from Andhra Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, have led to Pradesh was popularized. public opposition towards Congress party in Andhra Pradesh. As part of the process of• In 1975, the “Telugu Velugu Museum” changing these Chief Ministers, the trade was inaugurated at Public Gardens, union leader T. Anjaiah was made the Chief Hyderabad. Minister in October, 1980.• During World Telugu Conferences, the • Anjaiah joined Allwyn company in Government ignored the poets, writers and Hyderabad as laborer and grew into a artists from Telangana. Except Kaloji and PNR Publications 361 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture labour leader and entered politics. He agenda is my agenda”, to attract people belongs to Medak district in Telangana from different districts of Telangana especially region. Adivasis and tribals.• When Tanguturi Anjaiah was the Chief 1983 Elections: Minister, the then General Secretary of the • In January 1983 elections, the Telugu Desam National Congress Party Rajiv Gandhi, Party contested in alliance with Menaka visited Hyderabad. At that time, Rajiv Gandhi insulted the Chief Minister Anjaiah. Gandhi led “Sanjay Vichar Manch” party.• N.T.R, who was hurt due to the rejection of • Out of total 294 Assembly seats in Andhra Congress party for a Rajya Sabha seat in Pradesh, the Telugu Desam party contested 1982, have thought the Rajiv Gandhi’s insult for 289 seats leaving 5 seats to Sanjay Vichar to Anjaiah as a Golden opportunity. Manch and T. D. P won 198 seats (total 202 seats including Sanjay Vichar Manch seats)Establishment of Telugu Desam and formed the Government.Party: • In this election, N.T.R contested from Tirupati• On 29th March, 1982, NTR founded “Telugu and Gudivada constituencies and won both. Desam” party under the slogan “Self – The average age of M.L. A’s, who won from respect of Telugu’s”, claiming that the Telugu Desam party is 41 years. 73 out of Central Government was degrading the Self – respect of Telugu people. them are from B.C community.• Nadendla Bhaskar Rao, who is already • The Congress which ruled the State frustrated that he did not get the Chief continuously since the formation of Andhra Ministership in the Congress Party, have Pradesh, have managed to win only 60 seats helped N.T.R politically a lot, who does not in this election. With this, the Telugu Desam have political knowledge. party formed the first non – congress• By 1983, the people of Andhra Pradesh were Government in Andhra Pradesh. fed up with the Congress rule in the Central • On 9th January, 1983, NTR sworn in as the Government and the aftermath of Telangana Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. He set a movement which took place a decade earlier, record by taking over as Chief Minister in 9 especially the way in which 1975 Presidential months since the formation of party. orders were neglected and also neglecting water resources have made Telangana people Measures taken by N.T.R to suppress to reject the Congress and crown the Telugu Telangana existence: Desam party. • N.T.R was born in Nimmakur of Krishna• N.T. Rama Rao, as soon as he started the district. After taking charge as Chief Minister, party, have made his Chevrolet van into a N.T.R launched cultural attack in many ways moving dias. He named it as Chaitanya on the existence of Telangana. Ratham. He travelled across the State in • N.T.R choosed the name of party as Telugu Chaitanya ratham and explained to the people Desam and spread the slogan of Telugu self – about his party. respect, propagated the idea of Telugu thalli• N.T.R campaigned in the elections saying that and placed more idols of Andhra people in “Naxalites are Patriots” and “Naxalite the name of Telugu veterans at Tankbund,
362 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture established Telugu University, by all these • It could not devise a mechanism for proper N.T.R tried to systematize Andhra culture and land survey and for land records management undermine Telangana culture. at Village level and Mandal level.• N.T. Rama Rao tried to convince with his • The most important things land distribution and rhetoric that there was an attempt to unite the land reforms were not touched by the N.T.R two regions of Telangana and Andhra with the government. sense of existence of Telugu people. But, in reality oppressed Telangana region. Abolition of Telangana Regional Board: • The Telangana regional board formed byPolitical Sector: the Six Principles Scheme was abolished as• NTR continued the dictatorship. He soon as N.T.R became the Chief Minister. introduced “Person Worship”. The style of • The Central Government has formed this making things by N.T.R and his unilateral Telangana Regional board as per Presidential abrupt decisions have left Telangana People’s orders for the development of Telangana and representatives without any authority. to bring to the notice of Government the• N.T.R who does not have political experience, injustices being done to Telangana region. have put forward popular schemes as soon • With the dissolution of this board, the only way as he came into power. He focused on the to question the injustices done to Telangana immediate needs of people, without giving region, was closed. The 12 refrigeration priority to measures that increase the centers set up at the instigation of Telangana productive capacity of the people, which Regional committee were closed. is feature of politics to attract people.• N.T.R who called for an end to Gandhi “Varuni-Vahini Sara” family’s rule, have appointed his son Jaya Distribution Scheme: Krishna as the convenor for his party State • In 1983, N.T.R launched “Varuni – Vahini” Conference (Mahasabha), as soon as he (distribution of Sara in packets), which created became Chief Minister. His Son – in – law turmoil in Telangana. Prior to 1983, the people and other relatives held important positions and in Telangana used to drink Sara (Alcohol) on some special occasion or any festival. But with promoted family rule. Varuni – Vahini scheme, the governmentAbolition of Patel – Patwari System: opened liquor shops in all the villages with• In 1983, the N.T.R Government abruptly police protection (PRASAD), this made abolished the Patel and Patwari systems. drinking of alcohol (Sara) a daily habit and In Telangana, Patel and Patwaris used to look due to this families were fragmented. after the Ponds/ Tanks with the help of “Niradi”. With the abolition of Patel – Patwari Injustice in the system, there was no one to take care of the establishment of Universities: ponds/tanks. • Prior to 1983 elections, the then President Giani• The then Telugu Desam rulers said that they Zail Singh laid the foundation stone for abolished Patel – Patwari system to end the “Ambedkar Open University” in landlordism in Villages. But failed to devise a Nagarjuna Sagar (North Vijayapuri), better alternative system than that. Nalgonda district.
PNR Publications 363 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• After NTR became Chief Minister, Ambedkar delayed. Most of the funds for this project were University was shifted from Nagarjuna Sagar diverted to Telugu Ganga Project. to Hyderabad, stating that State – wide Closure of Industries: universities should be located within the capital. • During NTR government, the Sirpur Silk Mill in Telangana suffered huge losses, the• But the same NTR, a few months later government instead of protecting, had closed established the State-wide universities such as the industry. Health Sciences University (Medical University) in Vijaywada and Padmavathi • Telangana people requested N.T.R to protect Women’s University in Tirupathi. the mill from closure. But he said that the government will not take the responsibility ofInjustice in the Usage of River water: protecting the loss – making industries.• In 1981, at the All-party conference, an • During the period of N.T.R government, the agreement was reached on the surplus waters Nizam Sugar factory in Bodhan established of Krishna river. by Nizam, was running with good profits.• According to the agreement, two canals will However, instead of utilizing these profits for be dug from Srisailam project and 50 T.M.C Telangana industries, they are diverted to of water will be diverted to Telangana support loss-making factories in Andhra and through left canal and 48 T.M.C to Rayalaseema regions. Andhra and Rayalaseema through right Insult to the leaders & poets of Telangana: canal. • Telugu literary writer Dasarathi Krishnama• But when NTR Government came to power, Charya was the court poet of the Andhra it ignored the Srisailam left canal that was Pradesh Government (Between 1977 – 83), supposed to supply water to Telangana and but the NTR government removed Krishnama designed huge irrigation projects such as Telugu Charya from the post of Court poet. Ganga, Handri Neeva, Galeru Nagari from right canal of Srisailam project to supply water • N.T.R erected 32 idols of the veterans on to Andhra and Rayalaseema areas. By this, the tank bund saying that brought honor to the right canal capacity increased from 200 Telugu Nation. Only 8 of them are from to 300 T.M.C. Telangana. Note: The Telugu Ganga canal is intended to • N.T.R established the statues of famous poets provide drinking water to the city of Madras. such as Sri Sri and Jashuva, who are from• The left canal project, which is supposed to Andhra region but did not establish the statue supply water to Telangana, was kept aside by of Telangana prominent poet Dasarathi showing many technical issues. Krishnama Charya.• The Telangana projects such as Bhima project • The statue of Alluri Seetaramaraj was also and Nettampadu Project, which are designed established, who led Rampachodavaram to utilize the waters of Krishna river were revolt in Andhra region. But the statue of ignored. The works on Sri Ram Sagar project, Turabaz Khan, who played a leading role in to supply water to the Telangana region, were 1857 sepoy uprising, was not established. 364 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The statue of Kattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy • The farmers lost interest in cultivating the arid was established on tank bund, was the 1st V.C crops such as Jowar, Sorghum and Ragi, which of Andhra Univesity. But the NTR government are grown in Telangana region. This change did not remember to erect the statue of Nawab was due to the unreasonable price for these Ali Yar Jung, who served twice as V.C to crops and the cheap availability of rice at Osmania university and served as Rs.2 per kg. this had profound effect on the Ambassador to many Countries. food security of the hill people. Note: According to Jaya Shankar, NTR was • As per this scheme, to give subsidy on rice, declared as the real villain for Telangana. the State Government relied upon rice – growing areas and supply rice millers. ThisCultural Changes: benefitted the farmers and millers of Andhra• The culture of degrading the Telangana region. language and dialect began. The Telugu • The Telugu Desam government along with language of Telangana mostly have Urdu scheme, has taken steps o increase the State words. The Telugu language of Andhra region revenue through Sara (Alcohol). The contains the vocabulary from English, Tamil important government program as a part of and Sanskrit. this is to sell cheap Sara (Alcohol).• This is due to Nizam rule in Telangana and • The money saved on the subsidy rice, was British rule in Andhra region. later spent on government supplied liquor Note: protesting the Andhra people’s attack (Sara) packets. The revenue earned by the on Telangana language, Prof. Yashoda government through Sara (liquor) was the Reddy wrote many stories in Telangana amount double spent on subsidized rice. dialect. Yashoda Reddy has released the • The Telugu Desam party, which was supposed compilations such as “Echchamma to rule differently from the previous Congress Muchatlu” and “Ma Ooru Matladindi. regime, by focusing on redistribution of• When NTR came to power, he made Andhra resources and productivity, have actually region language as the Standard language and introduced popular schemes and plunged the also made to use the Andhra dialect in the agricultural sector and the poor into crisis. Government offices. Ignored the dialect and From this perspective, the regional party which language of Telangana. is supposed to respect the Telugu nation, is in• As a part of it, established the concept of fact stood as the backbone for the socio – Telugu Thalli and erected the statues of Telugu economic forces of the coastal region. Thalli in Telangana region. Established Telugu University in Hyderabad. It was named as Injustice in Government Jobs: Potti Sriramulu Telugu University, who was • Many non-locals were illegally employed in from Andhra. government jobs that belonged to Telangana region. Most importantly, during N.T.RImpact of Welfare Schemes: period, most of the non – locals were• As a part of Welfare Schemes, N.T.R employed in Government jobs. introduced a scheme in which one kilogram • Due to this, Telangana and employees’ unions of rice was given for 2 rupees. This had protested, as a result the Government issued severe negative impact on the farmers of G.O 610 in December, 1985. But the Telangana region. Government ignored its implementation. PNR Publications 365 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Regional Parties – Expansion of New Economic its founding members policies in Hyderabad and other Telangana Regions Telangana Development forum (1983) – Satyanarayana • In 1980 and 90’s, the investors from Andhra Telangana Party (1984) - Pradesh have settled in Telangana and Devananda Swamy Hyderabad and earned crores of rupees in real estate business. And secured government Telangana Jana Sabha (1985) – contracts and set up several construction Satyanarayana companies. Telangana Praja Samithi (1987) – • N.T.R have indirectly assisted the group of Bhupathi Krishna Murthy people in liberalization of alcohol sales, Telangana legislative forum (1990) – allowing private investment in education and K. Jana Reddy for setting up corporate hospitals. Majlis Bachao Tehreek (1993) – • With this the contracts, the land mafia and the Amanullah Khan entire film industry went into the hands of Jai Telangana Party (1997) – P. Indra Reddy Andhra investors. As the media gave enough publicity, the investment class of Andhra region Telangana Praja Party (1997) – has grown day by day. Gade Inna Reddy Telangana Congress Legislative forum (2000) Some Real Estate companies of Chinna Reddy Andhra Region: Telangana Sadhana Samithi (2001) – Narne Real estate – Ale Narendra Colonel Ranga Rao (Kurnool) Telangana Rashtra Party (2002) – Punyabhoomi Real estate – Gade Inna Reddy Ram Murthy Naidu Thalli Telangana Party (2005) – Green city township – Srinivasa Rao Vijaya Shanthi Jayabheri Real estates – Murali Mohan Lok Satta Party (2006) – Lahari estates – Krishna Reddy Jaya Prakash Narayana G.P.R – Ghanta Punna Rao Mana Party (2007) – Kasani Gnaneshwar Construction Companies of Andhra Nava Telangana Party (2008) – People: Devender Goud Gayathri Construction – Praja Rajyam Party (2008) – Chiranjeevi Subbarami Reddy (Nellore) Telangana Praja front (2010) – Gaddar Lanco Constructions – Y.S.R Congress Party (2011) – Y.S. Jagan Lagadapati Raja Gopal (Nellore) Telangana Nagara Samithi (2011) – Ranki Enngineers Private Limited – Nagam Janardhan Reddy Ram Reddy (Nellore) Mahajan Socialist Party (2014) – Nagarjuna Constructions – Manda Krishna Madiga Raja (East Godavari)
366 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture I.V.R Company – Venkat Reddy • The ditches and ponds were dried up due to Usha Construction Company – excessive digging of soil. The local people Mallikarjun Rao were left without drinking and irrigation water• In 1970, the Government of Andhra Pradesh and the agricultural sector also fell into crisis. gave 1370 acres of land to Hyderabad House • The people of Telangana, who suffered drought building co-operative society at the rate of due to lack of water, have sold their cattle to Rs.100 per acre. After this, the establishment slaughter houses. They sold their land to real of housing boards in Hyderabad increased. estate traders at low prices for their needs. Kukatpally Housing Board Colony. • Similarly, the Manjeera project and the Moulali Housing Board Colony. Singur project, which were useful for Medak farmers, were diverted to Hyderabad to Bharat Nagar Housing Board Colony. provide drinking water to Andhra migrants.• Kukatpally Housing Board Colony is the • Due to this, Medak district farmers were left largest in Asia, was established on thousands without water for agriculture and they of acres. HUDA (Hyderabad Urban committed suicides. The real estate traders Development Authority) formed in 1975, have occupied the tanks lands and dried up the built several colonies. tanks without water. As a result, the tanks in• In 2007, Y.S.R government formed GHMC the city of Hyderabad were destroyed and left (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) as Musi canal from river stage. through G.O. No. 261. • Hundreds of tanks and gardens around the• In 2008, HMDA (Hyderabad Metropolitan Hyderabad city disappeared due to the greed Development Authority) was formed. of realtors.• Andhra Region people have set up several chit funds companies and finance companies. Film Industry: Ex: Margadarshi Chit Fund – Ramoji Rao. • After NTR became the Chief Minister, the Telugu film industry was moved from MadrasProblems arise due to Real estate: to Hyderabad, and in the name of setting up• The Andhra colonists for the construction on cinema studios, thousands of acres of land the lands they occupied, have leased lands in were given to Andhra people for low prices. the vicinity of Hyderabad and excavated the • They have setup studios and labs in these lands soil to a depth of 10 feet to 20 feet and made and in the rest of the land did real estate bricks with it. They benefitted from this business. After Chandra Babu Naidu came into industry also. power, large number of lands were given to• Due to digging of soil till depth, the lands in lease and also sold off. Narsapur, Sangareddy, Medchal, Bhuvanagiri, • Chandra Babu Naidu regularized the lands Ghatkesar, Sherlingampally and surrounding occupied by Andhra migrants by imposing areas were turned into barren lands. nominal penalty.• Similarly, the sand required for these • In addition, the workers were called from constructions, was illegally moved to coastal region to work in the film industry and Hyderabad from the ditches present in the were given employment opportunities. districts surrounding Hyderabad such as Telangana people lost their lands, but did not Mahbubnagar, Medak and Nalgonda. gain any profit.
PNR Publications 367 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePopular Studios of Andhra People: Indira Park:• Ramoji Studio (Anajpur) – • Established in 1975. Ramoji Rao (Krishna district) N.T.R Park:• Rama Naidu Studios (Jubilee Hills) – • Established in 1999. Rama Naidu (Prakasham district) Sanjeevayya Park:• Padmalaya Studios (Jubilee Hills) – • This park is named after damodaram Krishna (Guntur) Sanjeevayya of Kurnool.• Annapurna Studios (Jubilee Hills) – Akkineni Nageshwar Rao Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy Park: • He is also from Kurnool. (Krishna district) etc.• The Telangana studios of Nizam period were Media neglected by the policies of Andhra rulers and were closed. They are: Print Media: Ajanta studios (old city, near Jahanuma). • First magazine in State of Hyderabad – Risala Tabbi (Urdu) Srinivas Studios (Sankeshwar Bazar, Saroor nagar) • First English magazine in Telangana – Deccan Times (1864) Bhagyanagar Studio (Badam Rama Swamy) • First Telugu weekly in Telangana – Hita Bhodini (1909) Golnaka Studio. • First Telugu daily newspaper in Telangana –Ramoji Film City: Telangana Patrika• Ramoji film city was established by Ramoji • Newspapers of Telangana region during Rao in 1996 in Anajpur, Ranga Reddy Hyderabad government prior to 1948. district. the then Chief Minister Chandra Babu Naidu gave 2000 acres of land belonging Newspapers Editors to Nizam Sarfe – Khas and farmers for Ramoji Nilgiri (1922) S. Venkat Narsimha Rao film city at very low price in the name of subsidy. Golconda (1925) Suravaram Pratap ReddySome important parks in Hyderabad: Rayyat (1927) Mandamula Narsinga Rao• Andhra rulers have set up parks in Hyderabad Meezan (1941) Adavi Bapi Raju area and named them after Andhra dignitaries. Hyderabad bulletin, Shoyabullah KhanKasu Brahmananda Reddy Park: Imroz• In 1960, Mir Osman Ali Khan built Chiran • After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, the palace in 390 acres of land. In 1998, Chandra Telangana newspapers gradually became Babu Naidu government declared the forest extinct. area around Chiran palace as a National park Existing popular magazines and their editors: and named it as K.B.R Park. Eenadu – Ramoji RaoLumbini Park: Sakshi – V. Murali• In 1994, N.T.R has set up this park. In 2006, Y.S.R government renamed Lumbini park as Andhra Jyothi – K. Srinivas Tanguturi Anjaiah Lumbini park. Namaste Telangana – Katta Shekhar Reddy 368 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Nava Telangana – S. Veeraiah Educational institutions and Mana Telangana – K. Srinivas Reddy Hospitals: • NTR promoted corporate education in theElectronic Media: name of educational reforms and corporate• In 1995, “ETV” was started with Ramoji Rao hospitals in the name of medical reforms. as its chief editor. Neglected government schools and hospitals.• In 2004, Ravi Prakash started TV – 9. • The people of Telangana could not pay high• In 2007, NTV was started by Tummala fees extracted by corporate schools for their Narendra Choudhary. It works under RTPL children and joined them in government (Rachana Television Pvt. Ltd). RTPL also schools, where the education quality was low. started Vanitha and Bhakti Tv channels. Hence the children could not compete with• 2007 – TV 5: Chairman: B.R. Naidu the students of private schools.• 2009: Sakshi – Chairman: Y.S. Bharathi. • Some parents wanted their children to get• 2009 – A.B.N. Andhra Jyothi – Vemuri Radha quality education and joined them in corporate Krishna. institutions and eventually suffered financialTelangana Channels: crisis.• In 2009, P. Venkat Krishna established • Corporate educational institutions such as HMTV. This is the first news channel Narayana, Sri Chaitanya, Gowtham, belonging to Telangana. The popular Bhashyam etc in Hyderabad were established program “Dasha – Disha” in HMTV was by Andhra region people, while Brilliant and conducted by the then editor K. Ram Chandra Rau’s educational institutions are founded by Murthy. Telangana people.• 2010 – Raj News Channel. • The same is with medical sector. As the• 2011 – in April, T.R. S party started T – government hospitals were neglected, the News channel. good quality medical treatment was far from• 2013 – MLC Nageshwar Rao established 10 reach to poor and middle-class people of TV. About 1,50,000 farmers and labourers Telangana. are share – holders in this channel. • The corporate hospitals in Hyderabad such• After Telugu Desam party coming into power, as Apollo, Kamineni, Care, Rainbow, the Seemandhra newspapers were more sunshine, KIMS hospital, Asian institute of developed. These newspapers show the small Gastroenterology, Basavatarakam Cancer problems of Andhra Pradesh as the biggest hospital, Medi – city, Omega hospitals are in problems. But shows the biggest problem of the ownership of Andhra people, while Telangana as the small one. Yashoda and Malla Reddy hospitals are• Government advertisem*nts, tax rebates are owned by Telangana people. all given to the Andhra newspapers. • The first corporate hospital in Telangana• After the Telugu Desam party came to power, “CDR hospital” was started by C. the facilities and standards in government Dayakar Reddy of Warangal district. CDR schools declined due to reduction in hospital was closed due to discrimination of educational funds. This has also reduced the Andhra rulers. quality of education. PNR Publications 369 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureExhibition Society: • But the people of Andhra region who came to• During the Nizam period, the exhibition society this region and settled here could not be part was formed as the non – profit organization of the culture here, instead they insulted the for the development of higher education for people of Telangana saying that the language students of Telangana. spoken by the people of this region is not• This organization conducts an all India Telugu and they do not have culture and do exhibition in Hyderabad every year in January not know how to live. and February months and the money collected • In 1952, Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao, from this was used to run the educational who is the President of Vishalandhra institutions. Mahasabha, was the chief guest at a meeting• The Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan have given held in Hanumakonda Arts College. He the present Exhibition ground in Nampally on insulted Telangana Students by saying that they long – term lease for conducting the annual do not have culture and the language they exhibition. speak is not Telugu. Students protested and• As the exhibition ground is located in the heart did not allow the meeting to take place. He of the city, the Andhra investors focused on it had to stop his speech in the middle and leave. and contacted N.T.R. Prof. Jaya Shankar revealed this incident in• To satisfy the investors of Andhra Pradesh, his autobiography, where he was a student NTR terminated the long – term lease during this incident. granted to the exhibition society. • Mudumbai Venkatacharya of Andhra• As a result, the exhibition society fell into crisis region wrote a review in Golconda magazine and the educational institutions run by the and insulted the scholars saying that “Nizam society faced uncertainties. Rashtramandu Andhrakavulu Poojyam”• Nadendla Bhasker Rao, who came to power (Andhra poets are revered in Nizam State). by overthrowing NTR, have renewed the lease As a answer to this, Golconda magazine editor due to anger on N.T.R. Suravaram Pratap Reddy published “Golconda Kavula Sanchika” (Poet’s Dominant Culture and its issue) in 1934, in which he published the Implications on Telangana poems written by 354 Telangana poets. Self-Respect, Dialect, • The Telugu language, which is considered to Language and Culture be the main weapon to unite the regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana with different• Telangana under the rule of multi lingual kings historical backgrounds, civilizations and such as Delhi Sultans, Bahmanis, Qutub Shahis culture, has become a major factor for and Asaf Jahis for more than six centuries, have separation. tried to preserve its linguistic culture and • Although both the regions are different, they customs. are united to form Andhra Pradesh State as• Although they came from different parts of they have same language. But there was clear North India for jobs and business to Telangana difference in the culture and pronunciation of and settled here for hundreds of years, they the people of the two regions. did not rub their language and culture on our • Although the main language of the people of people, instead they themselves got mingled Telangana and Andhra was Telugu, there were into our culture.370 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture differences in their Pronunciation, vocabulary, specific regarding the big festivals of Telangana syntax and words. This is known as dialect. such as Bonalu and Bathukamma.• Linguistics say that language changes for every • They mocked the customs, festivals, cuisine 24 Kms. There are many dialects in different and customs of the people of Telangana. parts of the country, in different languages. • Gatka and Jawa, considered as staple food in• Telangana dialect contains wonderful literary Telangana had gradually disappeared. Rice creation. Thousands of folk artists of played important role in the place of coarse Telangana have created Kulapuranas songs, grains Recipes. Oggu stories, folk art forms, street songs, • Finally, even in Telangana villages, the hotels Yakshaganas etc in colloquial language. named Andhra meals and Andhra bojanam• The people of Andhra Pradesh could not were introduced and took away our traditional understand the language of Telangana, have flavors. insulted the Telangana people saying that their • During unified rule, they did not include the language is crude, it lacks sensitivity and culture, artforms and festivals of Telangana in politeness and for having too many Urdu the history textbooks, instead they portrayed words. the culture of Andhra as the culture of all the• They claimed that their Andhra language is Telugu people. pure Telugu and forcibly tried to rub it on • They wrote in the history text books that the Telugu people. fight took place against British in Andhra• Some criticized Allam Rajaiah, Kaluva region as the freedom struggle. When Mallaiah for writing stories and novels in compared to Andhra, great battles were fought Telangana dialect. on the soil of Telangana against Razakars and• During 1969 special Telangana movement, the Landlords during the period of Nizam rule. Prajakavi Kaloji Narayana Rao raised the But these were invisible to Andhra historians. discussion on Telangana language. Juvvadi • They wrote great about the Manyam hero Gautham Rao wrote articles protesting the Sitarama Raju in the history books, but Andhra colonialist’s comparison of Telangana deliberately ignored the histories of Adilabad language. heroes Komaram Bheem and Ramji Gond.• Prajakavi Kaloji said that the language of Many Forts, Inscriptions, Statues and two and a half Andhra districts was rubbed Samsthanas which describe the thousands of on Telangana and portrayed as the original years of culture of Telangana were neglected. Telugu language and as a standard language. • The Andhra rulers did not pay much attention Those who do not speak that language were to the Archeological excavations and research insulted. in Telangana region. Andhra rulers did not• The language spoken by the people of support “B.N. Shastri”, who brought to light Telangana is being used by filmmakers, all the inscriptions of Telangana region. directors and script writers for rowdies and • Most of the editors and writers in all the gangsters and made films in such a way as to newspapers published in Telangana are from humiliate the people of Telangana. Andhra region and their articles are mostly in• In their films, they gave much importance to Andhra language. Sankranthi festival, which is a big festival to • In the print media, the Telangana language was Andhra people. But they did not show anything attacked by citing the language of two and a PNR Publications 371 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture half districts (Krishna, West Godavari / East Godavari) as the standard language.• During 1969 movement, Jandyala Papaiah Sastri ridiculed Telangana Telugu as “Taurakyandhramu”. He wrote in magazines with the name of Karunashree and stated that if Telangana becomes a separate state, it would become South Pakistan and hurt the self – esteem of Telangana people.• During NTR rule, the 33 statues were established on tank bund in the name of Telugu Vaithaliks (veterans). Out of these, only 7 belong to Telangana region. The statues of Andhra leaders were established in various parts of Telangana. But showed discrimination in setting up the statues of Telangana region leaders.• Vattikota Alwar Swamy, who donated his own library to the Hyderabad city library, was ignored and a statue of Viswanatha Satyanarayana was established there, who had nothing to do with that library.• The statues of Telangana region poets such as Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu, Kaloji, Vattikota Alwar Swamy etc and also the statues of heroes of Telangana freedom struggle like Shoaibullah Khan, Ravi Narayana Reddy, Baddam Yella Reddy, Jamalapuram Kesava Rao, Arutla Kamala Devi, Ramji Gond, Turrebaz Khan & others were not established anywhere and there is no mention about them in the text books.• It should be noted that the Later Phase Telangana Movement (Malidasa) continued not only against the exploitation of water, funds and recruitment but also against the attack of Andhra region on Telangana language and culture.
372 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Economic Reforms in 1990 and their123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Consequences & Regional disparities1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• In 18th century, England was the 1st country • In 1956, Indian government have introduced to undergo the transition known as Industrial Socialist economy and established big Revolution. Although India was under British industries with government as major control for 200 years, but there was no much shareholder (during 2nd five-year plan). development & Industrialization. • Due to the industrial policies introduced• “Father of Economics” Adam Smith of between 1948-1990, the economic system England in his book “Wealth of Nations” became under the control of the government have described a concept known as “Laissez until 1991. Faire”. Economic Reforms in India:• Laissez Faire means there will not be any governmental interference in the economic • India was totally dependent on the imports of affairs of the individual and society. the crude oil and its by – products from the Gulf countries. In 1991, the prices of crude• It means that Adam Smith have encouraged oil was increased due to crisis in Gulf countries. Capitalism According to this, trade and services will be controlled by the private • Due to this, Indian government have spent sector, without the interference of the much of foreign exchange reserves on the Government. In India, before Independence import of crude oil, here by causing falls & Capitalism was prevalent. British treated India crisis in the foreign exchange reserves. as a home for raw materials / mere supplier of • To come out of this crisis condition, India raw materials. approached International Monetary Fund• British have exported the good quality Yarn, (IMF), IMF have suggested to implement Jute and Indigo to their country from India and liberalized economic policies, then IMF could used for the expansion of their industries. By help India. this British controlled the world textile market. • Then in 1991, the then Prime Minister P.V.• British used the raw materials from India and Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister used to sell the manufactured goods in Indian Manmohan Singh have introduced “New markets. Economic reforms (NEP)”.• In 20th century, the Indian Government has • The important are LPG: passed Industrial resolution policies for the Liberalisation Privatisation development of industries. Globalisation• After Independence, Indian government has • Liberalisation means reducing the role of introduced “Mixed Economic Policy”. Government in social and economic sectors. Mixed economy is that economy in which both And reducing the restrictions between different government and private individuals exercise countries for the trade of goods and services. economic control with Mutual co – operation As a part of these economic reforms in India, for the development of the country. the then Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister
PNR Publications 373 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture N.Chandra Babu Naidu have introduced • Chandra Babu Naidu have appointed economic reforms in the state in the year 1995. following committees for the economic• Andhra Pradesh government have reforms. approached World Bank for the loan. But 1. Electricity Reforms – World Bank before granting loan have Hiten Bhayya Committee suggested various reforms to be taken by the 2. State administration, finances – A.P government as “A.P Agenda for Gangopadhyay Committee Economic reforms”. 3. Higher Education –• The reforms to be taken by the A.P Koneru Ramakrishna Rao Committee government are; 4. Government sector industries – Reducing the subsidies. Subramanya Committee Reducing the share in welfare schemes. Hiten Bhayya Committee: Inviting & encouraging private investments. • Hiten Bhayya Committee was appointed for• After the guidelines of the World Bank, the the reforms in electricity sector. Based on its A.P Chief Minister Chandra Babu Naidu have report in 1998, Andhra Pradesh Electricity appointed different committees for the reforms act-1998 was passed by the implementation of the reforms. legislature.• New economic reforms of the Andhra Pradesh • Later in 1999, March Andhra Pradesh government were explained in the document Electricity Regulatory Commission was “Vision 2020” which was prepared by the formed and Andhra Pradesh State Electricity management consultancy Mckinsey board was divided into AP Genco and AP (International Company) by the initiative of Transco. Chandrababu Naidu AP Genco – for electricity generation.• As the Andhra Pradesh government have AP Transco – for the transmission of accepted to the conditions of World Bank, electricity. World Bank has prepared “Andhra Pradesh • As private investments were allowed in the Economic Restructuring Project electricity sector, the government has accepted (APERP)”. Total worth of this project was to buy the electricity at higher prices than the Rs. 3300 crores, out of this the World Bank price given by the government organizations. will give a loan of Rs. 2200 crores and the • Due to this there is rise in electricity charges, remaining Rs. 1100 should be adjusted by the by this Telangana farmers suffered a lot. Central and State government. • Telangana farmers suffered because they did• As a part of APERP, 6 reforms took place their cultivation mainly by depending on the from 1999-2004. bore-wells. In Andhra, there was no need of1. District Primary Education – 20.3 % electricity because they did their cultivation2. Primary health – 8.5% mainly through canals.3. Integrated Child development – 12.4% Gangopadhyay Committee:4. Rural road upgrading & maintenance – 21.6% • Government have appointed Gangopadhyay5. Irrigation rehabilitation & maintenance -12.3% committee for suggestions / recommendations6. Public Enterprise reforms – 3.2% on state administration, Salaries and on the reduction of Government expenditure. 374 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This committee recommended to remove • Employees protested against the G.O.5. 0.9% of government employees yearly from • Immediately, in August, 2006, Y.S.R issued 1996-97, who were excess in number. For G.O. 7, through which Phase – 3 reforms were example, in Water department there were 40% stopped. excess employees. Economic Reforms –Koneru RamaKrishna Rao Effect on TelanganaCommittee: • In 1998, as part of “Andhra Pradesh• This committee opine that government’s economic restructuring Project”, Andhra involvement should not be there in higher Pradesh government took a loan of 2200 education. Higher education should be crores from the World Bank. imparted by the private institutions. • As a part of APERP, the Andhra Pradesh government implemented many reforms basedSubramaniyam Committee: on the recommendations given by the World• This committee recommended to handover the Bank. government companies & industries which are • The then Telugu Desam party have approved facing losses to the private sector. the reforms and have cancelled all the welfare• According to the suggestions given by the schemes prevailing during till that period / time. world bank, Chandrababu Naidu have either • The government have provided infrastructure handed over the Government companies to and mechanism required to attract private the private sector or have close down the investments. Government have changed its organizations. Majority of employees were preference of expenditure. removed by giving voluntary retirement. These • The government have reduced expenditure in reforms took place in different phases. different sectors, especially in welfarePhase 1 (1998 – 2001): schemes. Except in primary education, the• 5 mills were privatized. allocation of funds were reduced in health, education, medical sectors, to agriculture &• 3 companies were re-structured. irrigation.• 3 companies were closed. • The government used to give subsidy rice for• 13321 employees were removed through poor people for 1 kg for per Rs. 2, which voluntary retirement. was increased to 1kg per Rs. 3.50 and 25 %Phase 2 (2002 Jan – 2005 December): of quota was reduced to each family. These new economic reforms have forced the state• Out of 58 companies, some were privatized into debt trap and it increased the debt & some were closed. pressure on public instead of decreasing it.Phase 3 (These should be started in 2006, but • With in a span of 5 years, interest rate on theY.S.R did not start): loan on government debts increased more to• In July, 2006 the government issued G.O. 5 4.8% during this period, the financial deficit for implementation of Phase 3 reforms. increased from 3.2% to 5.5 %.• As part of these reforms, the government tried • During the reforms period, the rural to privatize APSRTC & Singareni development and social sector were neglected Collieries (Approximately 64,000 which increased the sufferings of the rural employees are there in these companies). people.
PNR Publications 375 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Private investments were mainly centred in the • Kura Devender has written a song with the developed regions, which in turn increased name “Mitra”, which explains the distress of economic opportunities to the developed Telangana villages. regions. Due to this, inequalities increased • “Palle Pallena Pallerlu moliche between different regions, especially between Palamurulona… mana telanganalona…”. Telangana (except Hyderabad) and Coastal • Public poet Warangal Srinivas explained the Andhra regions. situations in villages in a album tilted “NurendlaInequalities in Political Sector: Na Uru”, with the song “Oyamma na Palleseema enadu endukintha• During the period of rule of Andhra people in Chinnaboye… Deva yenakati Telangana, the inequalities in administration, kaladhappinadoyi na palle…”. education, politics and employment were • In the country, the reforms of world bank were increased. Everywhere Andhra people used first implemented by the then Andhra Pradesh to show their authority. Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu. As part• From the date of formation of Andhra Pradesh of these reforms the subsidies were reduced state in 1956 till 2014, out of total 58 years, on agriculture, the doors were opened to the the Andhra leaders ruled for 47 years 6 months multinational seed companies such as and Telangana leaders ruled only for a period Monosanto and easing of restrictions on of 10 years 6 months. agricultural imports. All these have escalated• Out of this, if the reign of Jalagam Vengal the number of farmers suicides in Telangana. Rao, who was born in Srikakulam and • In 1956, almost 54% of agricultural land was settled in Khammam is excluded, then dependent on Tanks for irrigation, which was Telangana leaders ruled only for 6 years. reduced to 14% in 1997. • Andhra rulers have deliberately neglected the• The Chief Ministers from Telangana region Tanks in Telangana. As the tanks were filled were P.V. Narsimha Rao, Marri Chenna up with silt, the irrigation in Telangana was Reddy (twice), T. Anjaiah. Out of these three, done through bores and wells. The borewells no one ruled for a period of 5 years. The three need power supply to run. But after the Chief Ministers ruled only for 6 years in four economic reforms, the electricity tariffs were terms. increased, thereby Telangana farmers madeCrisis in Agriculture Sector: debts to pay these increased tariffs. • But when it comes to Andhra region, the• Telangana society has been badly affected by farmers use to get water through canal due to the policies undertaken by the government the irrigation projects. Hence Andhra farmers during economic reforms. Tanks in Telangana would not have to rely on electricity. were filled up with silt, there by irrigation facilities are reduced. Handycrafts were • In addition to this, there was always declining. discrimination in agricultural loans.• During this period, the situation of Telangana • Telangana region accounts for 40% of the was explained in the form of song by Goreti State’s Cultivable land, while this region gets Venkanna. only 23.37% of bank loans.• “Palle Kanneru Peduthundo Kanipinchani • In Telangana, agriculture was stuck in crisis, Kutrala …. Palle bandhi ayipothundo….”. Suicides increased. Due to this, Chandrababu 376 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Naidu’s government have formed “Jayanthi difficult to find in the market. In addition to Ghosh” committee on farmers suicides. But this, the State government has lifted 10 % the government ignored the recommendations subsidy which was previously given on Yarn. of this committee. • Central Government imposed excise tax onBasheer Bagh firings – 2000: cotton and synthetics. This resulted in drastic increase in the prices of yarn.• On 28th August, 2000, the farmers and left parties took up Chalo Assembly program • Prices of dyes and chemicals used in handloom against the increased electricity tariffs. industry were also increased. Due to these During this protest, police firing took place at conditions, irreparable damage was done to Basheer Bagh. Three farmers were killed in the handloom sector. these firings. • Due to this, weavers borrowed loans at high• Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh during interest rates and incurred huge debts. Basheer Bagh firings – Chandra Babu Weavers were unable to repay the loans and Naidu. committed suicides.• Chandrababu Naidu has neglected • In Telangana, Siricilla region is famous as Telangana’s irrigation. In 2001, after the “Uricilla”. announcement of formation of T.R.S party by • In 2004, YSR government appointed a K.C.R; Chandrababu Naidu immediately laid committee under the leadership of K. Rosaiah foundation stone for Devadula Lift irrigation to study the problems of weavers. The project on Godavari river in Warangal district. committee made 14 recommendations but the• In 2013, the Central government appointed a government neglected. committee on farmer issue. • The government has set up “APCO” to marketAccording to the report of that committee: the products of weavers. But it was not successful.• 90% of farmers in Telangana are into debt trap. Beedi Workers:• Average debt of a farmer : Rs. 94,000. • In Telangana, Beedi cultivation was first started• Farmers income was Rs. 4500 to 4800 and in Nizamabad district. the expenditure was between Rs. 5200 to Rs. • Workers who make beedis are known as 5800. The difference between income and “rollers”. expenditure was 20 % deficit. • Workers in this sector, especially women sufferCrisis in Handloom Industry: from TB, cancer like diseases due to inhalation of pungent smell of Tobacco while making• Handloom industry was also neglected by the beedis. Andhra rulers, which was the second most important industry in Telangana after • In Telangana, agriculture and handloom agriculture. The handloom workers were industries were in crisis due to economic completely stuck in Difficulties. reforms. This crisis had impact on the society and economy of Telangana.• The handloom industry in Telangana faced crisis due to economic reforms introduced in Impact on Society: the state. The main raw material for handloom 1. People lost their caste professions / workers Chiluva Silk / Yarn has become to occupations. Pot makers, Blacksmiths, PNR Publications 377 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Vishwakarmas, Padmashalis, Mudiraj etc have educational system has been completely lost their caste professions and continued in neglected since Andhra Pradesh merged wih different occupations. Telangana.2. Farmers and Weavers were trapped in debt • As per 2011 census, Telangana’ s literacy rate trap and committed suicides. Their families was 66.46%, while Hyderabad’s literacy rate came onto roads. was 83.25%.3. The peasants and weavers went into extreme • Mahbubnagar is the most backward district poverty and led their lives below the poverty with a literacy rate of 55%. line. • In the united Andhra Pradesh, Telangana has4 Weavers were prone to many diseases caused been allocated only 30% of funds while by working on power looms. Those who Andhra Pradesh has been allocated 70%. In could not afford for the treatment died at early fact, the population was approximately equal age. in both the regions.Impact on the economy: • According to the 2007 – 08 report, the1. The production of commercial crops in majority of children i.e; 63% who left the Telangana increased after the green revolution. schools in grades 1 to 5 were from Telangana Due to this, usage of chemical fertilizers and region only. HYV seeds was increased. Due to the lack • The number of government teachers in the of knowledge to farmers in Telangana about aided colleges and the funds allocated by the these things, businessmen sold fake and government are very low in Telangana region. adulterated fertilizers and seeds, there by • Universities are also mostly established in the farmers were deceived. Andhra region.2. The purchasing power of farmers has been reduced due to economic reforms. In Telangana state-wide Universities are:3. The farmers could not find suitable jobs in In Hyderabad: villages and migrated to cities to settle in small, 1. Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University. small jobs. 2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University.4. Some weavers went to the Gulf countries for 3. Potti Sri Ramulu Telugu University. employment. However, they were caught and put in jails because they reached Gulf countries 4. Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University. due to fraud of intermediaries / brokers. 5. A.P. State Council of Higher Education.5. Farmers and weavers have sold the lands in Regional Universities are: their villages at lowest prices to the investors Osmania University – Hyderabad. of Andhra region and migrated. The Kakatiya University – Warangal. purchasers of these lands received all kinds of subsidies from the government by claiming • During Congress term, as a part of conspiracy to set up industries in the backward region. the JNTU which was in Warangal was moved to States’ capital Hyderabad.Inequalities in educational sector: • Under JNTU, two colleges have been• Educational development is very important for established in Kakinada and Tirupati, but not the development of any region. The a single college was established in Telangana.
378 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• NTR government continued the state wide • While shutting down the industries in Telangana Universities i.e; Dravidian University in on one hand and on the other hand the Kuppam and Sri Venkateshwara Institute government have pledged the land to Andhra of Medical sciences in Tirupati. investors to set up factories in the surrounding districts of Hyderabad. Andhra investors didInequalities in Employment: not give jobs to Telangana people in the• Prior to the formation of Andhra Pradesh, factories they established. Hyderabad region of Telangana was industrially well developed. Effect on Singareni Workers:• During Nizam’s period, in 1929 the • Singareni Collieries company is said to be the “Industrial Trust Fund” was set up to heart of Telangana life. provide technology and subsidies to the • In the name of modernization of mines, industries. Chandra Babu Naidu have introduced• As a result of the efforts of this trust fund, 3% “Opencast mining” system in Singareni. of total workers of the country were from • Due to this, many villages are evacuated and Hyderabad at the time of Independence. the environment is damaged.• While not setting up new industries, the • Many have lost their jobs because of the ease government has shut down the existing of extracting coal from the surface of the earth. industries in the name of reforms after the In addition to this, many workers were formation of Andhra Pradesh. Due to which, removed due to the introduction of a new thousands of workers of Telangana region have policy i.e; “Golden Shakehand” (Voluntary been left homeless. retirement).
PNR Publications 379 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureAndhra Pradesh Chief Ministers from 1956 to 2014: Name of the Chief Minister Tenure Party Region1) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1st November 1956 – 11th January 1960 Congress Rayalaseema2) Damodaram Sanjivayya 11th January 1960 – 12th March 1962 Congress Rayalaseema3) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (2) 12th March 1962 – 20th February 1964 Congress Rayalaseema4) Kasu Brahmananda Reddy 21st February 1964 – 30 th September 1971 Congress Andhra5) P.V. Narsimha Rao 30th September 1971 – 10th January 1973 Congress Telangana6) President’s Rule 18th January 1973 – 10th December 1973 – –7) Jalagam Vengala Rao 10th December 1973 – 6th March 1978 Congress Andhra Settler8) Marri Chenna Reddy 6th March 1978 – 11th October 1980 Congress Telangana9) Tanguturi Anjaiah 11th October 1980 – 24th February 1982 Congress Telangana10) Bhavanam Venkatrami Reddy 24th February 1982 – 20th September 1982 Congress Andhra11) Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy 20th September 1982 – 9th January 1983 Congress Rayalaseema12) N.T. Rama Rao 9th January 1983 – 16th August 1984 T.D.P Andhra13) Nadendla Bhaskara Rao 16th August 1984 – 16th September 1984 T.D.P Andhra14) N.T. Rama Rao 16th September 1984 – 2nd December 1989 T.D.P Andhra15) Marri Chenna Reddy 3rd December 1989 – 17th December 1990 Congress Telangana16) Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy 17th December 1990 – 9th October 1992 Congress Rayalaseema17) Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy 9th October 1992 – 12th December 1994 Congress Rayalaseema18) N.T. Rama Rao 12th December 1994 – 1st September 1995 T.D.P Andhra19) N. Chandra Babu Naidu 1st September 1995 – 14th May 2004 T.D.P Rayalaseema20) Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy 14th May 2004 – 20th May 2009 Congress Rayalaseema21) Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy 20th May 2009 – 2nd September 2009 Congress Rayalaseema22) Rosaiah 3rd September 2009 – 24th November 2010 Congress Andhra23) Kiran Kumar Reddy 25th November 2010 – 1st March 2014 Congress Rayalaseema24) President’s Rule 1st March 2014 – 8th June 2014 – –25) K.C.R On 2nd June 2014, Telangana’s first chief minister took oath.
380 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Quest for Telangana identity -1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 intellectual discussions & debates -123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Political & ideological efforts1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• The intellectuals, artists, journalists & some • Due to the victory of Telangana supporter, the political leaders of Telangana have tried to important leaders of 1969 Telangana explain the discrimination done by the Andhra movement have started preparations for the leaders on Telangana in 1980’s & 1990’s and agitation for separate Telangana. encouraged the people of Telangana to fight • By the inspiration of this victory, a meeting was against the domination of Andhra people. held in YMCA hall, Narayanaguda, which was• The later phase of Telangana movement which attended by Pratap Kishore, E.V. was started by the leaders of people’s Padmanabham (Flash & Fellowmen organizations in 1984, can be divided into 3 newspaper founder) and the editor of State stages. Advisory newspaper Satyanarayana. TheyThey are: have founded Telangana Democratic Front 1) Pre-formation Phase (1984 – 1996) (TDF) for organizing the Telangana movement. 2) Formation Phase (1996 – 2001) • Satyanarayana, was elected as the convenor of TDF. 3) Political Phase (from 2001)• Now, we will know about the organizations Telangana Party: formed during Telangana movement, the • In 1984, Devendra Swamy & his friends have speeches of prominent leaders, the discussions founded “Telangana Party” in Warangal. and regarding the meetings. Bhupati Krishnamurthy, known as Telangana Gandhi and Kaloji Narayana Rao haveHimayath Nagar by-elections - declared their support to this party.1983: • This party have attracted leaders from• In 1983, by-elections were held in Himayath Warangal and other districts for separate Nagar due to the death of the elected TDP Telangana. MLA. In these elections, Parvataneni Upendra of Andhra was selected as the TDP candidate. Telangana Jana Sabha: Telangana people got agitated by this act and • In 1985, the editor of State Advisory did campaigning for BJP contestant Ale newspaper Satyanarayana have established Narendra and made him win the by-election. “Telangana Jana Sabha” as its President ( Upendra lost the elections. Telangana Jana Sabha was formed due to the• During the campaigning, there was a strong merging of T. D. F & Telangana Party). notion to defeat Upendra against the dominant • On 27th February, 1985 Telangana Jana migration of Andhra. As a result, the non-local Sabha conducted a meeting under the Upendra was defeated and the local Narendra presidentship of Akhila Bharat Arya Samaj won the by-elections. leader Vandemataram Ram Chandra Rao PNR Publications 381 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture in Andhra Saraswat Parishad hall in • The members of this commission have toured Hyderabad. the entire Telangana region and gave its report• In this meeting, it was decided to fight for the on 22nd November, 1985. emergence of Telangana region as a separate • In this report, they stated that the “demand state. for separate Telangana” is Justified desire.• On February, 27th on the same day on which • Based on the points of this report a a, meeting was organized by Telangana Jana representation (a letter was written) named as Sabha in Hyderabad, the then Prime Minister “Demand for separate Telangana” along Rajiv Gandhi attended another meeting in with 10 pages of the commission report was Siddipet. Rajiv Gandhi in this meeting have submitted to the then Prime Minister Rajiv stated that “From the day of formation of Gandhi. Andhra Pradesh State in 1956, the Telangana Supporters March injustice done to Telangana region will be (Padayatra) to Delhi: rectified”. • In June, 1987 some of the Telangana• Later, the Jana Sabha leaders Vandemataram supporters have started march (Pada Yatra) Ramchandra Rao & other leaders held to Delhi. The important leaders among them meetings at Warangal & Kothagudem. were Pratap Kishore, Sanavullah, Sher• A group of members along with a Khan and Shavuddin. representative of Jana Sabha went to Delhi • The leaders started their march from and gave a representation to the then Prime Charminar and paid respects to martyrs at Minister Rajiv Gandhi & to Foreign Minister Gunpark and proceeded further through S.B. Chouhan demanding for a separate Medchal, Nirmal, Adilabad and reached Telangana State. Nagpur.• They requested opposition leader L.K. Adavni and Janata party leader George • From Nagpur, they went to Delhi in train. They Fernandez for giving their support to separate met Vice-President and gave a memorandum Telangana State. for separate Telangana. After their return from Delhi, the group of leaders have decided to• Later, the programs of Jana Sabha were revive “Telangana Praja Samithi” based on the stopped due to more concentration of Vandemataram Ramchandra rao on the Arya suggestions of Telangana Supporters. Samaj programs. • In 1987, Telangana Praja Samithi was revived. Bhupathi Krishna Murthy wasSarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha elected as its President.On Telangana: Telangana Porata Samithi:• “Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha” was affiliated to Arya Samaj, this sabha have • K.R. Amos and Mechineni Kishan Rao appointed a two – member commission with have founded an organization known as its Delhi representatives. “Telangana Porata Samithi” and started their 1. Om Prakash Tyagi movement for achieving separate Telangana 2. H.K.S. Malik to enquire into Telangana’s state. problem.382 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During that period, an All-India conference Telangana Legislative forum: was held in Delhi regarding the formation of • During 1991-92 period, Velichala Jagapathi small states. Rao as convenor have formed “Telangana• This conference held discussions on the Legislative forum” with about 100 MLA’s formation of small states, and gave a document of different parties from Telangana region and of knowledge to the central government and elected Jana Reddy as its Chairman. demanded the formation of Telangana, • About 100 MLA’s from different parties went Jharkhand & Vidarbha states based on the to Delhi and met the then president and Prime demands of the people. Minister P.V. Narsimha Rao and explained the necessity for separate Telangana state.• This conference was also attended by the • The then Prime Minister P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana representatives. was from Telangana region but he supportedVelichala Jagapathi Rao efforts for united Andhra Pradesh. P.V. Narsimha Raocreating awareness on Telangana: was in power for 5 years (1991-96), but he did not even think about formation of separate• Velichala Jagapathi Rao, a former MLC of Telangana state during his tenure. Congress party from Karimnagar have played an important role in 1969 for separate • The legislative forum members have also given a memorandum to the then Chief Minister Telangana movement. Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy.• In 1989, Jagapathi Rao have organized • Because of this, discussions took place on the awareness camps for 3 days in Karimnagar issue of Telangana in September during State and created awareness among public Assembly proceedings. The then Chief regarding the injustice done to Telangana Minister Janardhan Reddy promised to rectify region. the injustice done to Telangana region.• Jagapathi Rao actively participated in “Jala • But meanwhile Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy Sadhana Samithi” movement organized by was appointed as the Chief Minister by the Dushcharla Satyanarayana in Nalgonda. Congress party by removing Janardhan• Jagapathi Rao participated in a March (Pada Reddy. Yatra) from Nalgonda to Srisailam project • Along with Jagapathi Rao, the former Chief as a part of “Jala Sadhana Samithi” Engineer of irrigation N. Prabhakar wrote movement. essays to create awareness on the irrigation projects.• Organized a meeting at Sri Ram Sagar project to explain about the injustice done to Telangana O.U forum for Telangana (1987): people in the Sri Ram Sagar project. • An awareness camp was held on 17 th• Jagapathi Rao published a report in 1991 – September, 1987 in Arts college room . no. 92 regarding the injustice done to Telangana 57 under the Presidentship of Prof . region in irrigation and electricity sectors. Lakshman to create awareness about injustice done to Telangana region in United• This report made the Telangana people sad state. and angry and made them ready for the protest • The Chief guest for this conference was against the injustice. Dasaradi Krishnamacharyulu.
PNR Publications 383 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During this conference, the O.U forum for Discussions on Telangana in Telangana was formed by O.U professors Assembly Meetings (1992): under the leadership of Prof. Lakshman, • Telangana legislative forum formed under Prof. Jayashankar, Prof. Keshav Rao and Velichala Jagapathi Rao & Jana Reddy have Prof. Madhusudhan Reddy played active asked many questions in the legislative role. assembly regarding the injustice done to• This forum did efforts to create ideology of Telangana. Telangana among University professors and students. • In 1992, the forum members have given notice on injustice done to Telangana in irrigation,• On the occasion of new year in 1988, the education and electricity sectors. Due to this, forum distributed Telangana greetings Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy held along with Telangana map. discussions in the assembly.• The forum also released calendars with • The then Chief Minister Janardhan Reddy gave Telangana map in the year 1988. guarantees / promises to the questions posed• O.U forum for Telangana, along with United by the members of Assembly. The promises front, Telangana information trust, Telangana were not fulfilled but the discussions created Jana Sabha have released Telangana awareness among the public. political map by Kaloji Narayan Rao. This was the 1st political map of Telangana. Discrimination & Under development• This forum conducted many programs every of Telangana: year by celebrating September 17th as • During the period of Andhra rulers, the region Telangana liberation day and November 1st of Telangana was mostly discriminated in as Telangana betrayal day. agriculture, irrigation, electricity, education,• During the period of formation of TRS party, medical, employment and industrial sectors. in May, 2001 this forum has invited K.C.R Andhra rulers totally ignored the irrigation to Arts college and held big meeting in Tagore sector in Telangana. Due to this, all the farmers auditorium to create awareness about the party. in Telangana were dependent on theTelangana Sangarshana Samithi underground water for their agricultural(1989): purposes.• In 1989, the former Minister Koheda • It was clearly stated in the “States Re- Prabhakar Reddy and Mechineni Kishan organization” act in section 107, 108 (1) Rao together established “Telangana that all the projects started before 1956 should Sangarshana Samithi” to protest for separate be completed as a duty but Andhra rulers did Telangana state. not complete any project in Telangana region.• Majilis party head “Salauddin Owaisi” also • By this hunger deaths, suicides & migrations participated in the meetings organized by this in Telangana became routine. Due to this, Samithi. people from all sectors became intolerant and• During the lifetime of Salauddin Owaisi, only people strongly believed that Andhra rulers for this time supported the demand for Telangana. were responsible for these sufferings. Because Salauddin Owaisi neither after this meeting nor of this, once again Telangana people were before this supported Telangana demand. He getting ready for separate Telangana always supported united Andhra Pradesh. movement.
384 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Towards formation of Telangana State (1991-2014)1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Public awakening & Intellectual reaction against1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 discrimination - formation of Civil Society Organization,1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Articulation of Separate Telangana identity12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
Telangana Information Trust: expressed by the Telangana leaders before• During 1987, the prominent supporter of Fazal Ali commission became true. Telangana and former councillor E.V. • To continue the programs of Telangana Padmanabham through his news paper Information Centre, on 14th July, 1988 “Flash & Fellowman” have brought into “Telangana Information Trust” was limelight / people notice the injustice have done formed. to the Telangana region. • Prabhakar’s house at Khairtabad was used• E.V. Padmanabham used to print his as the trust office. newspaper “Flash & Fellowman” in • The trust declared its goal is to publish the Natyakala press of T. Prabhakar. reports of research & studies conducted on• During this, E.V. Padmanabham have the injustice done to Telangana region from all discussed regarding the injustice done to over the state. Telangana with T. Prabhakar many times. Ma Telangana Newspaper:• Due to the influence of E.V. Padmanabham, • Telangana information trust on 13th August, Prof. Jayashankar & Prof. Keshav Rao 1989 have started “Ma Telangana” Jadhav, T. Prabhakar have established newspaper. This newspaper inauguration “Telangana information centre”. meeting was organised at Basant Talkies in• T. Prabhakar, Prof . Lakshman (Philosophy Kachiguda. The Chairman for this meeting was dept, OU) and Harinath tried to collect all the Keshav Rao Jadhav. literature which was published on Telangana • The chief guest for the meeting was Justice since 1956 from OU library and from other Konda Madhav Reddy libraries. • This meeting was attended by prominent• Telangana information centre have published leaders like Kaloji Narayana Rao, Prof. the books written during 1969 Telangana Jayashankar, Prof. Anand Rao Thota, movement, the monthly magazines published Prof. Madhusudhan Reddy & P. Yashoda under Prof. Ram Reddy, S.R.C. Report, Devi. Gentlemen’s agreement, all – party agreement • Telangana information trust have published a and G.O. 36 etc. book known as “Perspectives on• Telangana information trust have published a Telangana”, which had a comprehensive 4 – pages pamphlet describing how the fears information regarding the exploitation done in
PNR Publications 385 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture electricity & irrigation sectors to Telangana by Alwar Swamy as a part of modern region. Telangana literature in M.A. Telugu Syllabus.• Ma Telangana newspaper along with general • As a part of this movement, the students have editions, it published three special editions gheraoed (Surrounded) the Arts College during: Principal Subhashan Reddy And the Vice-1. 1989 Kalvakurthi elections, where N.T.R was Principal as a result, the authorities have contested. included a novel “Prajala Manishi” into2. In 1997 when later stage Telangana movement correspondence course as a part of M. A. was started and Syllabus.3. In 2001 when T.R.S party was formed. • TLSO opposed the reservation system which was implemented in the college. During that• During 1989, N.T.R contested from period, 85% of the seats should be filled with Kalvakurthi constituency and was defeated. local candidates and the remaining 15% was• One of the reasons for his defeat in elections open category. But Andhra rulers considered was due to special edition which was published this 15% open category for non-locals and by Ma Telangana Newspaper. filled those 15% with non-locals.• Due to the influence of the literature published • TLSO have staged strikes and took out on injustice done to Telangana by Telangana processions demanding that 15% of seats are information trust, organizations emerged during to be filled according to the merit but not to 1990 – 91 in Osmania University. the non-locals.1. Telangana Students Front. • In August 1992, TLSO have organized a2. Telangana liberation student’s organization. meeting at Arts college when the padayatra (March) of Jala Sadhana Samithi under theTelangana Liberation students leadership of Dushcherla SatyanarayanaOrganization (TLSO): reached Osmania University.• In 1992, a student leader of O.U K. • On 15 th February, 1993 a group of Manohar Reddy have established TLSO. representatives from this organization went to• Manohar Reddy was Political science Delhi and gave a memorandum to create student in Arts college. Separate Telangana to National leaders.• The students felt that all the opportunities in • Group of representatives gave memorandum education & employment of Telangana region to Janata Dal head George Fernandez, Jaitley, are given to non-locals and students along with all India Communist Party leader A.B. Manohar Reddy joined in TLSO & protested Bardhan, Jharkhand movement leader Shibu against it. Soren.• Samidi Jagan Reddy, a journalist in • On 4, 5th April 1993 the Telangana Liberation “Udhayam” newspaper have actively Students Organization have conducted a participated in TLSO and he wrote a small “Conference on Small States” in Osmania book named as “Kakati”. University Campus. Former Central Minister of Janata Dal Party George FernandezPrograms Organized By TLSO: attended this conference.• TLSO started a movement with a demand to • In 1994, the then Minister for higher education include a novel “Prajala Manishi” written “Alapati Dharma Rao” stated in the 386 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Assembly that they are analysing the • Justice T.L.N Reddy of Andhra region also opportunities to fill the backlog posts in supported the movement led by Telangana Telangana Aided colleges by the Coastal Mukti Morcha. Andhra and Rayalaseema people. Telangana Praja Samithi• Later, the government released orders that Conference: 127 people from Andhra are transferred to Telangana. With this TLSO president K. • On 23rd January, 1994 a conference was held Manohar Reddy staged hunger strike in under the aegis of Telangana Praja Samithi for Osmania University against the orders given separate Telangana state. by the government. • In this conference, a 24 – page book was• The then University Register Soundar Rajan published by Telangana Praja Samithi which intervened and stopped the orders and broke explained the injustice done to Telangana region the hunger strike of Manohar Reddy. in different sectors.• The organization also staged protest when Resignation of Legislative Assembly Telugu medium Degree students were denied member Pranay Bhaskar: P.G. admissions in Journalism. • Dhasyam Pranay Bhaskar, legislative• T.L.S.O have staged strikes and protests member from Hanumakonda was Minister regarding the completion of irrigation projects in NTR’s government in the year 1994. in Telangana, on the fluoride issue in Telangana, • In 1995, N. Chandra babu Naidu deceived against the “Al – Kabir” (livestock killing N.T.R and became Chief Minister. During this centre) in Medak district and for the period also, Dasyam Pranay Bhaskar did not cancellation of health university. go with Chandra babu Naidu & he was withTelangana Mukti Morcha: N.T.R.• Telangana Mukti Morcha is one of the social • Dasyam Pranay Bhaskar was speaking organisations which fought for the separate regarding the problems faced by Telangana Telangana state. region in the assembly. During the speech, the then assembly speaker Yanamala Rama• In 1993, Telangana Mukti Morcha was Krishnudu said to refer Telangana region as formed under the leadership of Former the backward region. Pranay Bhaskar got Minister Mechineni Kishan Rao as its annoyed and said that speaker does not have convenor, Dr. k. Purushottam Reddy, authority to instruct the Telanganites not to Lakshamaiah, Madan Mohan, Nagasena speak regarding Telangana. Reddy & others. • Pranay Bhaskar resigned to his assembly• Telangana Mukti Morcha opined that small membership as a protest against speaker states like Haryana, Kerala and Goa are well words and said that it is waste of time to be in developed, in the same way India should be this assembly. divided into small states along with Telangana state. • Later prof. Jayashankar and his associates convinced Pranay Bhaskar to cool down and• In 1993, from September 24th to 28 th that will achieve Telangana state with patience. Telangana Mukti Morcha gave a message / By this Pranay Bhaskar have withdrawn his call regarding the formation of small states and resignation. conducted Political leadership classes.
PNR Publications 387 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureDev Gowda’s Uttarakhand • Telangana supporters like Kaloji Narayanadeclaration: Rao, Prof. Jayashankar, Keshav Rao Jadhav• On 15th August, 1996 the then Prime Minister and Prof. Janardhan Rao have attended the Dev Gowda during the flag hoisting at Red meeting which was organised under the fort, Delhi declared that as soon as possible leadership of Bhupathi Krishna Murthy and Uttar Pradesh will be divided and a separate gave intense speeches on Telangana issue. Uttarakhand state will be formed. • Next day, the newspapers have published the• This declaration has given new hopes to news regarding Warangal meeting, by seeing Telangana supporters. this news Chief Minister Chandra Babu Naidu became impatient.Nizamabad Advocates meeting: • Chandrababu Naidu while speaking said that• On 27th October, 1996 a meeting was held he will not tolerate separatism and if injustice by advocates of Nizamabad under the is done to Telangana region it will be rectified. leadership of an Advocate A.S. Poshetty. But if separatism arises, he said that he will• Chief guest for this meeting was Prof. try to stop with heavy hand. Jayashankar. Manjeera Writers Association• Many social organization leaders such as Meeting: Bhupati Krishna Murthy, Konda Laxman • On 20th November, 1996 the Writers & Bapuji and Gadar attended this meeting and Artists of Telangana held meeting at Siddipet wide range discussions took place on under the aegis of Manjeera Writers Separate Telangana state. Association.• This meeting concluded that achieving • The Writers & Artists have explained to the separate Telangana state is the only solution public the injustice done to Telangana region for all the problems in Telangana region. in the form of poetry & songs.• This was the 1st meeting in later phase Telangana movement. Mallepally Rajam Trust meeting: • The popular journalist MallepallyWarangal Meeting: Lakshmaiah was the founder of Centre for• As Nizamabad meeting was successful, within Dalit Studies. His native place is as Jangoan, few days on 1st November, 1996 Telangana beside Godavari kani. Praja Samithi organized Telangana Conference • Mallepally Rajam, who fought for the in Moghilaiah hall in Warangal for separate welfare of the Singareni workers was Telangana state. murdered. Mallepally Rajam, was the Paternal• November 1st , the day on which Andhra uncle of Mallepally Lakshmaiah. Pradesh formed is treated as black day & • Every year on Sankranthi day, Lakshmaiah betrayal day by Telangana Praja Samithi and would invite a prominent orator for the Telangana proponents. memorial meeting of Mallepally Rajam. On• The organizers thought that about 200 14th January, 1997 Prof. Jayashankar was members would attend the meeting but to their invited for the memorial meeting. surprise approximately 2000 members • Based on the Speech given by prof. attended the meeting from all the regions of Jayashankar, the Sangam media group Telangana.
388 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture (Mallepally Lakshmaiah) have published State Assembly. While discussions in assembly, two books named “what is happening in the Legislative Assembly member of Telangana” and “Telangana State is a Jagityal of congress party T. Jeevan demand”. Reddy questioned the government regarding• These books were inaugurated on January 19th the injustice done to Telangana region by in Telangana meeting at Ashok talkies in showing the statistics. Hyderabad. Bhuvanagiri Sabha - 1997:Hyderabad forum for freedom of • On 8th, 9th March, 1997 big meeting wasExpression: held at Bhuvanagiri by the Telangana• On 19th January, 1997 a meeting was held proponents. During this meeting, Gadar sang on discrimination done to Telangana culture in a song “Naa thalli Telangana thiraga Ashok Talkies, near Vivekavardhini badda Veena”. College at Putlibowli, Hyderabad. Background of this meeting:• This meeting was organised by Pasham • Nagaram Anjaiah had difference of opinion Yadagiri. with Manda Krishna Madiga, the founder of• The Telangana journalists established “Forum Madiga Reservation Porata Samithi (MRPS) for freedom of expression” to conduct and Nagaram Anjaiah came out of the meetings every year in the memory of Gulam MRPS and established Telangana Madiga Rasool, who was murdered by the police. This Reservation Porata Samithi. meeting was held under this forum. • Nagaram Anjaiah in an effort to make• The 1 sentence on the pamphlet of this st strengthen Telangana MRPS met different meeting was “the self – respect movement leaders like Gade Innaiah and Gadar. It was of the brothers who are living as decided in their discussions to organize foreigners in their own land”. Bhuvanagiri sabha. It was decided to start preparations for Bhuvanagiri sabha in the• In this meeting, Gade Innaiah released 1st Telangana conference held at Ashok Talkies, edition of his book “Dagapadda near V.V. College on 19th January, 1997. In Telangana”. the last week of January, discussions were held• In this meeting only, Gadar for the 1st time sang at Mini hall of Ravindra Bharati regarding the song “Amma Telanganama Akali Bhuvanagiri sabha. Kekala Ganama”. • During that period, Nagapuri Anjaiah was• the book “what is happening in Telangana” working as a Advocate and he was president written by Acharya Jayashankar was for Bhuvanagiri Bar Association. inaugurated in this meeting. • An invitation committee for Bhuvanagiri sabha• It was decided in this meeting only that to be held on march 8, 9th was formed with “Telangana Conference” should be held at 43 members under the aegis of “Telangana Bhuvanagiri on 8th march, 1997. Hakkula Samithi”. Out of these 43Discussions on Telangana in State members, 17 members were advocates.Assembly: Remaining were doctors, journalists & others.• On 26 th February, 1997 wide range • Nagaram Anjaiah, Pulimamidi Bala Krishna discussions took place on Telangana issue in Reddy, Jaini Mallaiah Gupta were elected as convenors to the invitation committee. PNR Publications 389 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Advocates, writers, poets, artists, professors Telangana Kala Samithi) have explained the and journalists formed into a group known as injustice done to Telangana in the form of “Sahithi Mitra Mandali” and conducted the songs. Bhuvanagiri Sabha. Prof. Biyyala Janardhan Rao: gave speech• On March 8th, 9th this sabha was held at the on migration of Adivasis & their problems, premises of Indian Mission High School of government’s attitude towards 1 of 70 act, Bhuvanagiri. injustice done to Adivasis by Coastal Andhra• Bhuvanagiri sabha was named as migrants. “Dagapadda Telangana”. K.G. Satyamurthy: the former leader of• The campus where Bhuvanagiri Sabha was people’s war party and the President of held is named as “Nizam Vythireka Porata “Bahujan Republic Party” K.G. Amaraveerula Pranganam” (in the memory Satyamurthy attended this meeting and of martyrs who fought against the Nizam). declared support for Separate Telangana• This meeting was started by Praja Kavi demand. “Kaloji Narayana Rao”. • This meeting held in Indian Mission High• Approximately 40,000 Telangana people school campus conducted wide range of along with intellectuals & prominent discussions on the problems of Telangana. personalities attended this meeting. • On the final day of the meeting, big procession• The intellectuals who attended this meeting took place on the streets of Bhuvangiri with gave speeches on different issues. “Jai Telangana” slogans. Jayashankar: gave speech on the injustice • Intellectuals from Osmania, Kakatiya done to Telangana region in education & University, representatives from different health sectors. districts, artists groups under the leadership Gade Innaiah: Regarding injustice done in of Gadar, Jana Natya mandali, Eka Lavya irrigation & electricity sectors. Natya Mandali, artists from Arunodaya Keshava Rao Jadhav: Regarding Telangana Samskruthi Organization participated in this resouces, industries and on industrial pollution. procession and reached the campus of Government junior college & conducted big K. Srinivas: Regarding migration, jobs of open meeting. higher authorities. • Bhuvanagiri sabha is the milestone in the Nandini Sidda Reddy: Regarding Telangana separate Telangana movement. language & culture , media. • This meeting does not pass any resolution Ghanta Chakrapani : Regarding social related to separate Telangana. But it passed welfare, injustice done to BC, SC & minorities some resolutions related to the problems in in Telangana. Telangana region. Dr. Muttaiah: Regarding reservation & categorisation. Bhuvanagiri Sabha Resolutions: Gadar: Gadar stated that different artists • The power cuts in Telangana region should groups will be formed in support of Telangana be lifted. and they will lead cultural movement by • Common entrance should be abolished. travelling from one village to another Regional entrance should be introduced. Belli Lalitha: the leader of Golla Kurma Dolu • The jobs in Telangana industries & Dhebba Belli Lalitha (Co-Convenor of organizations should be given to Telangana390 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture people according to the quota & it should be 1. The spread of ideology justified. 2. agitation Programs and• The forest lands, lands on people, waste lands 3. Political Process and excess lands should be distributed among the landless people. Centre for Telangana Studies (1997):• Sc, St and minorities categorisation should be • In 1997, Various civil society organization done on the basis of regions. leaders established centre for Telangana studies in Osmania University.• 1 of 70 act should be implemented strictly. The lands taken by the government should be Centre for Telangana studies: given to Adivasis. President – Prof. Jayashankar• Irrigation water supply and drinking water Vice-President – Kesava Rao Jadhav should be provided to Telangana. General Secretary – Simhadri• The funds needed to complete Sri Ram Sagar Treasury – P.L.V. Vishveshvara Rao. and Srisailam left canal should be released • In Vishalandra, Telangana region was immediately. discriminated and it was robbed. As a result,• Women should be given 50 % reservation in financial progress was stalled in Telangana. social, economic & political sectors. • The political leadership became helpless.• Police camps should be removed from Telangana language – culture were insulted. Telangana villages. Gradually Telangana history also disappeared.• The tendency of insulting Telangana language • The important aim of centre for Telangana and accent in public media should be avoided. studies is to revive Telangana history, collect The government should take back the proposal the details of Telangana region and to publish of Privatisation of Nizam Sugars and other them to create awareness among the factories in Telangana. government and the public.• Previously, the 11th Andhra Mahasabha • This centre have published many Telugu & conducted on March 8th , 9th , 1944 was held English books related to Telangana region to in Bhuvanagiri. Hence, this Bhuvanagiri sabha strengthen the Telangana movement. was organized on the same dates.• Gadar played active role in Bhuvanagiri sabha, Telangana Pragathi Vedika: he was attacked on 6th April, 1997. Telangana • On July 12th , 13th 1997 in Padma Rao proponents, Communists party leaders, Nagar, Hyderabad under the aegis of activists and people felt that Andhra leaders tried Telangana Pragathi Vedika a camp of similar to kill Gadar because he sang for Telangana. thinking was organized by Sri Rapolu• Later, the leadres of Civil Society Ananda Bhasker. Organizations tried to explain the loss done to • This camp mainly discussed about the Telangana region during united Andhra backwardness of Telangana people in Pradesh and to strengthen the movement for economic, social, cultural and political areas. separate Telangana they established different • Telangana Pragathi Vedika declared the civil society organizations. Bathukamma festival which is celebrated for• These civil society organizations have opted 9 days as “Telangana Samskruthi 3 ways to strengthen Telangana movement. Parirakshana Denalu” (Telangana Cultural
PNR Publications 391 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture conservation days) and organized awareness esteem struggles of Dalits & Bahujans programs in many areas for spreading the (Dalit – Bahujan Aathma Gouravam Poratalu). ideology of Telangana in the region. • In 1997, August Maroju Veeranna established• Pragathi Vedika have organized many “Telangana Mahasabha” with an aim of conferences with intellectuals and scientists to “Bahujan Rajyam in Geographical discuss about the problems faced by Telangana”. Telangana people regarding irrigation water, • 1st meeting of Telangana Mahasabha was held drinking water supply, education, employment on 11th August, 1997 in Suryapet. and other things. • Suryapet meeting is known as “Dhoka DinnaSeminar in O.U under the aegis of Telangana” Sabha (Telangana which wasCentre for Telangana studies: cheated.• On 16 th, 17 th August 1997 a two-day • As Maroju Veeranna was in exile, the conference was held on the topic “Regional President for Suryapet Sabha was imbalances & Development alternatives” Cheruku Sudhakar and V. Prakash as its under the aegis of Centre for Telangana studies Secretary. in Osmania University library. • Suprabhat Hotel Complex in Kachiguda• This conference was organized by the Prof. was served as the main centre for working of P.L. Vishveshvara Rao of Journalism dept, Telangana Mahasabha. O.U and Prof. Simhadri of Geography • In Suryapet Sabha, V. Prakash have department. This conference was started by introduced a resolution for separate former member of planning commission Ch. Telangana State and the audience of the Hanumanth Rao. meeting acknowledged with the claps.• In this seminar, many intellectuals have • V. Prakash as editor have published submitted their research papers on the injustice Telangana Mahasabha Monthly done to Telangana region in education, irrigation and employment sectors. magazine for spreading the ideology of separate Telangana.• Due to the inspiration from this conference, the intellectuals who participated in this • V. Prakash have published essays written conference have founded “Telangana Ikya by intellectuals in this magazine, regarding Vedika” (Telangana United front). the injustice done to Telangana region in different sectors.Telangana Mahasabha – Suryapet: • After this meeting, a big procession took place• As a part of public movement for separate in Suryapet streets with thousands of people. Telangana, Maroju Veeranna have After the procession, a open meeting was held established “Dalit Bahujan Mahasabha” with approximately 15 thousand people and for uniting the scheduled castes & tribes. Dr. Cheruku Sudhakar was the President• Veeranna opined that at least in small states of this meeting. the justice will be done to Dalits & Bahujan • In Suryapet Sabha, Cheruku Sudhakar and fought for the separate Telangana state. proposed “Suryapet declaration” with• Maroju Veeranna campaigned that separate separate Telangana demand and 16 other Telangana will be formed only by the self- demands.
392 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureImportant points in • On 13 th & 14 th September, 1997Suryapet declaration: “Telangana movement representatives conference” was held in Samara Simha1. In Telangana, 10 districts along with Reddy gardens at Champapet, Hyderabad. Hyderabad should be considered as the After this conference, Patlolla Indra Reddy separate state. have founded “Jai Telangana Party” in2. A white paper should be released regarding 1997. the funds allotted by the government to • The party office was at Kachiguda. Telangana, Andhra and Rayala seema regions • The then APCC President Y. S. Rajashekar from the year 1956. Reddy declared that if Congress Party comes3. The projects which are proposed to be into power, it will do justice for Telangana constructed with an aim to provide water to region. By this statement, Patlolla Indra Andhra region and which are threat to Reddy merged Jai Telangana Party into Telangana region such as Polavaram and Congress Party on 8th July, 1998. Pulichintala projects should be stopped.4. As per 5th, 6th schedule of the constitution, an Telangana United Front (1997): act should be passed declaring the agency • On 14 th October, 1997, all the 28 areas as tribal self-governing areas. organizations which were working for Telangana established Telangana United5. 1 of 70 act should be implemented strictly. front in Osmania University library. The excess lands in different categories should be distributed among the poor. • On 16th, October, 1997 a press release was declared regarding the formation of Telangana6. Local people should be appointed in industries United front. and in other jobs. • The only aim of the Telangana United front is7. Every language should be developed in an to achieve Telangana State. For this, United orderly manner. As a part of development, front did efforts for the integration of Telangana language should be introduced in Telangana’s power. Telangana United front educational institutions, administration, used “Jala Drushyam”, house of Konda judiciary and media. For this, Telangana Laxman Bapuji as its office. language development board should be • Telangana United front had constructed established with members of Telangana region. two tiers committee8 A separate board should be established for 1. Organizing committee the research and development of Tribal arts 2. Steering Committee and their culture. 1) Organizing Committee:Jai Telangana Party (1997): • 28 organizations in the united front are the part• In 1995, August when Chandrababu Naidu of the organizing committee. ousted N. T. R and became Chief Minister, • These organizations will nominate their the then MLA Patolla Indra Reddy of representatives to the organizing committee. Chevella constituency was with NTR only. • 28 organizations in organizing committee In 1996, January after the death of NTR, are: Patlolla Indra Reddy joined the NTR TDP party established by Lakshmi Parvathi. later, 1. Telangana Mahasabha he resigned. 2. Telangana Pragathi Vedika PNR Publications 393 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 3. Telangana Lawyers Forum 8. Bhupathi Krishna Murthy 4. Telangana Praja Samithi 9. Nagaram Anjaiah 5. Telangana Praja Parshad 10.L. Muralidhar Rao 6. Telangana Mukthi Morcha 11. Tejavath Bellaiah Naik 7. Telangana Graduates Association • On 1 st November, 1997 a rally was 8. Telangana Rashtra Sadana Samithi organized by Telangana United front from 9. Telangana Forum Nizam college ground to Clock tower park 10. Telangana Liberation Students in Secunderabad. organizations • This rally after reaching Stupa of martyrs 11. Telangana Dalit writer’s association (Amaraveerula Stupam) in clock tower park, 12. Telangana Youth forum a big public meeting was held and it was addressed by Kaloji Narayana Rao, Prof. Jaya 13.Telangana Jana parishad Shankar, Konda Laxman Bapuji and others. 14. Osmania University forum for Telangana • The responsibility of this rally was taken over 15.Telangana Vichar Manch by V. Prakash on behalf of Telangana 16. Lohiya Vichar Manch Mahasabha, but under Telangana Ikya 17. Telangana Bahujan Porata Samithi Vedhika this rally was conducted. 18. Telangana fourth class employees forum • Inspired by this rally Konda Laxman Bapuji 19. Telangana Lectures forum gave his house “Jala Drushyam” to 20.Telangana Vidyarthi Yuvajana Mahasabha Telangana United front to use it as its 21. Telangana Dalit Seva Sangam office. Till then, the office of United front was 22. Samatha Vedika (Khammam) in Suprabhat complex in Kachiguda. 23. Tribal Student’s Yuvajana Association • On 1st November, 1997 Kaloji Narayana 24. Telangana Village Administrative officers Rao under the aegis of Telangana United front association have inaugurated “Telangana” newspaper at Martyrs Stupa, Gunpark. This Telangana 25. Telangana Gramin Vikas Manch newspaper was run by V. Prakash and Sama 26. Hindi Basha Mukti Morcha for separate Jagan Reddy. Telangana 27.Telangana Vishwa Brahmin association United Front Service Programs: 28.Telangana Teachers forum • The members of Telangana United front collected donations from the Voluntary2) Steering Committee: organizations and distributed money among the• A steering committee was formed with 11 families of the farmers who committed members to take decisions and to give suicides. guidance for the movement. The members are • When drought hit the Raipur village in 1. Prof. Kothapalli Jaya Shankar Gattu mandal of Mahbubnagar district, 2. Kesava Rao Jadhav the United front adopted the village and 3. Rapollu Anand Bhaskar distributed rice, jowar, wheat etc. with the help 4. V. Prakash of a voluntary organization working under 5. S. Vijay Prashanth C.E.C Gopal. 6. B. Rajvardhan Reddy • In 1998, July when Cholera was spread 7. C. Satish Kumar in Adilabad district, the government declared394 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture it as diarrhoea. During that period, Telangana • K.C.R accepted the request of united Front United front assembled at Kanapur in and founded T.R.S party on 27th April, 2001. Adilabad district and formed a committee to Telangana United front members played know the truth. important role in T.R.S, hence United front• This committee submitted a report to the lost its importance. government that it is Cholera disease not Warangal declaration diarrhoea. This problem was published in Wall (28th, 29th December, 1997): Street Journal of USA, due to the initiative of B. Janardhan Rao. • All India people’s Resistance forum (AIPRF) organized a public meeting on 28th, 29th• Later, the government took measures for the December, 1997 in Hanumakonda with a Prevention of Cholera disease. name “Prajasvamika Telangana• Telangana United front have organized many Akanksha” (the aspiration for democratic conferences to bring awareness among the Telangana). people regarding the problems in Telangana • President for this meeting – Prof. Sai Baba. and to spread the ideology of Separate Telangana State. • Previously on 1 st June, 1997 central committee of C.P.I (M.L) peoples war have• Although Telangana United front organized released a bulletin in support of Telangana many conferences and meetings it could not movement with a title “Separate Telangana achieve the expected results. By this united movement – Telangana Development – front opined that a popular leader can take Our Program”. the feeling of Separate Telangana into public and change Telangana movement into people’s • In the opinion of Police, AIPRF is affiliated movement. organization to people’s war party, hence police-imposed restrictions on public for• The leader of united front tried to give the attending the Warangal meeting. responsibility of Telangana movement to P. Janardhan Reddy, the then State • Although restrictions were imposed & opposition leader, But Janardhan Reddy detentions took place, the AIPRF meeting refused. became success and this gave new inspiration to people & Telangana supporters.• During that period, the then Deputy Speaker of Assembly K. Chandra Shekhar Rao • In Warangal meeting, Prof. Saibaba (K.C.R) have written an open letter to the proposed Warangal declaration with 50 government protesting the increased electricity demands and it was approved by the charges in Telangana. conference.• By this, United front leaders have seen K.C.R Important Points of Warangal declaration: as a hope. United front leaders Prof. 1. Separate Democratic Telangana state should Jayashankar, V. Prakash, Gade Innaiah, be formed keeping in view of the Democratic Sirikonda Madhusudana chary met K.C.R aspirations of the people. several times and explained that apart from 2. Rationally amend land reform act and prepare electricity problem Telangana region is facing comprehensive land reform methods and it many other problems & reasons for these should be implemented. Tenancy (Kauldhar) problems also discussed and requested K.C.R act should be implemented (the act which tells to lead separate Telangana movement. land to the titler). PNR Publications 395 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture3. In agency areas, 1 of 70 act should be 2. Khagen Talukdar (Leader of Manav implemented unconditionally. The agency land Adhikar sangram – Assam). present in the hands of non-tribes should be • In this conference, people’s poet Kaloji given to tribals. Narayan Rao inaugurated “Jana4 On Godavari river, only Ichchampally project Telangana” monthly magazine. should be constructed. Pulichintala project • Later, Kaloji have given a slogan “Quit should be stopped. Telangana” to the leaders of Coastal Andhra5 The Polavaram project which will inundate the who were looted the resources of Telangana. lands of Telangana region should be stopped He said that Telangana people should and small small projects should be constructed. implement “Do or Die” policy in achieving6 The resources in Telangana region should be separate Telangana. re-distributed rationally among the districts. • In the evening of the second day conference a7. The migrations from Mahbubnagar district public meeting which was held in Amberpet were increasing should be prevented. was successful. In this meeting, it was decided8. The authority of self-governance to Adivasis that Telangana Jana sabha should be separate should be identified according to the from politics and fight for separate Telangana. constitution and implemented. • After two-days conference, Telangana Jana9. The Culture and language of the tribals should Sabha have organized meetings in different be preserved. towns and cities. Part of these meetings are;10. Complete ban on alcohol should be • On 4th October, 1998 a meeting was held at implemented with the support of public. Ibrahimpatnam under the presidentship ofTelangana Jana Sabha: Warangal student leader Devaki Devi. Prof.• Akila Bharatha Praja Prathigatana Hara Gopal gave speech in this meeting. Vedika which played important role in • Telangana Jana Sabha have decided that Warangal Sabha have organized this State separate Telangana movement should take conference & rally with the name “Praja place in three forms. They are; Swamika Prathayeka Telangana” on 1. Campaign behalf of Telangana Jana Sabha. 2. Construction / building of movement• On 5th , 6th July, 1998 “Telangana Jana 3. Agitation (Struggle at extensive level). Sabha” was revived in the conference held in Rana Pratap hall at Amberpet, Hyderabad. • A 33-day agitation take place in Kesapatnam (Karimnagar) under the leadership of Farmer’s• Telangana Jana Sabha convenor – Akula Bhumaiah Jana Sabha for the renovation of Kalvala Project and Kakatiya Canal, which was• President of invitation committee for two days successful. conference of Telangana Jana Sabha – M.T. Khan Telangana Kala Samithi:• The leaders of other states who attended the • In 1998, Telangana Kala Samithi was conference and declared support for Separate established in affiliation to Telangana Jana Telangana are: Sabha to bring awareness about Telangana 1. Yasin Malik greatness and culture. (All Party Hurriyat Conference) 396 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Telangana Kala Samithi convenor was Telangana Jana Sanghatana: Jahangir, who was an artist from Medak • Telangana Jana Sanghatana was established district. under the aegis of CPI (ML) Jana Shakti.• The co-convenor of Telangana Kala Samithi • Telangana Jana Sanghatana organized a and Convenor of Nalgonda district Belli meeting under the presidentship of Challa Lalitha encouraged Telangana people by Shankar at Kala Bharathi Building, singing songs. Karimnagar and demanded a package of Rs.• On 26th May, 1999 Belli Lalitha encouraged 10 thousand crores for the development of Telangana people by singing songs. On 26th Telangana. May, 1999 Belli Lalitha was brutally killed by some assailants in Bhuvanagiri. Telangana Udhyama Vedikalu:Telangana Students Front (TSF) 1998: • Telangana supporters have established• In 1998, October Telangana Students Front movement platforms with different names in was established by a student named Khasim different districts to strengthen Telangana in Osmania University. movement.• TSF had ideology of people’s war party. Telangana Porata Vedika – Nalgonda• TSF was affiliated to Telangana Jana Telangana Udhyama Vedika – Sabha. Mahbubnagar• Telangana Jana Sabha and Telangana Students Telangana Praja Vedika – Ranga front fought against the atrocities of Sunnam Reddy Konda Reddy in Palamuru and distributed Rs. Telangana Chaitanya Vedika – Medak 4 lakh compensation among the effected families. Chaitanya Vedika Conference:• In 2000, Telangana Jana Sabha and TSF • On 14th, 15th February 1998 a conference travelled to Telangana villages with a title was organized by Chaitanya Vedika in Siddipet “Praja Chaitanya Yatra” to bring awareness town. among public regarding the injustice done to Telangana. • This conference discussed about the conditions of Telangana and its future agenda.Telangana Studies Forum (1998): In this conference, Praja Kala Mandali for• In 1998, Telangana Studies forum was the 1st time have released a book with founded with a motto of separate Telangana Telangana songs. state. Organization Newspaper• Telangana Studies forum Telangana Information Trust Maa Telangana President – Gade Innaiah Telangana Maha Sabha Telangana Maha Vice-President – Pittala Sri Shailam Sabha (Monthly• Telangana studies forum published pamphlets Magazine) and books regarding the problems of Telangana United Front Telangana Patrika Telangana. This forum organized many Telangana Jana Sabha Naa Jana conferences and meetings. Telangana
PNR Publications 397 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureEssays written Newspapers on the • Later, due to the pressure of Telanganadiscrimination in the Irrigation Sector: legislative members deep discussions took• In 1999, Varta paper Telangana place in Assembly regarding injustice done to representative Mallepalli Lakshmaiah Telangana region. and the editor of Varta paper K. Rama • During these discussions, the then Chief Chandra Murthy have encouraged Minister Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy Telangana poets to write essays on the injustice said that the injustice done to Telangana will done to Telangana and published in Varta be rectified. But in that year only Kotla Vijay paper. Bhaskar Reddy became A. P Chief minister• S. Prabhakar for the 1st time have written in place of N. Janardhana Reddy. essays in Varta paper with the title “Neeru – • Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy gave Manam” regarding the injustice & Agriculture Ministry to Jana Reddy, who was discrimination meted out by Telangana in the chairman of Telangana legislative forum, between 1999 – 2001 in the irrigation sector. due to this the programs of the legislative forum• Essays were written on the injustice done to were stalled. Telangana in irrigation sector in the Varta • In February, 1997 Congress party leader & paper with the title “Jala Vignyanam” by MLA Jeevan Reddy and others mentioned retired Chief Engineer R. Vidya Sagar regarding the injustice done to Telangana in Rao. the Assembly.• The essays written by Vidyasagar Rao with Telangana Congress Legislative the title “Jala Vignyanam”, were later published forum – Chinna Reddy: as a book “Neellu – Nijalu”. • In 2000, Telangana Congress Legislative• Essays were written by V. Prakash regarding forum established with Chinna Reddy as all the large and medium projects present in its Convenor. Telangana. • On 11th August, 2000 when Congress Party President Sonia Gandhi was on tour in Essays of Telangana Congress Hyderabad a memorandum was given to and B.J.P to highlight the issue Sonia Gandhi by 41 Telangana Congress of Telangana legislative members under the leadership of G. Chinna Reddy (with the signatures of 38Efforts of Congress: legislative members) in support of separate• In 1992, with the efforts of Congress leader Telangana. Velichala Jagapathi Rao “Telangana • Later, on 19 th August, the members of Legislative Forum” was established with Telangana Congress legislative forum gave a approximately 100 MLA’s from Telangana memorandum to the President of India. region Jana Reddy as its Chairman. • In the year 2000, Sonia Gandhi appointed• The leaders of this forum went to Delhi and a 3 members committee (Manmohan gave a memorandum regarding the injustice Singh, Pranab Mukherjee, Gulab Nabi done to Telangana region to the then Prime Azad) on behalf of Congress party to discuss Minister P.V. Narsimha Rao. about the demand of small states along with Telangana.
398 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This committee opined that second States Re – organization committee (S.R.C) should be appointed. By this, Sonia Gandhi wrote a letter to the Central Home Minister L. K. Advani to appoint S.R.C but L.K. Advani said that it is not possible to appoint 2nd S.R.C.
Efforts of B.J.P for Telangana:Kakinada Resolution (1997):• In Kakinada, BJP passed a resolution in support of small states.• In 1997, B.J.P organized a meeting in Kakinada and gave a slogan “one vote – two states”. As per this resolution, BJP said that if it comes into power , it will consider the demand of small states.• Due to Kakinada resolution, BJP won 3 M.P seats in Telangana region (Karimnagar, Secunderabad & Mahbubnagar) in 1999 Lok Sabha elections.• In 1999, Vajpayee became Prime Minister from B.J.P and formed Chattisgarh, Jharkhand & Uttarakhand states in the year 2000. During that period, the demand of Telangana was also considered but Chandra Babu Naidu opposed, hence separate state was not formed.• In 2000, Ale Narendra of BJP have introduced “Private Member Bill” on Telangana in Lok Sabha.• As BJP did not form separate Telangana State, Ale Narendra came out from BJP and founded “Telangana Sadhana Samithi” in the year 2001.• In 2002, Telangana Sadhana Samithi merged into TRS party.• In 2007, cases of trafficking of girls and forgery of passport were registered on Ale Narendra. Due to this, Ale Narendra was expelled from TRS party.
PNR Publications 399 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Establishment of Telangana Rashtra123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Samithi in 2001, Political Realignment1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901• Initially Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao • K.C.R, T.R.S leaders Naini Narsimha Reddy, (K.C.R) was a Yuvajan Congress leader, V. Prakash, Gade Innaiah & others attended later he joined into Telugu Desam Party this conference and gave speech. established by NTR in 1983. Declaration of T.R.S party:• In 1985, for the 1st time KCR elected as MLA from Siddipet constituency. • On 27th April, 2001 K.C.R announced the establishment of Telangana Rashtra Samithi• From 1985, KCR was elected as MLA from (T.R.S) party at Konda Laxman Bapuji’s Siddipet for the 4 consecutive terms (1985, residence “Jala Dhrushyam” near Tank 1989, 1994 & 1999). Bund, Hyderabad.• From 1996 – 99, KCR worked as Transport • On the same day, KCR resigned to the post Minister in the TDP government. of Deputy speaker, also resigned as a member• After 1999 elections, KCR became Deputy of legislative assembly from Siddipet Speaker. constituency and to the membership of TDP• In 2000, a document was prepared by name party. “Vision 2020” under the guidance of Chandra • On 11th May, 2001 at the same time i.e; at babu Naidu, this document did not mention 11 am the leaders of TRS party hoisted the anything related to Telangana development. Pink colour party flag in many villages of Due to this, KCR said that this is not a Telangana. document as this does not mention regarding Harijans, Girijans, backward classes & Karimnagar Simha Garjana Meeting: minorities and questioned why it did not • On 17th May, 2001 TRS party organized its mention about Telangana development. 1st open meeting in Karimnagar at SRR college• Similarly, while talking regarding the hike on ground with a name “Simha Garjana”. electricity charges by Chandra Babu Naidu, • On 17th May, TRS party president KCR and KCR said that “These hikes in charges will other leaders started from “Jala Dhrushyam” make the farmers of Telangana region more at 10 AM in 200 vehicles as a rally. They vulnerable”. reached Karimnagar at 6 pm.• By this, Telangana social organization leaders • On their way to meeting, people honoured the met KCR and requested him to lead Telangana leaders. movement and to establish a separate political • The chief guest for Karimnagar Simha Garjana party for taking forward the movement. KCR meeting was Shibu Soren, the president of accepted their requests. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.• On 5th May, 2001 Telangana Conference was • In this meeting, along with KCR, acharya Jaya organized by “O.U forum for Telangana” Shankar and other leaders gave speech on the under the leadership of Prof. Laxman & Prof. injustice done to Telangana region. Madhusudhan Rao in tagore auditorium, Osmania University. 400 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In this meeting, artists under the leadership of • With the energy of this victory, KCR Rasamayi Balakishan sang Telangana songs participated in all the meetings held in the which reflected the culture of Telangana. These districts and made people ready. songs attracted the people greatly. Khammam Praja Garjana -• Former Minister Santhosh Reddy 17th November, 2001 : (Nizamabad) and some other leaders came to the meeting to see the response of the • On 17 th November, 2001 TRS party people. They immediately there itself joined organized Praja Garjana in Khammam. The the TRS party in the presence of KCR. president for this meeting was Dr. Gopinath.• Chandra Babu Naidu worried by seeing the • Amazingly people in large numbers attended success of the meeting. Immediately with the this meeting organized by TRS party, where advice of the Irrigation Minister Kadiyam Sri the influence of communists is more. hari laid foundation stone to Devadula lift GHMC elections: irrigation project on Godavari river which • On 22nd January, 2002 GHMC elections were is 30 Kms away from Eturunagarm in held. In these elections, for the post of Mayor Warangal district and declared that project will on behalf of TRS party the one who be completed within 18 months. contested was Naini Narsimha Reddy.Local Body Elections in Telangana: • In these elections, TRS party won 2• In July, 2001 Zilla Parishad and Mandal corporator seats. parishad elections were conducted. In these 1. Manikeshwari Nagar – Yadaiah elections, T.R.S party competed with the 2. Monda Market – Padma Rao “Plough (Rythu Nagali)” symbol. • Telangana Sadhana Samithi founded by• By the time of elections, it was not even three Ale Narendra contested in these corporation months since TRS party was formed. But also, elections and won over Goulipur division. TRS party got 18% of votes and won 87 Zilla Parshad seats, more than 100 Mandal Attack by Police on Jala Drushyam: Parishad seats and also two Zilla Parishad • In February, 2002 in the 2nd week TRS party Chairman posts. organized two-day classes for people’s 1. Nizamabad Zilla Parshad Chairman – representatives regarding different issues of Santosh Reddy Telangana at guest house near Sri Ram Sagar project. 2. Karimnagar Zilla Parishad Chairman – K.V. Rajeshwar Rao • With the information that KCR and other party leaders are at Sri Ram Sagar project, Chandra• On 18 August, 2001 T.R.S party got th Babu Naidu sent Revenue and police officers registered as a political party near election to attack TRS office “Jala Drushyam”. commission. Chandra Babu Naidu vacated party office• On 22nd September, 2001 by elections were “Jala Drushyam” by dislocating the files in the held to Siddipet constituency, where KCR office. resigned.• In these by elections, KCR won over his Vikarabad Shankaravam: nearest rival Srinivas Reddy (TDP) with a • TRS party organized big open meeting on 27th majority of 58,712 votes. March, 2002 with the name “Vikarabad
PNR Publications 401 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Shankaravam”. To this meeting, held in establish electricity generation centre in Vikarabad people attended in large numbers Bhupalpally. from the surrounding areas of Ranga Reddy • As a result, Government established an district. electricity generation centre with a capacity of 500 Megawatts.1st Anniversary meeting of TRS party(Nalgonda): Telangana Jalasadhana Movement:• 1st Anniversary meeting of TRS party was held • From 25th December, 2002 to 6th January, on 27th April, 2002 at NG college grounds, 2003 TRS party as a part of Telangana Nalgonda. Jalasadhana movement protested and• The leaders who attended this meeting are organized many programs to bring awareness Sibu Soren, Ajith Singh and Bhim singh. regarding the injustice done to Telangana region in irrigation sector.Palle Bhata Program: • As a part of protest, different programs were• TRS party organized “Palle Bhata Program” organized such as mass hunger strike, from 23rd September to 7th October, 2002. placards display, boycott of educational This program was organized to strengthen institutions and obstruction of roads. TRS party and Telangana movement in • R. Vidya Sagar Rao, a retired Chief Telangana rural areas. engineer of Central Water commission and• This program was successful but a sad incident other retired engineers Javaruppala Bhimaiah, occurred. TRS party Vice-president Nimma Prabhakar and Shamprasad Reddy Narsimha Reddy died suddenly due to heart participated in this movement. attack while participating “Palle Bhata” • On 6th January, 2003 a concluding meeting program in Karimnagar district. of “Telangana Jalasadhana movement”• Similarly, on 26th October, 2002 KCR and was organized at Parade Grounds, party leaders went as a rally to Nagarjuna Secunderabad which was named as Sagar project and protested against Chandra “Telangana Garjana”. Babu government, because the government is • The important persons who attended this releasing water to the right canal of Nagarjuna meeting were Sibu Soren, Ram Vilas Paswan Sagar and it was drying the left canal. Without and Medha Patkar. releasing water. TRS party leaders Delhi Rally withKCR begging to help weavers: thousand cars:• Party leaders along with KCR under TRS party • KCR with the intention to show the necessity started begging to help weavers in of formation of Separate Telangana have Pochampally, Dubbaka and Siricilla and organized a rally to Delhi with the leaders and contributed Rs. 50 thousand to each family. activists from Telangana districts in 1000 cars• During this period, electricity was not been on 27th March, 2003. generated with the coal produced from • This rally was started from the ground behind Bhupalpally and that coal was transported to Falaknama palace and proceeded till Delhi and Andhra region. organized meeting at Ramleela Maidan,• As a protest, KCR organized an open meeting Delhi. on 28th October, 2002 and demanded to402 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Ram Vilas Paswan and other national leaders of Nalgonda district to solve the problems of attended the meeting and gave their support farmers on left canal of Nagarjuna Sagar. to separate Telangana. • Similarly, the following meetings were organized to strengthen TRS party in SouthernWarangal Jaitra yatra: Telangana.• On 27th April, 2003 TRS party second 1. Kolhapur Kolahalam (24th August, 2003) anniversary meeting was held at Hanumakonda town in Warangal district. 2. Nagarkurnool Nagara (15th Sep, 2003) This program was named as “Warangal Formation of National Front for Jaitra yatra”. Separate States:• KCR came to this program on cycle as a rally • On 9th September, 2003 KCR organized from Siddipet. National Conference for new states in• Approximately 10 lakh people attended this Mavalankar hotel, Delhi. meeting. Deve Gowda, who attended this • Separatists leaders of different states attended meeting have described it as a biggest meeting this conference. The chief guest was Sibu in the country. Shoren of Jharkhand.• Important leaders who attended the meeting • The representatives of party’s who fought for are; separate states in this conference have formed Ajith Singh (Central Agricultural Minister) a “National front for new states”. Banwarlal Purohit • KCR was elected as convenor of the (leader of Vidarbha movement) national front. Babulal Tiwari • Later, KCR decided to make students part of (leader of Bundelkhand movement) separate Telangana movement. And organizedPadayatra’s of KCR: an open meeting near Arts College building, Osmania University on 17th September,• From 20th May to 25th May, 2003 KCR 2003. conducted padayatra in the basin area of Rajolibanda in Mahbubnagar from • Students in large number from all Telangana Alampur to Gadwal to solve the problems districts attended this meeting. As a part of of people living under Rajolibanda project. preparation of upcoming elections in 2004, TRS party organized meeting on 17 th• In July, 2003 T.R.S affiliated Legislative October, 2003 at Gunpark hotel, Hyderabad member Dr. Ravindranath participated in named as “Dalit empowerment”. hunger strike near Mahbubnagar collectorate for 3 days to solve the problem of Rajolibanda • Dalit intellectuals such as Katthi Padma Rao, project. Arjun Rao and Mallepalli Lakshmaiah attended this meeting. SC and ST policy was• KCR and other party leaders went to Delhi prepared in this meeting. on 15th August, 2003 and meet the then president of India Abdul kalam and Prime Palle Bhata Program: Minister Vajpayee and requested to solve the • On 22nd October, 2003 KCR started Palle issues of Rajolibanda project. Bhata program from Sammakka – Sarakka• Later from August 25th to 30th, 2003 KCR Pilgrimage centre Medaram to strengthen organized padayatra from Kodad to Halia TRS party. This program continued till 2nd PNR Publications 403 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture November. Later, as a part of election constituencies out of 119 and 6 Lok Sabha preparations in 2003 TRS party organized constituencies out of 17. open meetings in different areas. • TRS party demanded Congress party to made• On 19 November, 2003 “Simha Garjana” th a statement by completely accepting the meeting in Singuru, Sanga Reddy. suggestions made by the 1st States Re –• On 21st November,2003 “Simha Garjana” organization Commission (S.R.C) which was meeting in Palamuru, Mahbubnagar. constituted to re-organize the states in the• On 3rd December, “Induru Simha Garjana” country basing on the language. But congress party denied the demand and decided to form in Nizamabad. 2nd S.R.C.• On 5 th December, “Orugallu Veera • After the alliance with TRS, Congress party Garjana” in Jangaon. formed “Telangana Regional Congress• On 16 th December, Karimnagar Committee”. “Kadhanabheri” Sabha in Siricilla. • Later on, 12th March, 2004 Sonia GandhiAlliance for 2004 elections, Later attended an open meeting in Karimnagar andstage of Telangana Movement: said that “ we know the emotions of Telangana people and we respect those emotions, and• Congress party observed that TRS party is we will take all the measures for forming becoming strong in Telangana region under the separate Telangana state when Congress party leadership of KCR and decided to make forms its government in State and Central. alliance with TRS party in 2004 elections. • During 2004 elections, the then Central• Congress party has given the responsibility of Minister L.K. Advani said that NDA making alliance with TRS party for 2004 government will include the proposal of elections to the then Andhra Pradesh Congress forming separate Telangana State in its Committee (APCC) President D. Srinivas. agenda, only if all the parties of Andhra Similarly, Sonia Gandhi have sent A.P. Pradesh Assembly agree for it. Congress party in charge Gulam Nabi Azad • In more instance, L.K. Advani said that to KCR’s house to discuss about the alliance Telugu Desam Party which was part of NDA, of TRS party with congress for 2004 was opposing the formation of Telangana state. elections. • During 2004 elections, Congress, TRS, CPI• Few days discussions took place between two and CPM parties formed an alliance. parties and finally congress leaders declared • TDP and BJP formed another alliance and that if Congress party forms Government in contested. 2004 it will take measures for formation of Election Results: Separate Telangana State. Due to this promise, • On 10th May, 2004 in Telangana Lok Sabha KCR made alliance with the congress party. and State legislative assembly elections were• In election manifesto congress party stated that held. After the completion of 1st phase of “with regard to Telangana issue it will give elections in Telangana region, during the respect to the report of State Re- campaigning in Andhra region Chandra Babu organization Commission”. Naidu spoke as follows.• As a part of alliance, treaty was made that • “if Telangana state is formed, barriers will be TRS party will contest for 42 assembly constructed on Godavari in the form of dams404 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture and prevent the delta region from getting water Program then we will join. Sonia Gandhi and eventually Coastal Andhra region will be accepted for this. dried up and become like a desert”. • Congress formed Government in the Central• In 2004 elections, as a part of alliance TRS and State. In the Central, Manmohan Singh won 26 state legislative seats out of 42 became the Prime Minister. In state, Raj (percentage of votes – 6.88) and 5 Lok Shekar Reddy was elected as chief Minister Sabha constituencies out of 6. on 13th May, 2004.• TRS leaders who won 5 Lok Sabha seats are; • In May, 2004 UPA government allocated 1. Kalvakuntla Chandra Shekar Rao Ministry of Shipping to KCR and Minister (Karimnagar) of State for Rural development to Ale 2. Ale Narendra (Medak) Narendra. 3. T. Madhusudhan (Adilabad) • But DMK party which was a part of UPA government insisted for Shipping Ministry. 4. B. Vinod Kumar (Hanumakonda) KCR understood the situation and gave back 5. D. Ravinder Nayak (Warangal) his Shipping ministry within 24 hours of taking• In the 6th Lok Sabha constituency i.e; for charge before Sonia Gandhi asked him. KCR Nagarkurnool K.S. Ratnam contested from said that we want Telangana State but not T.R.S party but he did not mention party Ministries. symbol “Car” in the application form submitted • Due to this, KCR remained as Minister without to the election commission, so he contested any Portfolio about 6 months. Later KCR was with a different symbol and lost election by given the Ministry of Labour and few votes. employment (Government of India).• For the 1st time, KCR was elected as • During that period, elections were held for “M.P” from Karimnagar Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha. TRS party was given one Rajya constituency and also elected as legislative Sabha seat as it has 26 MLA’s. but CPM member from Siddipet constituency. Later, insisted for the Rajya Sabha seat which had 9 KCR resigned as legislative member from MLA’s. in this situation, KCR does not want Siddipet. to keep Congress in difficulty and sacrificed• After few months, by-elections were Rajya Sabha seat as he left his Ministry. conducted for Siddipet constituency and T. • As per the promise made by Congress party Harish Rao was elected as MLA. president Sonia Gandhi, the issue of formationTRS in UPA Government: of Telangana state was included in Common• After the victory in 2004 elections, Congress Minimum Program UPA on 26th May, 2004. party formed “United Progressive Alliance • In common minimum program, Telangana (UPA)” with its allied parties. This committee issue was included under “Regional has prepared “Common Minimum development & Centre – State relations” Program” which was accepted by all the section. parties. • In this section, Telangana issue was explained• When Sonia Gandhi asked KCR to join in as follows; “UPA government will take the the UPA government, KCR said that if initiation of formation of Telangana State Congress party declares that it will form with extensive discussions and with the Telangana State in the Common Minimum consensus of all”. PNR Publications 405 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePresident’s Speech: • Members in Pranab Mukherjee• th On 7 June, 2004 the then President of committee are: India Abdul Kalam addressed both the 1. Dayanidhi Maran – D.M.K party houses of Parliament and said that “ at correct 2. Raghuvamsha Prasad Singh – time with the consensus government will fulfil R.J.D Party the wish of forming separate Telangana state”. • These two members were also centralTRS party in State Congress ministers in the UPA government.Government: • Government gave 8 weeks of time to this• Once again with the request of Congress party committee. This committee wrote letters to President Sonia Gandhi, KCR accepted to all political parties for their opinion on join the State Cabinet under Y.S. Raja Shekar Telangana issue. Reddy. • During this period, TRS M.P’s KCR,• By this, 6 MLA’s were appointed as Narendra and Ravindra Nayak and also Prof. Ministers in Y.S.R’s Cabinet. They are; Jaya Shanker met all the parties and explained 1. G. Vijaya Rama Rao (Civil Supplies) the necessity of formation of Telangana and requested to give their assent in support of 2. A. Chandra Shekar Telangana. (Minor Irrigation Minister) • Due to their effort, Former Prime Ministers 3. T. Harish Rao Deva Gowda, Vajapayee, Chandra (Youth services, Printing & Stationery) Sheker, I.K. Gujral and V. P. Singh given 4. Captain Lakshmi Kanth Rao letters in support of Telangana. (B.C. Welfare) • In UPA coalition, 11 parties out of 13 and 6 5. Nayani Narasimha Reddy parties which were supporting UPA outside (Technical Education) coalition, 8 parties in opposition N.D.A 6. S. Santosh Reddy (Transport Minister) coalition and few independent members gave• By this, TRS party joined the State letters in support of Telangana to the Pranab government and this is the 1st time that Mukherjee Committee. Congress is heading a coalition • Congress party in the UPA coalition said that government in the state. “as all the process was going under their leadership, they need not give their assent inPranab Mukherjee Committee writing”.(2005): • D.M.K party in UPA coalition did not give• KCR and Ale Narendra were repeatedly their assent in writing but it declared its support showing their protests in the UPA meetings to to Telangana during UPA meetings in August, Sonia Gandhi & Man Mohan Singh as UPA 2006. government is delaying the formation of Telangana State. • Samajwadi party with 35 members in the UPA coalition government remained neutral• Due to the request of TRS party, In January regarding Telangana issue. Similarly, R.S.P 2005 UPA government has appointed a sub with 3 members in UPA coalition opposed the – committee under the then Defence formation of Telangana State. Minister Pranab Mukherjee for extensive discussions & consensus with other • CPI (Marxists) party said that the party parties on Telangana issue. philosophy opposes the division of states406 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture based on language and told to give special Telangana Jagarana Sena: packages & establish Regional Board for the • TRS party decided to form “Telangana justice of Telangana. If these does not work Jagarana Sena” with one lakh activists and proper then examine the idea of forming to give classes to them to spread the separate state. awareness regarding the ideology of TelanganaTRS quit from the YSR among the students and youth of Telangana.Government: • The training classes were started on 10th• TRS ministers were discontent with the September, 2005 at Noma Function hall, Congress government as the Government Mallapur in Hyderabad to about 600 took measures regarding Pulichintala, members who were selected in the 1st phase. Polavaram and Singur projects without • These members (activists) were called as discussing in the Cabinet and it was not good “Prerak” which means motivation. The for interests of Telangana region. training classes were conducted for 3 days.• In Telangana region, YSR government killed • The members who attended the training classes Naxalites and innocent people by fake were given uniform, stick and tie. encounters and created violent environment in the Telangana villages. • As a part of Physical training, they were given• Due to this, TRS MP’s & MLA’s along with classes of stick fight and Parade. KCR meet the then Prime minister Man • V. Prakash supervised the program of Mohan Singh on 1st September, 2005 and Jagarana Sena held at Noma function hall. requested to order Y.S.R government to stop Uma Kanth was the chief commnder. these fake encounters immediately. • Later due to different reasons this program• During this period, on 1 July, 2005 the st was stopped. representative of Jana Shakthi party for discussions Riyaz was killed in fake encounter. YSR conspiracy for TRS division:• TRS party and Civil rights organizations • On 24th October,2005 T.R.S MLA Kasipeta demanded to conduct judicial enquiry on the Lingaiah said before media that Y.S.R and encounter of Riyaz. Journalists questioned his partner KVP Ramchandra Rao were YSR regarding this demand then YSR replied conspiring to bring differences in T.R.S party. that “TRS ministers will speak one thing in my • In December, 2005 YSR gave his support to chamber, and then speak something else the independent member Kasani outside due to the fear of Naxalites. Gnaneshwar who contested for legislative• TRS ministers were upset by the words of council. YSR and they resigned to their minister posts • 9 TRS MLA’s merged with YSR and (except Santhosh Reddy) on 8th July, 2005 supported Kasani Gnaneshwar. He was with the advice of KCR. elected for legislative council.• On 17th July, 2005 TRS party organized big • Due to this, KCR wrote a letter to speaker open meeting in Warangal. This meeting was Suresh Reddy to disqualify 9 TRS MLA’s who organized to explain the public why ministers defied the party whip and supported Kasani resigned to their posts. Gnaneshwar. (Speaker took 2 years of time• The then Central Agricultural Minister Shard in the name of enquiry and finally disqualified Pawar attended the meeting and declared his them on 22nd December, 2008). support to Telangana. PNR Publications 407 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureGolden Jubliee Celebrations of State Bhadrachalam of Khammam district onLegislature: 12th February, 2006.• Government has decided to celebrate golden • This meeting was organized to declare their jubilee as it is 49 years since the formation of support to tribals who were protesting against Andhra Pradesh state and it is going to enter Polavaram Project. its 50th year on 1st November, 2005. • Central Minister Sibu Shoren who fought for• The 1st meeting of A.P. Legislature took the liberation of Jharkhand and for rights of place on 3rd December, 1956. And it is going tribals attended this open meeting. to enter its 50th year on 3rd December, 2005.• TRS party opposed these celebrations as Central Ministers KCR, Ale Telangana people were fighting for separate Narendra Resignation: Telangana and these celebrations will damage • Since 1 year from the formation of Pranab their aspirations. In Telangana, November 1st Mukherjee Committee, it did not give any is treated as misfortune day. report and Congress party is not responding regarding Telangana state, so the CentralGolden Jubliee of Nagarjuna Sagar Ministers KCR and Ale Narendra resignedin 2005: to their Ministries on 23rd August, 2006.• On 10th December, 1955 the 1st Prime • Next day on 24th August, 2006 KCR went Minister Jawaharlal Nehru laid foundation on indefinite hunger strike at Jantar Mantar stone to Nagarjuna Sagar project. The in Delhi. On 25th August, Shard Pawar government decided to celebrate golden withdrawn the hunger strike of KCR. jubilee as the project is turning 50 years on • On 8 th September, 2006 “Samara 10th December, 2005. Shankaravam” meeting was held at Siddipet• Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) has in this meeting, KCR & Narendra explained boycotted the golden jubilee celebrations of the reason behind their resignation as Union Nagarjuna Sagar Project. Ministers.• TRS party questioned that why the government • In this meeting, Deshapati Srinivas inspired has ordered to spend the expenses of the left and encouraged the youth by “Pata – Mata” canal of the Sagar which supplies water to (Song – Speech). Telangana on the farmers and why the • KCR came to Telangana after resigning as government will spend the expenses of the Central Minister. Then Congress leaders M. right canal which supplies water to Andhra Satyanarayana and K. Kesava Rao Region and how far it is correct. commented that KCR became M.P. due to• TRS party questioned that why the government the support of Congress party and enjoyed has installed the statues of K.L. Rao and the Minister post for 2 years. And challenged Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy and why it did not KCR to once again contest for M.P without install the statue of the Chief Minister of A.P the support of Congress party. Burgula Rama Krishna Rao (C.M in 1955). • KCR accepted the challenge and resigned toPolavaram Garjana Sabha (12 th his parliament membership on 12 thFebruary, 2006): September,2006.• TRS party leaders organized an open meeting • As soon as the resignation news of KCR named as “Polavaram Garjana” in spread out, YSR in the AICC meeting408 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture commented with reporters that the “upcoming • KCR said that this fluoride problem would not by-elections in Karimnagar is as a be there if Andhra rulers have given water for referendum to Telangana”. drinking & irrigation from Nagarjuna Sagar• Making the words of YSR come true, KCR reservoir. won the by-elections from the Karimnagar • KCR also said that Krishna river flows beside Lok Sabha constituency with a majority of our Telangana but the water is not used our 2,01,582 votes. crops for irrigation.• The victory of KCR gave new energy to the KCR strike for implementation of TRS activists and the supporters of Telangana. Sachar Committee Report:Telangana Athama Gourava Sabha • Sachar committee have studied the status of(Telangana Self-Respect Sabha) Muslim minority and gave some suggestionsNalgonda: for their welfare.• On 22 nd December, 2006 TRS party • On 15th July, 2007 KCR held one – day fast organized “Telangana Self – Respect Sabha” at Indira Park to implement these at Nalgonda. recommendations of Sachar committee.• Prof. Jaya Shankar and KCR attended the Resignation of TRS MLA’s, M.P and meeting and addressed the youth with their MLC’s: inspirational speech. • KCR have decided that MLA’s, M.P’s andTelangana Celebrations at Nizam MLC’s who are elected from TRS partyCollege: should resign to bring pressure on the Central• Telangana celebrations were held at Nizam government for formation of Separate College grounds, Hyderabad from 23 to 27rd th Telangana State. March, 2007. • In March, 2008, 15 MLA’s, 4 MLC’s and 4• During the celebrations which were conducted MP’s from TRS party have resigned from their for 5 days, the events were organized from 4 posts. pm till midnight such as exhibition of art forms, • Y.S.R in the ruling party has spent huge sum poet conference (Kavi Sammelanam), of money and all the opposition parties of TRS Telangana dhoom dham with songs and dance. have unitedly worked for the defeat of TRS• During these celebrations, Jubilee hills TRS party. leader Praveen Rao have hosted 36 special • Due to this, in the by – election held in May, Telangana recipes for the Telangana people 2008, the TRS party only won 2 MP’s and who attended these celebrations. 7 MLA seats.Nalgonda Nagara: • MP constituencies were won by TRS party are:• From 6th to 12th April, 2007 KCR travelled on foot for one week in the fluorinated villages 1. Karimnagar – KCR of Nalgonda district under the name 2. Hanumakonda – B. Vinod Kumar “Nalgonda Nagara”. • With this defeat, the TRS party which was• Dr. Raja Reddy (Neurosurgeon) have working for separate Telangana lost its studied extensively the fluoride problem in excitement. Nalgonda and gave many suggestions. PNR Publications 409 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2009 elections - Alliances -1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Telangana in election Manifestos12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• Politician Chandra Babu had realized that as • Because of this, the members of these parties a single party cannot face Congress party in are not appointed in Rosaiah committee. 2009 elections and was planning for the • Committee Chairman : Rosaiah coalition (grand alliance). Members:• The grand alliance was formed with 4 parties J. Geetha Reddy Sridhar Babu against Congress to contest 2009 elections. Sheik Hussain Padmaraju 1. TDP 2. TRS Konathala Rama Krishna 3. CPI 4. CPI (M) Uttam Kumar Reddy• The parties in this coalition (grand alliance) had Akbaruddin Owaisi different political views. CPI was against the formation of separate Telangana state, TRS • This committee took the opinion of public on was formed for separate Telangana state, CPI the formation of Telangana State. The (M) was against the globalization but TDP Congress government said that it will support welcomed globalization. But, the only common the formation of Telangana in accordance with agenda for these 4 parties is to defeat congress the recommendations of the committee. party. However, the Congress party has set • On 4th March, 2009 the rules & regulations up Rosaiah Committee before 2009 were announced for Rosaiah committee. elections, to inform to public that they are not 1. To identify the factors that have contributed against separate Telangana State formation. for strengthening of Telangana sentiment, to study the facts regarding employment and theRosaiah Committee (2009): misuse of resources.• On 12th February, 2009 in assembly the then 2. To examine the fear of settlers in the premises Chief Minister Y.S. Raja Shekar Reddy of Hyderabad metropolitan and also of the announced the formation of committee with the members from two houses chaired by the migrants in places other than Hyderabad. then Finance Minister Rosaiah. 3. To examine the fear of minorities on the• In this committee, 4 members are from formation of Telangana. Telangana region and 3 members from Andhra 4 To examine the activities of Maoists and region. Among these members, except terrorist if Telangana is formed. Akbaruddin Owaisi all others are from 5. To examine the demand of formation of Congress party. separate state in other parts of the state.• Opposition parties T.R.S, C.P.I, C.P.M, B.J.P Ex: Rayalaseema, Jai Andhra, Kalinga Andhra. has written a letter to the Chief Secretary 6. To examine the issues related to mines, coal Ramakanth Reddy not to appoint their mines, real estate and difficulties caused to members to the committee. these issues if Telangana State is formed.410 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture7. To form rules and regulation regarding river Telangana and announced in both houses that waters. a joint committee will be formed on8. To consider the steps to be taken to promote Telangana. harmonious relations between all regions in the • On 16th April, 2009 1st phase polling was event of formation of separate Telangana. conducted in Telangana. On the same day at9. To prepare plans pertaining to the future of 5 Pm i.e; when polling is concluded Y.S.R in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh if separate his election campaign at Nandyal, Andhra Telangana is formed. region opposed Telangana sentiment saying• However, due to different reasons the that “ if Telangana is formed, we will be committee did not give its report. foreigners to Hyderabad. We need a passport to go there.
Parties Manifestos TDP party: • The pressure on Telangana TDP leaders hasCongress party: increased as TDP did not declare its stand on• Prior to 2009 elections, the Congress party Telangana issue with the Pranab Mukherjee gave a slogan “Telangana will be brought committee formed in 2005. by us – given by us” (Telangana techchedi • As Chandra babu Naidu did not declare his meme – ichedi meme). stand on Telangana, the second important• During 2009 elections, PCC president D. leader of TDP Devendar Goud resigned from Srinivas announced that Telangana state will the party and founded “Nava Telangana be formed only if congress party forms the Party”. government. • As the main leaders of TDP are resigning from• During election campaign, the then Chief the party, to get votes from Telangana people Minister YSR said that the aspiration of the in 2009 elections TDP ( through Yanamala people of Telangana will be fulfilled only if Rama Krishna) has written a letter to Pranab Congress party wins. YSR also said that Mukherjee committee on 18th October, 2008 coalition and BJP cannot do anything regarding that it will support the formation of Telangana Telangana. State.• On 28th February, 2009 as a part of election • Later, Chandra Babu Naidu while addressing campaign Sonia Gandhi addressed a meeting the media he said that Telugu Desham at Parade ground, Secunderabad and Politburo declared its support for separate announced that Congress does not have any Telangana. objection regarding the formation of Telangana “The Telugu Desham party upholds State. the demands of a separate state while• Congress Party stated in its manifesto that “ respecting the aspirations of people of Telangana state will be formed with the Telangana”. right decision at the right time. Congress • And he also said that formation of Telangana is not against the formation of Telangana is historical need. State”. • TDP party in its manifesto stated that “their• In addition, YSR government has declared in party will support the creation of a separate the last assembly meeting that it is in favour of Telangana state”.
PNR Publications 411 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBJP party: he wanted to contest and KCR contested from• Prior to 2009 elections, BJP party has Mahbubnagar Lok Sabha constituency. organized a meeting named “Sankalpa 2009 Election Results: Yatra” at Secunderabad on 13th November, • The Congress party won a majority in 2009 2008. elections with 157 assembly seats. YSR• In this Sankalpa Yatra meeting, BJP party became the chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. declared that if its government is formed at • In 2009 elections, TRS party contested for National level, “Telangana state will be 45 assembly seats & 9 Lok Sabha seats. formed by them within 100 days”. Out of these, TRS won only 10 assembly• BJP prime ministerial candidate L.K. Advani and 2 Lok Sabha seats. said that they were prepared to give Telangana • Lok Sabha constituencies in which TRS party state in the year 2000 when Chattisgarh, won are; Uttaranchal and Jharkhand states were 1. KCR – Mahbubnagar formed but TDP party opposed. 2. Vijayashanthi – MedakPraja Rajyam Party: • After 2009 elections, Etela Rajender• On 26 August, 2008, renowned movie star th became the legislative leader of TRS party in Chiranjeevi founded Praja Rajyam party in assembly. Tirupathi. This party contested all the seats in • Newly formed Praja Rajyam party won just Telangana with the slogan of “Social two assembly seats (Nirmal, Balkonda) in Telanagana (Samajika Telangana)”. Telangana. In many places, the Praja Rajyam• Former TDP leader Devender Goud merged party hampered the Grand alliance (Maha his “Nava Telangana Party” with Praja Rajyam Kutami) candidates’ chances of winning. Party. Telangana votes were split among many parties. The Congress has benefitted from thisCPI Party: split.• CPI party declared its support for the • In 2009 elections, 119 assembly seats in formation of separate Telangana state. Telangana are won by different parties:CPI (M) party: Congress – 50• CPI (M) party declared its support for United TDP – 38 Andhra Pradesh. TRS – 10 MIM – 7Lok Satta, M.I.M: CPI – 4• Supported United Andhra Pradesh. BJP – 2Thalli Telangana Party merged with PRP – 2TRS: Lok Satta – 1• On 16th January, 2009, Vijayashanti, founder CPI (M) – 1 of Thalli Telangana Party merged her party Other’s – 4 with T.R.S. Total – 119• Due to this, KCR gave Medak Lok Sabha • Congress party which came into power for constituency to Vijayashanthi, in which earlier the second time did not make any attempt to412 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture establish Telangana State. Apart from this, it 371 (D), 371 (E) were included in the started mocking the Telangana movement and constitution. Accordingly, the President was was trying to suppress it. given special powers.• After the elections, on one hand the wealthy • On this basis, the President’s order was sections of Seemandhra were happy that issued on 18th October, 1975. The procedure Telangana sentiment will be eclipsed and on for staff recruitment was described in these the other hand, the civil society organizations orders. were discussing the strategy to be implemented Summary of the 1975 Presidential for strengthening the Telangana movement. Order:• On 2nd September, 2009 Chief Minister Y.S. • In education and employment, priority should Raj Shekar Reddy was died in helicopter crash be given to local candidates. For this reason, when he was going to Chittoor district for the state was divided into zones and certain inaugurating the Rachabanda program. key posts were excluded from this. This was• On 3 rd September, the Congress party the crucial point in 1975 Presidential order. appointed Rosaiah as the Chief Minister. • As a part of Presidential order, Andhra• With this, the political consequences of the Pradesh was divided into 6 zones. state have changed. • Telangana was divided into two zones.Agitation against Hyderabad as Free Because of this, candidates of some TelanganaZone: districts became non-locals in other districts• On 21st September, 1973 Indira Gandhi of Telangana. announced “6-point formula”. • This order made it clear that for L.D.C and fourth – class jobs “District” will be taken asIn this “6-point” formula: standard for local area and for jobs above• 3rd point – in direct recruitment of State L.D.C and within gazetted level, “Zone” will government jobs, priority should be given to be the standard for local area. From this, some local candidates and the term “Local exceptions were granted. candidates” should be defined. • Those exceptions are set forth in the paragraph• 6th point – out of these 6 points, if above 5 14 of Presidential order. The posts points were implemented, then the Telangana mentioned in these 14 paras, will not be regional committee and Mulki regulations will considered under local area or zones. be abolished. • It was made clear that, based on the talent the• In these 6 points, the first 5 points were not candidates of any zone can get into these jobs. implemented but 6th point was immediately implemented. The jobs which were exempted from local area in 14 Paragraph are:• In December, the act was passed for abolition of Mulki rules. 14 (A) posts in state Secretariat• The 3rd point which was in favour of Telangana 14 (B) posts in H.O.D offices people was violated. 14 (C) posts in Special offices• In May, 1974 32 nd Constitutional 14 (D) posts at state level offices or amendment was done to provide statutory institutions status to this “6-point formula”. By this, article PNR Publications 413 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 14 ( E ) all posts except non-gazetted posts • In Telangana, more than half of all police in Ministries and Technical services related department jobs are mainly covered in to major development schemes. Hyderabad city only. With this judgement, the 14 (F) Presidential order will not apply to employees and unemployed youth of any police officer post mentioned in Section Telangana were worried as there was no local 3, Clause B of Hyderabad city Police Act reservation applicable to the Hyderabad city (1348 Fasli) which means all the police police jobs. officer jobs recruited under Hyderabad • Because of this, Students, employees, public city police act. organizations and political parties have demanded the removal of Article 14 (F) from14 (F) free zone Controversy: the Presidential order.• According to the 14 (F) of Presidential order, • In these circ*mstances, the chief minister the police system working in Hyderabad is Rosaiah held an all-party meeting on this issue considered as free-zone. This means that on 19th October, 2009. KCR walked out anyone in the state can work as police officer from the meeting with a demand that State in Hyderabad. Once a person gets job in government should recommend an Hyderabad there is no chance of transferring Constitutional amendment that Hyderabad is him to other zones. not a free zone but it is a part of sixth zone.• Similarly, persons from other zones cannot be Siddipet Employees Garjana Sabha: transferred to Hyderabad. But this rule was violated and many police officers from Andhra • The government neglected the representations were transferred to Hyderabad. of students, public organizations and T.R.S party. Because of this, the employee’s• Due to this, local authorities consulted the organizations (TNGO) on 21st October, tribunal saying that they suffered loss in 2009 gave a call for “Siddipet Udhyoga seniority and promotions. Garjana” against declaring Hyderabad as• The tribunal stated that those from other zones free – zone. should be sent back. Then, the persons who • This meeting was held against the Supreme were transferred to Hyderabad went to the Court rule on 14 (F). Millions of employees High court. from all parts of Telangana attended this• The high court ruled that Hyderabad is meeting and made it successful. Leading social not a free zone and is a part of sixth zone. activist Agnivesh attended the meeting and On this, appeals were filed in Supreme Court. declared his support.• On 9th October, 2009 the Supreme Court • In this meeting only, KCR said that Central gave judgement that “Hyderabad is government should amend the constitution for considered as free – zone”. the abolition of 14 (F), otherwise he warned• According to the Supreme Court ruling; 14 the central government with a slogan “KCR sachudo ...Telangana Vachudo”. (F) Hyderabad city police jobs which were exempted from Presidential order will not • KCR said that if necessary, he will do fast – come under local reservation. All local and non unto – death for the abolition of 14 (F) article. – local candidates are selected for these jobs In this meeting, KCR gave a slogan based on merit. “Telangana Vale Jago, Andhra Vale Bago”.
414 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 28 th October, 2009 “Jail Bharo” • On 27th November, as a part of hunger strike program was organized in Hyderabad against every one in Telangana were tied with Supreme court verdict on free-zone. On that “Kankanam (thread)” and were applied day, big rally was held. vermilion on forehead.• But the government did not respond. • On 28th November, rallies were held on Therefore, KCR gave a call to the public that bullock carts, bicycles and motor vehicles. we should not fight for these small demands Similarly, arrangements were going on for the instead we should directly aim at the formation hunger strike of KCR, Telangana martyr’s of Separate Telangana State. stupa in Rangadhampally which is adjacent to Rajiv road in Siddipet.Establishment of O.U JAC:• On 21st November, 2009 OU JAC was Fast unto death by formed with Pidamarthi Ravi as its Chairman. K. Chandra Shekar Rao with• All the student groups of Osmania University formed into OU Student JAC. the demand of Separate State• The students under the leadership of T.R.S.V • Telangana people started to unite as 29th president Balka Suman, Pidamarthi Ravi and November was nearing. Balraju started their protest against 14 (F). • In the face of these developments, theKakatiya Vidyarthi Garjana: government decided to disrupt the hunger• On 22 nd November, 2009 huge public strike of KCR at any cost. Three days prior meeting was held at Kakatiya University to the hunger strike, KCR reached the with thousands of students. Northern Telangana building in Karimnagar.• KCR, who was the chief guest of this meeting, • When KCR started to the place of hunger strike made a fiery speech about the participation of from Karimnagar. On the morning (7:50AM) students in the Telangana movement and their of 29th November, 2009, KCR was arrested role. by the police at Karimnagar Alugunoor• Due to lock of response from the government centre and was shifted to Khammam. despite various protests, KCR announced that • As it was Sunday, KCR and other leaders he would start hunger strike on 29 th were presented before the second-class November, 2009 in Rangadhampally, special Magistrate Chadalawada Sri Ram which is adjacent to Siddipet. Murthy. Magistrate imposed 14 days remand• Later, TRS party organized various to KCR. programmes to motivate the people of • The case has been registered on KCR at Telangana. Khammam one town police station under• On 23rd November, 2009 prayers were made crime number 290/09. by all the religions. • KCR and other leaders were sent to• On 24th November, 2009 announcement was Khammam district jail at Danavaigudem. made in all the villages. On that same night, • On 29th November, 2009 KCR launched candles were displayed at martyr’s stupas. hunger strike in Khammam Jail for• On 26th November, 2009 rallies and human separate Telangana State. chain protest were held all over Telangana by • Police registered case under following sections boycotting the educational institutions. on KCR. PNR Publications 415 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 153 (a) – provoking regionalism, acting in took up to the streets of Khammam to protest a way that disturbs harmony. and blocked the roads. 505 (2) – provoking hostility and hatred • Particularly the activists of New Democracy among communities. party actively participated in Telangana 143 – participating in non – permissive movement. Khammam district was meetings. surrounded by the protest, rastharokos and 114 – promoting crimes rallies of New Democracy party. 117 – promoting public to commit crime • KCR continued his hunger strike in jail. As KCR’s health was deteriorating, the 120 (b) – conspiracy to commit crime government moved KCR from the Khammam 118 – defying the orders of public servants district jail at Danavaigudem to the district 506 – Criminal intimidation government hospital on 30th November, 2009. Section 7 ( Criminal law amendment Act, • The same night doctors gave a tablet to KCR 1932) – threatening and harassing people as his health was deteriorating. When that who migrated from other regions for tablet was struck in KCR’s throat, doctors employment and business. gave him a glass of fruit juice by falsely saying• When news of KCR’s arrest was announced, that it is water. It was video recorded by police there were protests across Telangana. People who was in mufti. started blocking the roads (Rastha Roko). The • The government released those video clippings effigy of Chief Minister Rosaiah was set on to the media. Andhra media has telecasted that fire. clipping repeatedly. The students of Osmania• With the news of KCR arrest, the students University were outraged by this and burned from Osmania University and other universities the effigy of KCR. in thousands of numbers have organized rallies. • Due to this, KCR arranged press conference And started hunger strike. at the hospital and said that he did not give up• In Hyderabad also protests took place. On hunger strike. He said that police forcibly tried the same day (on 29th November), Kasoju to disturb his hunger strike. He said that he Srikanth Chary, a student from Mothkur have will continue his hunger strike till the formation poured petrol on his body and set himself of Separate Telangana State. And requested ablaze at Ambedkar Statue in L.B. Nagar “ not to commit suicides and to be calm. X” road, Hyderabad. • Again, rallies and protests were started in• While on fire also, Srikanth made “Jai Telangana as a support to KCR’s hunger Telangana” slogans. He was immediately strike. rushed to the DRDO hospital, Kanchan • For the first time, due to KCR’s hunger strike, Bagh. AICC responded on Telangana issue on 1st• In fact, the government assumed that the effect December, 2009. AICC official spokesperson of Telangana movement will be low in Abhishek Singhvi, said that Telangana issue is Khammam and moved KCR to Khammam. very serious and it is connected to people But, unexpectedly making the assumptions of emotionally and it’s been a long-time demand government and intelligence agency false, and should be resolved with discussions. He thousands of people under the leadership of also said that parties and the government public groups, employee & student leaders should come to consensus.416 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• As KCR’s health was deteriorating, the TRS Telangana region showed their protest by leaders demanded the government to move innovative ways. Employees went on Pen – KCR to Hyderabad for better treatment. down strike. Entire Telangana was Standstill• The pressure on Telangana Ministers was due to Bandh & Protests. increased due to the concern of people on • Telangana Dhoom – Dham artists sang KCR’s health. Telangana songs by sitting under the trees of• On 2 nd December, Telangana Ministers NIMS hospital, where KCR was admitted. gathered in the chamber of the then Home • Many politicians and intellectuals met KCR minister Sabitha Indra Reddy. Later, on at NIMS hospital. behalf of Telangana Ministers Ram Reddy • About 10 ministers of Telangana region from Venkat Reddy went to Khammam to make Congress Party assembled in the chamber of KCR to end his hunger strike but KCR did the then Home Minister Sabitha Indra Reddy not agree. and decided to write a letter to Sonia Gandhi.• Finally, the Telangana Ministers met the then • In this letter, they mentioned the reasons for Chief Minister in Delhi and shifted KCR to Telangana state formation and said that it is NIMS hospital in Hyderabad at about 3 A.M correct time for the formation of the state and on 3rd December,2009. requested to take appropriate decision.• The government announced 15 days of • As a part of the movement, people surrounded holidays for all educational institutions on the houses of Telangana MP’s, MLA and the day when KCR was moved to NIMS, to people’s representatives. Kakatiya University keep students away from Telangana Students have surrounded the house of Konda Movement. The police pressurized the then Surekha, Parakala MLA. Vice – Chancellor of O.U Tirupathi Rao • On the other hand, the Congress Rajya Sabha to close the hostels and mess of the University member K. Kesava Rao met Pranab so that students will vacate the University. Mukherjee in Kolkata. Later while addressing• On the night of 3rd December, Srikanth the media Kesava Rao said that “KCR’s Chary, who committed suicide at L.B. hunger strike has helped to bring Telangana Nagar died at DRDO hospital. Community together. KCR’s mission is fulfilled”.KCR Health deterioration – PublicOutcry: • The Chief Minister assessed the intensity of the movement and immediately held Cabinet• As KCR’s health was deteriorating day by meeting. day, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi held a polit bureau meeting. • On 6th December, 2009, the State Cabinet made a resolution for the abolition of 14• As Congress ministers and central government (F) clause, which was the main cause for the were not responding to the movement, the movement. And also declared that all the TRS polit bureau has decided to hold a 48 – registered cases on KCR will be lifted. hour bandh on 6th ,7th December to put pressure on them. • But TRS party made it clear that the resolution for the abolition of 14 (F) is purely a part of• BJP, New Democracy and CPI declared their conspiracy of the State cabinet. Because 14 support to bandh. First day of strike was (F) can only be abolished by the Central successful. Students and public from all over government through a constitutional PNR Publications 417 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture amendment. Hence, the resolution of State • In these circ*mstances, the central government cabinet and Assembly cannot be implemented. responded and asked the then chief minister• It is clear that there is conspiracy behind the Rosaiah to take the opinion of all parties in dismissal of cases on KCR because the cases the State on Telangana issue and KCR’s on students were not dismissed. hunger strike.• O.U students JAC announced that it will • KCR strategically have started his hunger hold “Chalo Assembly” program on 10th strike few days before the assembly and December, 2009 as a part of protest against parliament sessions. Assembly winter sessions the reckless attitude of State and Central were started on 7th December, 2009. government towards the movement. Rosaiah – All party meeting:• Government thought that if students undertake • In the view of Telangana movement , the then “Chalo Assembly” program, mass destruction Chief Minister Rosaiah held all party meeting will take place in Hyderabad and hence on 7th December, 2009. This meeting was government tried to stop this program. attended by 9 parties (including Lok Satta).• On the early hours of 7th December, 2009, • In this meeting, all parties except MIM and the police tried to remove the hunger strike CPI (M) supported separate Telangana. camps of the Osmania University students and attacked the students. • Majilis (MIM) party said that it will declare its decision on separate Telangana with in two• The students who were coming to the hunger days after discussing with its party members. strike camps at Arts College were brutally beaten up by the police under the leadership • After the meeting, Chandra Babu Naidu said of DCP Stephen Ravindra (belongs to that the Congress party is only opposing the Andhra region).police used tear gas and formation of Telangana State. Chandra Babu rubber bullets to disperse the students. Naidu said that his party will support if Because of this, many students fell Congress party passes resolution for the unconscious. division of State in the assembly.• The male police have indiscriminately attacked • Before starting the all-party meeting, the the girls who were coming to the camps at opposition insisted for the opinion of the Arts college from Ladies hostel. Congress party, then the Chief Minister said “ In particular, there will not be any opinion of• Some students who could not tolerate the State Congress. This meeting is held at the attack of police rushed to Manikeshwar request of AICC. The views of all parties will Nagar (Vaddera Basthi), which is adjacent be conveyed to the centre. We will stick to to O.U campus. Students took refuge in the decision taken by the centre. Manikeshwar Nagar even when there is oppression in the campus. • On 8 th December, 2009 NIMS Superintendent Satyanarayana and• The police who were aware of this, went to NIMS director Dasari Prasad Rao have Manikeshwar Nagar and several times under jointly released the health bulletin of KCR. took lathicharge and created ruckus. Police force used to perform march in this area. The • KCR’s health condition is very much police even arrested the politicians and deteriorating. The health bulletin stated that intellectuals of various parties, who came to KCR will be at the risk of his life, if he does support the students and visit the injured. not break his fast.
418 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The then Andhra Pradesh State human Rights Assembly program on 10th December and all Commission Chairman B. Subhashan were attacking Congress inside and outside Reddy ordered the State government to assembly & parliament demanding the forcibly inject saline into KCR’s body, if KCR formation of Telangana state. does not break his fast – unto – death. • As the pressure was increasing from all sides, central government decided to take decisionHeated Discussions in Parliament on on Telangana issue. And finally, to make aTelangana issue: statement on it.• On 9 th December, 2009, wide – range • Prior to the announcement made by Home debate took place in parliament on KCR Minister P. Chidambaram, discussions were health condition. In parliament, various parties held several times on telephone with Prof. sought the intervention of central government Jaya Shankar and former MPB Vinod as KCR’s health was deteriorating. Kumar, who were with KCR and finally• Leader of opposition in Lok Sabha L.K. formulated the statement. Advani said that “the life of T.R.S party • On 9th December, the then Prime Minister chief is as important as the formation of Man Mohan Singh was in Russia and Finance Telangana State. The government should Minister Pranab Mukherjee was in foreign immediately intervene on his health tour. condition”. • On 9th December, 2009 at about 11:30 Pm• Sharad Yadav of J.D.U said that “the the then union home minister Chidambaram situation of Andhra Pradesh is of concern. The made the following statement: government should intervene immediately. It is pathetic that government did not respond “The process of forming the state of from ten days KCR started his hunger strike”. Telangana will be initiated, an appropriate resolution will be moved• CPI senior leader Gurudas Gupta said, in the state assembly”. “we declared our support to Telangana we should look into the matter immediately by • Following the announcement made by setting up all – party meeting”. Chidambaram on Telangana State formation “Prof. Jaya Shankar gave lemon juice to• Samajwadi party Chief Mulayam Singh said, KCR and broke fast – unto – death of “we need to find a solution to this problem KCR”. By this, the fast – unto – death which through negotiations”. lasted for 11 days came to an end.Home Minister Chidambaram’s • Protests began in Seemandhra with the aboveannouncement on the State formation announcement made by Chidambaram.process: • All the political parties, who gave in writing• 9 December is Sonia Gandhi’s birthday. th that there will not be any objection on the Chief Minister Rosaiah was called to Delhi. division of State, have immediately changed On that day, discussions were held in Delhi. their opinion as the protests started in• On one hand, as KCR’s health was Seemandhra region. deteriorating there was a fear that Telangana • As aprotest against the formation of Telangana region will be affected with protest if State, about 140 MLA’s, 20 MP’s and 30 something happens to KCR. On the other MLC’s from Andhra region have resigned and hand, Students JAC declared surrounding of warned State and central governments due to PNR Publications 419 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture this, the central government changed its • On 19th February, 2010 Congress Party decision. declared that it was withdrawing from the• On 23rd December, 2009, Chidambaram TJAC. Later, Telangana TDP forum also made another statement. withdrew from the TJAC. “The process of formation of TJAC Telangana Bandh: Telangana state will be initiated only • On 30th December, 2009, Telangana political after the resolution in State Assembly”. and public organizations Joint Action• With the above statement, protests and committee (TJAC) for the first time called agitations began in Telangana. Following the for “Telangana Bandh” to increase pressure above announcement, the then Congress on the centre to declare Telangana as a Minister Komati Reddy Venkat Reddy separate state. resigned to his post in support of Telangana. • All the parties, public unions, trade unions andFormation of Telangana Joint Action people of Telangana voluntarily participated in the bandh and made it successful.Committee (TJAC): • Telangana Political Joint Action Committee• With Chidambaram’s second statement, rallies, have organized several protests. dharnas and rastarokos were held in all the 10 districts of Telangana. 1. Non co-operation movement (February, March 2011)• In the face of these developments, T.R.S chief K.C.R along with Prof. Jaya Shankar went to 2. Palle Palle Pattala Paiki (Villages on railway the house of Congress party senior leader Jana tracks) (1st March 2011) Reddy to discuss regarding Telangana and 3. Million March (10th March 2011) UPA’s attitude on it. 4. Vanta Varpu (cooking on roads)• Later, KCR and Jana Reddy held (19th June 2011 ) consultations with other political parties, 5. Sakala Janula Samme employee groups and public organizations. (13th September - 24th October 2011)• On 24 th December, 2009 at Kalinga 6. Telangana March Bhavan in Road No. 12 of Banjara Hills, (30th September 2012) Hyderabad a meeting was held under the 7. Sadak Bandh (21st March 2013) Chairmanship of Prof. Kodandaram with various political parties, NGO organization, Organizations and their founders in teachers, labour associations, writers, artists Telangana Political Joint Action and intellectuals. Committee:• In this meeting, Telangana Joint Action Doctors JAC – Bura Narsaiah Goud Committee was formed. Advocates JAC – M. Rajender Reddy• Committee Convenor – Prof. Kodandaram Political JAC – V. Prakash• Co- Convenor – Mallepalli Laxmaiah. Forum for Hyderabad – Rama MelkoteParties in TJAC: Telangana Gazetted officer’s association – Srinivas Goud. 1. TRS 2. TDP 3. Congress 4. CPI Telangana Film Chamber of Commerce – Vijender Reddy 5. BJP 6. New Democracy420 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture TNGO Association – Devi Prasad • Later, students from Kakatiya University and Telangana Development Forum – other Universities in Telangana have joined the D.P. Reddy hunger strike. Mala Mahanadu – Addanki Dayakar • On 24 th December, 2009 the Osmania RTC JAC – D. Anandam students attacked TDP leader Nagam Janardhan Reddy, who went to support the Singareni JAC – Md. Muneer hunger strike carried out by the students. The Telangana teacher’s forum – attack took place because TDP party did not Mallikarjun Reddy declare a clear opinion on Telangana. Telangana regional teacher’s union – • As the day to day conditions were Manipal Reddy deteriorating in the university, the police on 28th Osmania University forum for Telangana December, midnight attacked the hunger – Prof. Laxman strike camp and forcibly shifted 12 students Telangana Intellectuals forum (Telangana to the Gandhi Hospital. Vidyavanthula Vedhika) – • As it was 7 days passed since the hunger strike Mallepally Laxmaiah, Pittala Ravindar of the students and as their health was deteriorating, on 30th December, 2009 the Telangana University Association – students broke their fast as KCR persuaded Prof. Ramesh Reddy them that we will fight and achieve our Telangana Lecturers forum – Telangana. K. Venkata Swamy • OU JAC declared 2010 as “the year of Telangana employee’s union – Telangana movement” and called on public C. Vittal, Padma Chary and students to boycott the new year celebrations. Lambadi Hakkula Porata Samithi – Seshuram Nayak • Due to the call given by O U JAC and Political JAC, the people of Telangana boycotted the P.O.W – P. Sandhya new year celebrations and spent the night of Indian union Muslim league – Abdul Sattar 31st December with the songs of Telangana Muslim forum for Telangana – Latif Khan and organized Dhoom – Dham. Muslim JAC – M.A. Basith Telangana Federation of University B.J.P – Ch. Vidya Sagar Rao Teacher’s association: C.P.I (M.L) New Democracy – •On 28 th December, 2009, Telangana Goverdhan Federation of University Teacher’s association T.R.S – Nayini Narsimha Reddy was formed to participate in Telangana movement.Students Hunger Strike: Convenor – Bhattu Satyanarayana• As a protest against the second statement (O.U. Professor) made by Union Home Minister Chidambaram, Co-Convenor– Papi Reddy 18 students started hunger strike on 24th (K.U. Professor) December, 2009 in O.U. Arts College • This association has mainly supported the ground. And demanded to start the process students of their respective Universities who of Telangana formation immediately. were participating on the movement. PNR Publications 421 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureAll-Party Meeting (5th January, 2010): 6. C.P.I –• The Telangana bandh on 30 December, th Narayana (Andhra) which was called by TJAC have shown serious Gunda Mallesh (Telangana) impact on the Central and State Government. 7. Praja Rajyam –• The people’s representatives also played active Chiranjeevi (Andhra) role in bandh, like never before. Rama Chandraiah (Andhra)• Representatives of ruling and opposition 8. M.I.M – parties, including ministers and all starting from Asaduddin Owaisi (Telangana) Panchayat members till parliament members Akbaruddin Owaisi (Telangana) under the aegis of Telangana political JAC have • The then Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister decided to resign en masse and to create Rosaiah was a special invitee to this meeting. Constitutional crisis for the achievement of At all- party meeting, the Central Government Telangana State. considered individual opinion rather than• In the face of these development, the Central party-opinion. Government started to make moves. • At this meeting, one member from T.D.P and• As the agitations were increasing in Telangana, congress party support United Andhra and the the Union Home Ministry have sent invitation other member supported Telangana. T.R.S, to the 8 recognized political parties in B.J.P and C.P.I have demanded the formation Andhra Pradesh to attend an all-party meeting of separate Telangana State. to be held on 5th January, 2010 for seeking • CPM and MIM demanded the opinion of the opinion of the parties on separate Telangana Congress on Telangana issue. State. The union Home Ministry has asked to • Praja Rajyam party urged to keep the state get two representatives from each political party. united.• On 5th January, 2010, an all- party meeting • Finally, Home Minister Chidambaram was held in the North Block, Delhi on explained that Central Government made a Telangana issue, which was chaired by Union statement in favour of Telangana on 9th Home Minister Chidambaram. December because all political parties gave• The following 8 political parties attended the their assent on Telangana at the all – party all-party meeting: meeting held by chief minister Rosaiah on 7th 1. Congress Party – December, 2009. Uttam Kumar Reddy (Telangana) • The all-party meeting held on 5th January, 2010 Kavuri Sambasiva Rao (Andhra) did not satisfy anyone in Telangana. As a result, 2. T.D.P – the movement was intensified in Telangana. Revuri Prakash Reddy (Telangana) • Central government observed the situation and Yanamala Rama Krishna (Andhra) appointed Sri Krishna Committee on 3rd 3. T.R.S – February, 2010 on the pretext of K.C.R (Telangana) consultations. Prof. Jaya Shankar (Telangana) • All the Telanganists have unequivocally 4. B.J.P – rejected this committee. TJAC made it clear Bandaru Dattatreya (Telangana) that Telangana state should be declared Hari Babu (Andhra) without the formation of committee. 5. C.P.M – • TJAC declared that Telangana public does not B.V. Raghavulu (Andhra) have confidence in the committees due to Julakanti Ranga Reddy (Telangana) Pranab Mukherjee and Rosaiah Committees.
422 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureFormation of Sri Krishna Committee: visited several times. Sri Krishna committee• On 3 February, 2010, the Central rd submitted its report to Central Government government declared the formation of sri on 30th December, 2010. Krishna Committee. All-Party Meeting:• The Central government appointed the • On 6th January, 2011 Union Home Minister committee with 5 members headed by the Chidambaram have once again organized all former Supreme Court Judge B.N. Sri – party meeting on the report submitted by Krishna (Belluru Narayana Swamy Sri Sri Krishna Committee. Krishna) for consultations on the issue of • But TRS, BJP and Telugu Desam parties Telangana formation. boycotted this meeting.• Central government declared that this • Only Congress, MIM, CPI, CPM and Praja committee was appointed for extensive Rajyam parties attended this meeting. consultations with all the groups in Telangana and Seemandhra regions. • The Central Government have published the report of Sri Krishna Committee on 6th Chairman – January, 2011. Justice B.N. Sri Krishna (Former Supreme Court Judge, Sri Krishna Committee report consisted of 9 Native of Karnataka). chapters with 668 pages. Those 9 chapters are: Members: 1. The failure to fully implement the Gentlemen’s agreement has brought back the demand for 1. Vinod Kumar (VK) Duggal – Separate State. (Former Home Secretary) 2. In the whole State, Rayalaseema region is 2. Prof. Ranbir Singh – under-developed. It is even lagging behind (Founding Vice-Chancellor of when compared with Telangana. Even in Nalsar University of law, Hyderabad). Telangana also, only Hyderabad region is 3. Ravinder Kaur – focussed and developed. Telangana GDP is (Professor in Department of high compared to Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh & Humanities & Social Sciences, IIT Delhi) Uttarakhand. 4. Abusaleh Shariff – (Economist) 3. After 1971, Telangana region has recorded• After 10 days of constituting Sri Krishna high literacy rate compared to other regions. Committee by the Central Government, on In case of educational institutions, the situation 12 th February, 2010 the Union Home is much better. Ministry have declared the rules & regulations 4. In Irrigation sector, no region has been to the committee. neglected.• The government appealed to the committee 5. The existing protective measures for Telangana to analyse the 7 issues mentioned and to submit employees should be implemented effectively. the report by 31st December, 2010. There is no need for new measures.• However, protests took place over all 6. Telangana people have a feeling that their Telangana because out of total 7 issues which accent is being mocked in the movies. The are to be analysed by committee Telangana people of Northern Andhra region also has was mentioned in only one aspect. On the same feeling. The government should intervene rules and regulations of the committee protests when one region dominates other region were organised all over Telangana. politically, culturally and in employment.• Sri Krishna Committee visited the State for 7. Explained the importance of Hyderabad. the 1st time on 12th February, 2010. Later, PNR Publications 423 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture8. Committee made important suggestions on • The committee opined that this may not be issues such as law and order (this chapter was acceptable for both the regions. placed in a sealed cover and was directly 5) Formation of Telangana with handed over to Union Home minister Hyderabad as Capital: Chidambaram). So it is called as dark chapter. • Bifurcation of the State into Telangana and9. Sri Krishna Committee has reviewed the above Seemandhra as per existing boundaries with 8 chapters and made six suggestions for future. Hyderabad as the capital of Telangana andThe six suggestions made by Sri Krishna Seemandhra to have a new capital.Committee are as follows: • But due to this, protests may take place in1) Continuation of Status Quo: Seemandhra regions. Therefore, the• This implies that the movement should be committee did not think the formation of treated basically as a law and order issue and separate Telangana as the most preferred to be handled by the State Government. But, option, but it is the “Second Best Option”. at present it is not possible. 6) Keeping the State United-Formation2) Bifurcation of the State into of Telangana Regional Council: Seemandhra and Telangana, with • Providing certain definite Constitutional / Hyderabad as a Union Territory: Statutory measures for socio – economic• Division of State into Seemandhra and development and political empowerment of Telangana; and two states should develop their Telangana region, by keeping the State United. own capitals in due course Hyderabad as • The Committee recommended the creation of Union Territory. a Statutorily empowered Telangana Regional• But if Telangana is formed without Hyderabad, Council, by Keeping State United. there will be serious protests in Telangana. • The committee stated that “ in the National People will not have the satisfaction of interest this (6 th option) is the most Telangana formation. Therefore, the committee preferred option of us”. It means the stated that it is not possible. committee indirectly supported United Andhra.3) Bifurcation of State into Rayala – Telangana and Coastal Andhra • The committee stated that if the 6 point is th
Regions: not possible to implement, then the second option should be given to the 5th point.• Rayala – Telangana should be formed with Hyderabad as its Capital. But Telangana • The centre did not reveal the 8 chapter th
people will not accept. The committee opined out of the 9 chapters given in Sri Krishna that it is not possible because it will influence committee report. the religious sentiments. • The Telanganists protested saying that keeping 8th chapter of the report as secret is4) Bifurcation into Seemandhra and unconstitutional. The former Nizamabad Telangana with enlarged Hyderabad M.P Pandit Narayana Reddy filed a Metropolis as a Separate Union petition in High court to reveal the 8th chapter Territory: (Dark chapter) of the report.• Some Mandals of Nalgonda, Guntur, • On 23rd March, 2011 the High Court Judge Mahbubnagar and Kurnool districts will be L. Narsimha Reddy directed the Central merged with Hyderabad and will be made into government to reveal the 8th chapter. a big union territory, and also as a common • But, the division bench of High Court have capital to the new states. imposed stay on this ruling. 424 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureOrganizations and Political parties formed with the aim of Telangana StateFormation Organization President / Chairman1983 Telangana Democratic front (TDF) Satyanarayana (Convenor)1984 Telangana Party Devendra Swamy (Warangal)27th February, 1985 Telangana Jana Sabha Dusharla Satyanarayana1987 Vivekavardhini College Meeting Ravada Satyanarayana, Mechineni Kishan Rao1987 Telangana Praja Samithi Bhupati Krishna Murthy17 September,1987 th O.U forum for Telangana Prof. G. Laxman14th July, 1988 Telangana Information Trust K. Prabhakar1989 Telangana Sangharshana Samithi Kohed Prabhakar1989 Telangana Porata Samithi K.R. Amos, Mechineni Kishan Rao1990 Telangana Forum K. Jana Reddy (Convenor)February, 1990 Telangana Jala Sadhana Samithi Dusharla Satyanarayana22 , 23 February, 1992 Discussion on the formation of Small Surendra Mohan (Founder) nd rd
States in O.U1992 Telangana Liberation Student Kotthi Reddy Manohar Reddy Organization1993 Telangana Mukti Morcha Mechineni Kishan Rao, J. Purushottam Reddy1995 Delhi yatra of Khammam District Devabhaktuni Sangameshwar Rao leaders20 November, 1996 th Meeting of Manjeera Writers Nandini Siddha Reddy Association19th January,1997 Forum for freedom of expression Pasham Yadagiri, Guda Anjaiah meeting20 March, 1997 th Telangana Lawyer’s Conference Konda Madhav Reddy (Chief Guest)8th, 9th March, 1997 Bhuvanagiri Sabha Jaini Mallaiah Gupta18th June, 1997 Telangana Udyama Committee P. Indra Reddy12 July, 1997 th Telangana Pragathi Vedika Rapolu Ananda Bhaskar11th August, 1997 Telangana Mahasabha V. Prakash, Cheruku Sudhakar14th, 15th August,1997 Centre for Telangana Studies Prof. Jaya Shankar, Kesava Rao Jadhav16 October, 1997 th Telangana Joint Action Committee Prof. Jaya Shankar, Kesava Rao Jadhav28 , 29 December,1997 Warangal Declaration th th Prof. Sai Baba1997 Jai Telangana Party Telangana P. Indra Reddy5th , 6th July, 1998 Jana Sabha Akula Bhumaiah1998 Telangana Studies forum Gade Innaiah14 October, 1998 th Telangana Student front Kashim1998 Telangana Jana Sanghatana Challa Shankar, Kurra Rajanna1998 Telangana Kala Samithi Belli Lalitha, Jahangir1 November, 1998 st Telangana Samskruthika Vedika Nandini Siddha Reddy, Sunki Reddy Narayana Reddy PNR Publications 425 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1999 Telangana Development Forum (USA) Madhu. K. Reddy1999 Centre for Dalit Studies Mallepalli Laxmaiah25th May, 2000 Telangana Regional Teacher’s Union Kattangur Satyanarayana Reddy2000 Forum for better Hyderabad Manikonda Veda Kumar2000 Telangana Congress Legislative G. Chinna Reddy Forum27th April, 2001 Telangana Rashtra Samithi K. Chandra Shekar Rao31st May, 2001 Telangana Journalists Forum Allam Narayana25th July, 2001 Telangana Employees Association C. Vittal19th September, 2001 Telangana Sadhana Samithi Ale Narendra14th October, 2001 Telangana Writer’s forum Nandini Siddha Reddy11th October, 2002 Telangana Rashtra Party Gade InnaiahMarch, 2004 Telangana Intellectuals forum Prof. Kodandaram2005 Talli Telangana Party VijayashantiMarch, 2006 Telangana Vidyavanthula Vedika Kodandaram6th June, 2006 Telangana History Society T. VivekSeptember, 2006 Telangana Research Scholars P. Shankar association20th September, 2006 Telangana teacher’s federation / G. Sridhar forum28th September, 2006 Telangana Sangharshana Samithi Bellaiah Nayak27th October, 2006 Telangana Students forum Janjarla Ramesh Babu2007 Telangana Jana Parishad Kesava Rao JadhavMay, 2007 People’s Telangana foundation Prof. Simhadri, Bhangya Bhukya7th June, 2007 Telangana Samskruthika Samakya Guda Anjaiah29th June, 2007 Telangana Rashtra Sadhana Kesava Rao Jadhav Samyukta Vedika7th July, 2007 Telangana Lecturer’s forum Murali Manohar11th July, 2007 Nava Telangana Party Devender GoudJanuary, 2008 Telangana Joint Students association Veeragoni Chaitanya Goud1st, 2nd March, 2008 Telangana History Congress Prof. G. Venkata Rajam21st September, 2008 Telangana Singidi Writer’s Nandini Siddha Reddy association18th October, 2008 Telangana Settler’s front K. Srinivas Raju26th November, 2008 Telangana University Professor’s R. Ramesh Reddy forum2009 Telangana Vimochana Samithi Kapilavai Dileep KumarOctober, 2010 Telangana Praja front Gaddar2010 Forum for Sustainable Telangana Manikonda Veda Kumar2010 Telangana Resources Centre Manikonda Veda Kumar21st February, 2011 Telangana United front Kesava Rao Jadhav, Vimalakka10th September, 2011 Telangana Nagara Samithi Nagam Janardhan ReddyJanuary, 2014 Mahajana Socialist Party Manda Krishna Madiga
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Indian National Congress Party: • In 1992, “Telangana Forum” was formed• Indian National Congress played a major role with about 100 MLA’s of various parties with in the formation of Telangana State. “Jana Reddy” as convenor.• Even the critics of Congress party agree that • This forum under the leadership of Jana Reddy if Congress party did not take active role in has given memorandum to the then Chief the formation of Telangana State, Telangana Minister Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy and would not have been achieved. Prime Minister P. V. Narsimha Rao regarding the injustice done to Telangana region.• Political disparity has increased among Congress leaders and activists as some cadres • Later, Jana Reddy abandoned Telangana issue of the Party (Andhra Pradesh) have opposed after Chief Minister Kotla Vijay Bhaskar the demand of separate Telangana while some Reddy gave minister post to Jana Reddy. leaders (Telangana region) supported the • On 11th August, 2000 “Telangana demand. Congress Legislative forum” was formed• After hearing the arguments from both the with Chinna Reddy as its convenor. About sides, the supreme authority of congress 41 Telangana Congress party MLA’s under delayed the process as it could not decide on the leadership of Chinna Reddy, gave a the issue. Finally, the Congress Working memorandum to Sonia Gandhi in favour of Committee headed by Sonia Gandhi have Telangana. decided in favour of the formation of • The Congress Working Committee discussed Telangana State. this matter thoroughly and appointed a three-• In 1956, Andhra Pradesh was formed during member subcommittee under the leadership the Congress government. of Dr. Manmohan Singh (Pranab Mukherjee, Dr. Manmohan Singh & Ghulam• After Telangana movement in 1969, Jai Nabi Azad). Andhra movement in 1972, the Congress party have introduced “Six – Point formula” in 1973 • On the basis of the report of this sub- for the abolition of decades old Mulki rules in committee, Congress party President Sonia Telangana. Gandhi has written a letter to National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government to set• The Congress party under the leadership of up 2nd S.R.C to look into the demand of Indira Gandhi have merged Telangana Praja Telangana and other smaller state. Samithi, which was formed for Separate Telangana with Congress party in 1971 and • After 2004 elections, Chinna Reddy diluted the issue of Separate Telangana. abandoned the issue of Telangana as he was appointed as Minister in YSR cabinet.• Since 1990’s, the Congress party became aware of the need for a separate Telangana • In 2004 elections, Congress made alliance and started actively participating in the with TRS party and included “Telangana issue” movement. in the election manifesto.
PNR Publications 427 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In March, 2004 Sonia Gandhi while Later, Rosaiah became the chief minister after speaking at a public meeting in Karimnagar the death of Y.S.R in helicopter crash, which have promised to form Separate Telangana took place while going to Rachchabanda State. In 2004, Congress government was program in Chittoor district. formed at the centre and the state. • On 9th October, 2009 the Supreme Court• Telangana issue is also included in the Common gave a ruling that Hyderabad will be considered Minimum Program of UPA, which was formed as a free zone in terms of Police recruitment. under the leadership of Congress party. Telangana students and employee Unions started agitations against the Supreme Court• The Centre have included the issue of ruling. Telangana in the President’s speech at parliament on 7th June, 2004. • On 29th November, 2009 KCR started fast unto death. Telangana agitations took serious• The Congress party led UPA government has shape with the fast unto death of KCR. Due set up a sub-committee headed by Pranab to this, Rosaiah convened an all- party meeting Mukherjee for broader acceptance on on 7th December, 2009 at Secretariat to Telangana issue. discuss about Telangana issue.• By setting up this sub-committee, the Indian • All the political parties gave consent to National Congress sought to gain all separate Telangana State except CPI (M) and consensus on the formation of separate MIM in the all – party meeting. After the Telangana State. During that period, discussions of Congress Working Committee, “Telangana Congress forum” is formed in the Central Home Minister Chidambaram have State. announced the formation of Telangana on 9th• Telangana Congress forum have decided to December, 2009. raise the issue of separate Telangana in State • The statement given by Chidambaram is “The Legislative Assembly apart from continuing process of forming the state of Telangana will separate State movement. be initiated, an appropriate resolution will be• In 2009, YSR government appointed moved in the state assembly”. “Rosaiah Committee” to report the views • Protests began in Seemandhra region against on the formation of Telangana. the statement given by Chidambaram.• In 2009, elections were held to the Central • Due to this, Chidambaram made another and State legislatures. During the first phase statement on 23rd December, 2009. of election campaign, Congress party “The process of formation of Telangana State promised to form separate Telangana state if will be initiated only after the resolution in the Congress forms the government. Assembly, till the formation of state is• Later, after the completion of first phase postponed”. polling in Telangana, Y.S. Raj Shekar Reddy • With the above statement, protests and on 16th April, 2009 during election campaign agitations began in Telangana. in Nandyal opposed Telangana by saying that • All the political parties and public organizations “if Telangana is formed, we will be together formed “Telangana Political Joint foreigners in Hyderabad and we need a action Committee (TJAC)” on 24 th passport to go there”. December, 2009 to take forward the• The Congress party won 2009 elections. Telangana movement. Congress party also Y.S.R became Chief Minister for the 2nd time. joined this TJAC.
428 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 5 th January, 2010 the Central • The three key posts were held by Andhra Government have convened an all – party region leaders. meeting at Delhi for seeking the opinion of • Although Sonia Gandhi wanted to form parties on separate Telangana. Eight Political Separate Telangana, but she feared that if Parties from the State have attended the Congress MP’s of Andhra region resigns the meeting. Congress party leaders who attended UPA government will be in the danger of losing this meeting were; power because of short fall in majority, hence 1. Uttam Kumar Reddy (Telangana) she delayed the process of formation of 2. Kavuri Sambasiva Rao (Andhra) Telangana.• In the face of disagreements between political • Finally, on 30th July, 2013 the congress parties, the UPA government appointed Sri working committee (CWC) announced the Krishna Committee on 3rd February, 2010 formation of Telangana with 10 districts. to look into the issue of Telangana. • On 13th February, 2014, the Congress led• On 19th February, 2010, the Congress party UPA government introduced the State came out of the Telangana Joint action Reorganization bill in Lok Sabha. On 18th Committee (TJAC). February, 2014, the Lok Sabha passed the• Later, by observing the situation in the state, Telangana bill. the Central government appointed Nallari • On 20 th February, 2014, the UPA Kiran Kumar Reddy (the then Speaker of government introduced the Telangana bill in Legislative assembly) as Chief Minister in Rajya Sabha and was passed on the same day. place of K. Rosaiah on 24th November, • On 4th March, 2014, the UPA government 2010. declared 2nd June as the Telangana formation• On 30th December, 2010, the Sri Krishna day. Committee Submitted the report to the Union • The Congress party introduced Separate Home Ministry. This report was disclosed on Telangana state bill in both the houses of 6th January, 2011. parliament and gathered support from the• Protests started in Telangana against the report opposition for the passage of bill. Finally, of Sri Krishna Committee, because the President gave assent to Telangana bill and committee gave first priority to United Andhra the dream of separate Telangana has come Pradesh. true.• Telangana Congress Minister Jupalli Krishna Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): Rao Resigned to his Minister post on 3rd • Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) played active March, 2011 as the process of Telangana role in the formation of a separate Telangana formation is being delayed. State. As a national party, BJP recognised the• In June, 2011, Botsa Satyanarayana of Andhra need for the formation of separate Telangana region was appointed as P.C.C. President in state and Telangana BJP leaders have place of D. Srinivas of Telangana region. succeeded in convincing the Central leadership• By this, and BJP leaders of Andhra – Rayalaseema Chief Minister – Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy for Telangana. Speaker – Nadendla Manohar • BJP made efforts in conducting referendum P.C.C. President – Botsa Satyanarayana on separate Telangana and to mobilize and
PNR Publications 429 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture strengthen the support of other parties at Yatra” on 13th November, 2008 at Secundera- national level. bad and L.K. Advani announced that “if BJP• During 1997 parliament election campaign, forms Government, it will give Telangana Vajpayee declared that BJP supports the within 100 days of coming to power”. formation of Separate Telangana State. • BJP supported Telangana at an all – party meeting organized by the then chief ministerKakinada Resolution (1997): Rosaiah on 7th December, 2009.• In 1997, BJP held a meeting in Kakinada. In • BJP also joined the Telangana Political Joint this meeting, the BJP gave a slogan “One Vote Action Committee (TJAC), which was formed – Two states” in support of the formation of on 24 th December, 2009 for achieving small states. This is known as “Kakinada separate Telangana State. Resolution”. • BJP party actively participated in all the• After 1999 parliamentary elections, BJP led movements organized by the JAC and also NDA came into power. Then, BJP was played key role in pressurizing UPA prepared to implement the Kakinada government in Parliament till the formation of Resolution. separate Telangana.• In this scenario, the Central government was • The leaders of BJP , who attended the all – prepared to form separate states of party meeting convened by the Central Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and Government on 5th January, 2010 are: Telangana. But TDP (Chandra Babu Naidu) who supported NDA from outside have 1. Bandaru Dattatreya ( Telangana) opposed the formation of Telangana. 2. Hari Babu (Andhra)• With this, the BJP led NDA government formed • In this all-party meeting also, BJP supported the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and formation of Telangana state. Uttaranchal in the year 2000. • On 31st July, 2010, Yendala Laxminarayana,• As Telangana State was not formed, the BJP BJP MLA resigned as a protest against the minister Ale Narendra came out of the party injustice done to the formation of Telangana and formed a new party “Telangana State. Sadhana Samiti” in June – July , 2001. • Main leaders of BJP such as L.K.Advani,• On 11th August, 2002, Ale Narendra have Sushma Swaraj, Rajnath Singh and others merged Telangana Sadhana Samithi with the organized several meetings in Hyderabad and TRS party. participated in spreading Telangana• During 1998 – 2000, the BJP and All India Movement. Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) under Kishan Reddy “Poru Telangana Yatra” the leadership of Mechineni Kishan Rao (19th January-9th February, 2012) and Ale Narendra have organized a campaign • On 19th January, 2012 , BJP State President for achieving Godavari water to Telangana. G. Kishan Reddy launched “BJP Poru During this period, Mechineni Kishan Rao Telangana Yatra” in Mahbubnagar district conducted Padayatra from Yellampally to for separate Telangana State. Hyderabad. • Kishan Reddy conducted this yatra for 22• As a part of 2009 elections campaign, the BJP days in 88 constituencies and concluded on have organized a meeting named “BJP Sankalpa 9th February, 2012, at Bhadrachalam.430 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureKishan Reddy “Telangana Poru Jaitley have fully supported the bill and thereDeeksha” (3rd to 5th September, 2012): by the bill was passed.• Kishan Reddy organized a protest named • When bill was passed in Lok Sabha, Sushma “Telangana Poru Deeksha” from 3rd to 5th Swaraj said that Telangana people should September, 2012 at Jantar Mantar, New remember her as Chinna Amma of Telangana Delhi. (in the context Sonia Gandhi is named as• Prakash Javadekar and TJAC Chairman Prof. Amma, who played a prominent role in the Kodandaram attended this protest. formation of Telangana)• On the final day of protest, about 2000 BJP Telugu Desham Party: activists were heading towards Prime • On 29 th March, 1982, N.T.R founded Minister’s house for Telangana, while on their Telugu Desam Party. way they were Lathicharged by the Police. • Later, NTR went on state wide tour in the• Similarly, when Telangana bill was introduced name of self – respect of Telugu people and in Lok Sabha in February, 2014, BJP state by attacking the policies of Congress party. President G. Kishan Reddy undertook • After winning 1983 elections with highest hunger strike for 3 days at A.P. Bhavan majority, N.T.R sworn in as Chief Minister on in Delhi as a support to Telangana bill, without 9th January, 1983. succumbing to the pressure of Seemandhra • However, in August 1984, the then Prime leaders. Minister Indira Gandhi and NadendlaDattatreya “Alai-Balai”: Bhaskar Rao in co-operation with the then Governor Thakur Ramlal removed NTR• BJP leaders undertook innovative programs from power and Nadendla Bhaskar Rao to make the people aware of the necessity of became the Chief Minister. Telangana State. • Nadendla Bhaskar Rao served as Chief• As a part of this, BJP leader Bandaru Dattatreya Minister of Andhra Pradesh from 16th August organizes “ Alai-Balai” program on Dasara to 16th September, 1984. During this period, festival, which reflects Telangana culture. NTR went on national wide tour to secure hisMerging of Telangana Nagara Chief Minister post. Due to this, NTR becameSamithi with BJP: Chief Minister on 16th September, 1984, when several national parties supported NTR• In August, 2011, Nagam Janardhan Reddy against the centre. came out of TDP and formed a new party “Telangana Nagara Samithi”. This “Telangana • In December 1984, Telugu Desam Party won Nagara Samithi” merged with BJP on 3rd 30 Lok Sabha seats in the 8th Lok Sabha June, 2013 in the presence of Rajnath Singh. elections and emerged as the main opposition party in Lok Sabha.• On 18th February, 2014 during voting on State • NTR decided to go for elections and won 202 Re-organization bill in Lok Sabha, the then seats in State Legislative Assembly elections BJP Lok Sabha leader Sushma Swaraj held in 1985 and once again NTR was elected expressed full support on behalf of the party. as Chief Minister.• On 20th February, 2014, when State Re- • In 1989, Telugu Desam Party lost the organization bill was introduced in Rajya elections. Once again, the Congress party Sabha, the then BJP floor leader Arun formed the Government. PNR Publications 431 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Telugu Desam Party once again won in the • In 2004, elections were held to State legislature 1994 assembly elections. NTR became the in two phases. chief minister. • After the 1st phase elections in Telangana• On 1 st September, 1995, Chandra Babu region, during the campaigning in Andhra Naidu turned majority of TDP MLA’s towards region Chandra Babu Naidu said that “if him and proved his strength in the Assembly. Telangana is formed, barriers will be Chandra Babu Naidu became the Chief constructed on Godavari in the form of Minister by ousting NTR from the post. Dams and Prevent delta region from• Due to these circ*mstances, NTR’s second getting water and eventually Coastal wife Lakshmi Parvati founded “NTR TDP Andhra region will be dried up & become like desert”. party”. • Congress party won 2004 elections.• From the initial stages, Telugu Desam party founded by NTR is a big enemy to Telangana. • Telangana Telugu Desam party leaders and NTR started a campaign in the name of activists have put a lot of pressure on the Conservation of Self – Respect of Telugu party’s leadership to take favourable decision people to side track the Telangana issue. regarding Telangana issue. But the party supremacy saw this as the sensitive issue and• During 1998 March Lok – Sabha elections, feared that leaders of other regions would Telugu Desam Party supported Bharatiya oppose it. Janata Party (BJP) and joined with NDA • Hence, the leader of the party Chandra Babu government. Naidu adopted the two-eye theory saying• Based on the Kakinada resolution of the BJP, that Telangana and Seemandhra regions of the NDA government formed 3 new states in the state are like his two eyes, and that no one year 2000. During this period, Chandra Babu should get hurt. led TDP did not allow the formation of • While 2009 elections were approaching, and Telangana saying that if Telangana is formed after observing the devastating result of 2004 TDP will withdraw support from NDA elections, Chandra Babu Naidu realized that government. to win seats in Telangana region he should• In these situations, the then Deputy Speaker support the formation of Telangana state. K. Chandra Shekhar Rao resigned from his • Prior to 2009 General elections, in 2008 post and founded TRS party in 2001, by which Devender Goud the Second important leader pressure was increased on Chandra Babu of TDP came out from the party and founded Naidu. “ Nava Telangana Party”.• During this period, the discontent among • In these situations, Chandra babu Naidu felt Telangana employees increased as the that he should support Telangana formation implementation of G. O. 610 released by NTR to protect his party in Telangana region and to was delayed. come to power again.• J.M. Girglani commission was appointed • With a faith that Congress party will not form to study the implementation of G.O.610. Telangana even if TDP supports Telangana, Girglani Commission submitted its first report TDP party wrote a letter to Pranab on 6th October, 2001. Final report was Mukherjee Sub-committee (formed in submitted to the government on 30 th 2005 by UPA) on 18th October, 2008 saying September, 2004. that it supports formation of Telangana.432 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Subsequently, the leaders and activists of • Even though CPI party supported United Telangana region actively participated in Andhra Pradesh initially, but after knowing the several protests and campaigns in support of aspirations of Telangana people it supported separate Telangana State. formation of Telangana during later phase of• In 2009 elections, TDP party contested as a struggle. part of Mahakutami (Grand Alliance). But • CPI party declared its support for Telangana Mahakutami lost the elections. before Pranab Mukherjee Committee, Sri Krishna committee, all – party meetings• Due to the fast unto death of KCR, the then convened by Rosaiah and the Union Home Chief Minister Rosaiah convened all – party Minister on Telangana issue. meeting on 7th December, 2009, where Telugu Desam party declared its decision K. Narayana “Telangana Poru Yatra”: in favour of Separate Telangana. • CPI Secretary Narayana conducted• On 9th December, when Chidambaram made “Telangana Poru Yatra” in Telangana region a statement in favour of Telangana, Chandra from 4th June to 15th June, 2011 starting from Babu Naidu indirectly led United Andhra Jodeghat in Adilabad district to Hyderabad agitation. to bring awareness among people.• On 24th December, 2009, students attacked • The concluding meeting of this Telangana Poru TDP leader Nagam Janardhan Reddy when Yatra is held at Nizam College, Hyderabad. he visited O.U to support the hunger strike of • On 19th January, 2013, CPI State Secretary Osmania University students. Narayana organized massive protest in the• The leaders of TDP, who attended all – party name of collective dharna at Indira Park. meeting convened by Central government on • RLD party leader Jayanth Singh attended 5th January, 2010 were: this dharna as a chief guest and declared their 1. Revuri Prakash Reddy (Telangana) support for separate Telangana. 2. Yanamala Ramkrishnudu (Andhra) Marxist Communist Party (CPM):• In 2014, when Telangana bill was introduced • CPM party since its split from CPI and its in State Assembly and Parliament, the TDP formation in 1964 till later phase Telangana leaders of Telangana region supported struggle in 2014, CPM party supported only Telangana formation and Andhra leaders United Andhra Pradesh. supported United Andhra Pradesh. • During 1969 Telangana struggle, CPMLeftist Parties: supported United Andhra Pradesh.Communist Party of India (CPI): • During 2009 later phase Telangana struggle,• CPI took part in the struggle during 1946 -51 CPM party faced fierce protests & displeasure in Telangana region. from Telangana people in particular and also from its supporters.• Prior to Andhra Pradesh formation in 1956, the CPI wished for the formation of • The CPM party said that although it opposed Vishalandhra by uniting Andhra & Telangana the separation of the linguistic states in terms regions. of party ideology, it will not be treated as an obstacle to the separate Telangana State.• The CPI party did not take part in the 1969 separate Telangana agitation. It supported • During the later phase of Telangana movement, united Andhra Pradesh. the CPM party expressed its policy and said PNR Publications 433 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture that if UPA government wanted to give • MIM party leaders Asaduddin Owaisi and Telangana, they will not oppose it. Akbaruddin Owaisi supported United Andhra• When Telangana bill was introduced in the Pradesh before Sri Krishna Committee in Parliament houses, the CPM party MP’s did 2010. not take part in voting. • They stated before Sri Krishna Committee that if the state is to be divided, RayalaseemaCPI (ML) New Democracy party: districts should be merged with Telangana and• This party said that separate Telangana State “Rayala Telangana” should be formed. movement has come up against economic exploitation and social oppression. YSR Congress Party:• This party as part of political JAC has actively • In 2011, Y.S. Raja Shekhar Reddy’s son Jagan involved in various protests and movements. Mohan Reddy founded Y.S.R Congress party.• CPI (ML) party by actively participating in In the early days of it’s formation, the party the separate State movement stated that it is declared its respect for Telangana Sentiment essential for the equitable distribution of and urged the Central government to find a resources, development opportunities and solution without doing injustice to the two social justice for Telangana people. regions.All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul • On 28 th December, 2012 at all – partyMuslimeen (AIMIM) party: meeting in Delhi, YSR congress party said that “as per article 3 of the Constitution, the• MIM party was founded in 1927 during Nizam Central Government has the power to period. decide”.• In 1957, MIM President Qasim Rizvi while • The party said that the decisions of the regional leaving to Pakistan appointed Abdul Wahid parties need not be considered for the Owaisi as the President of MIM party. Later, formation of small states and that the Central Owaisi changed MIM to AIMIM. Government may take necessary action.• Between 1952-55, Muslims in Hyderabad • But in the later stages, the YSR CP party participated in the Non-Mulki (Ghair Mulki) opposed the partition of the State, supported movement. And opposed Vishalandhra United Andhra Pradesh. When Telangana bill movement. was introduced in Parliament, YSR CP’s only• Since Abdul Wahid Owaisi was the President M.P Y.S. Jagan opposed Telangana bill by of the party. Till the later phase of movement, holding a placard. MIM opposed the formation of separate Telangana State. Lok Satta Party:• However, between 1989-90 MIM party • In 1996, a non-government organization was President Salahuddin Owaisi at only one formed which was headed by Jaya Prakash point in his life joined “Telangana Narayana and this changed into a Political Sangharshan Samithi” and demanded party in 2006. separate Telangana State. Later , he changed • From the beginning, the party opposed the his attitude. formation of Telangana state. Party leader• Asaduddin Owaisi, who took over the Jaya Prakash Narayana said that the formation responsibility of MIM party after the death of of Telangana State is not the only solution to Salahuddin Owaisi, opposed Telangana. all the problems. 434 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • Executive members of Telangana United Dalit Bahujan Organizations, Front (TUF): Grassroots movement TUF Chairman – Keshava Rao Jadhav organizations & other JAC’s Co-Chairman – VimalakkaTelangana Praja Front (TPF): Secretary General – Kapilavai Dileep Kumar• On 9th October, 2010 in a meeting held at Maruthi Gardens, Lakadikapul “Telangana Official Representatives – Praja Front” was formed under the Riyaz, Seshagiri Rao Presidentship of Gaddar. • On 24 September, 2012, Vimalakka was th
• TPF Secretary General – Nalamasa Krishna. arrested in a case of trying to vandalize the statue of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy located• Vimalakka and others who attended the in front of TDP office. meeting opposed the policy of Praja front of not participating in the parliamentary elections • Similarly, cases were filed against Vimalakka and walked out of the meeting. for allegedly vandalizing the toll gate on outer Ring Road ( related to Andhra investors) and• Gaddar said that the Telangana Praja Front is for attacking the office of “MR Properties” formed with the aim of bringing all the and damaging the records. Telangana movement unions under one umbrella as an alternative to parliamentary • Vimalakka inspired Telangana people through Politics. her songs and through the activities of Arunodaya Samskruthika Samakhya.• Telangana Praja Front claims that the only way to achieve economic, social and political Telangana Vimochana Samithi: development of marginalized, downtrodden • On 23rd August, 2009, V. Prakash and and women in Telangana is to form Kapilavai Dileep Kumar together formed “Democratic Telangana State”. “Telangana Vimochana Samithi”.• On 9th December, 2010, Telanagna Praja Front organized an open meeting titled “Day Dalit Bahujan Mahasabha: of Martyrs Sacrifice” (Amaraveerulu • Maroju Veeranna founded “Dalit Bahujan Tyagaphalitha Dinam) at NTR Stadium, Mahasabha” to co-ordinate all the Dalit Hyderabad. organizations. Dalit Bahujan Mahasabha• On 19th April, 2012, Gaddar resigned as a convenor – Erra Johnson. President of Telangana Praja Front. Later, Madiga Reservation Porata Samiti Akula Bhumaiah became the President. (MRPS):• After Bhumaiah, Maddhileti became the • In 1994, Manda Krishna Madiga, Prbhakar President. and Kripakar Madiga together establishedTelangana United Front (TUF): “Madiga Reservation Porata Samithi”.• On 21st February, 2011, Vimalakka along • In 1996, Manda Krishna Madiga travelled with her supporters formed “TUF” at from the home town of Chandra Babu Naidu Ambedkar Bhavan, Hanumakonda. “Naravari palli (Chittor district)” to Hyderabad• Former Union Minister Ajith Singh was the to take forward the reservation movement Chief guest at the function. from one village to another.
PNR Publications 435 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• MRPS supported the demand of a separate • Almost 13 protestors were injured in the firing. Telangana State. • Jagan was arrested at Vangapally due to lack of permission to travel. Public Protests - Suicides Public Organizations Joint Action for the cause of Telangana Committee:Financial Non Co-operation • On 27th December, 2009, all the publicmovement: organizations convened a meeting at LIC Bhavan Hall near Paradise and formed into• On 28th February, 2010, financial non co- a Joint action committee. operation movement was started through the voluntary boycott of alcohol. Committee Chairman – Prof. Tirumali• Software engineer Kesipeddi Narsimha Raj • Prof. Nageshwar and Chukka Ramaiah were launched financial non co-operation movement the chief guests to the meeting. in a view to stop revenue to the government • Executive members of Public Association till the emergence of Telangana State. JAC:• First village in Telangana State to call for ban Co-Chairman – Gajjala Kantham, on liquor as a part of financial non co- Srinivas Raju (Settlers Forum President) operation movement was Khilashapur Vice - Chairman – Tejavath Bellaiah Naik (Warangal). Media Convenor – Dileep Kumar• Later people of Madharam, Muchupahad, Mandelagudem, Kadavendi villages voluntarily Suicides took part in the ban of liquor. From 1952 till 2014, many people lost their •TJAC Bus Yatra: lives for the formation of Telangana State.• On 21 st March, 2010, TJAC started • Nearly 369 students and people died in the “Telangana Movement Bus Yatra” from 1969 Telangana movement. In later phase of Gun Park, Hyderabad. This yatra travelled Telangana movement, students, youth and through Nalgonda, Khammam and reached many people of Telangana committed suicides Manuguru and held huge open house meeting for separate Telangana State. at Manuguru. • In the book “Telangana Movement Suicides, Sacrifices, Martyrs” publishedManukota Incident: on Telangana suicides have reported that 885• On May 28th , 2010, Telangana people in people died in the period from November 29th, large number blocked the odarpu Yatra of 2009 to December 9th, 2012. YSR CP party Chief Jagan at Manukota. • Since the attempted suicide of Srikantha• MLA Konda Surekha, MLC Konda Murali chary on 29th November, 2009 till his death and some other leaders of YSR CP party on 3rd December, there were 9 deaths. On reached Manukota railway station and sat in 30th November, 2009 Srikanth of Medak the waiting room. district and Bhukya Praveen of Warangal• The Telanganists rushed towards the waiting district committed suicide. room with slogans “Jagan Go Back”. At that • On 1st December, 2009, constable Kistaiah moment, some one opened fire from the of Nizamabad district and Ashok of Jagan’s group. Karimnagar district committed suicide. 436 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureKasoju Srikantha Chary: the formation of separate Telangana State, died• He belongs to Podichedu Village, Mothkur on 15th February, 2011. Mandal of Yadadri district. His parents were Yadi Reddy: Shankaramma, Venkata Chary. • Yadi Reddy of Moinabad committed suicide• In later phase of Telangana movement, on 20 th July, 2011 in front of Shastri Srikantha Chary was the first student to Bhavan near Parliament, Delhi. sacrifice his life. Bhojya Nayak:• On 29th November, 2009 he committed suicide by pouring Kerosene on his body in • On 24th March, 2012, Lunawat Bhojya front of Ambedkar Statue at L.B. Nagar X Nayak of Warangal district died by pouring roads, Hyderabad. He died on 3rd December, petrol & setting himself on fire near Public 2009. Gardens, Hanumakonda by making slogans “ I want Telangana and Jai Telangana”.Constable Kistaiah: Siripuram Srikanth:• On 1st December, 2009, constable Kistaiah • On 28th March, 2012, BJP activist Siripuram of Nizamabad committed suicide by shooting Srikanth committed suicide by setting himself himself with his service gun seeking separate on fire at Hyderabad. Telangana State.• Kistaiah was a constable of 1992 batch. He Gudi Raji Reddy: is a native of Shivayi palli village, Biknur • Gudi Raji Reddy of Karimnagar district Mandal of Nizamabad district. migrated to Hyderabad for livelihood. • On 30 th September, 2012 Raji ReddyVenu Gopal Reddy: participated in the “Sagaraharam” program• On 19th January, 2010, Venu Gopal Reddy organized by JAC. On the same day, police of Nalgonda committed suicide in Osmania opened tear gas due to which Raji Reddy University. suffered with serious illness and died on 25thSiripuram Yadaiah: October, 2012 while undergoing treatment.• On 20th February, 2010, Siripuram Yadaiah Avinash: set himself on fire by pouring Kerosene near • Avinash committed suicide by giving a NCC gate, Osmania University. testimony to T-News channel that he isIshan Reddy: sacrificing his life to fill inspiration among lakhs• Ishan Reddy of Medak district wished of Telangana supporters to achieve Telangana, before Maisamma (deity) that he will sacrifice and in that Telangana his brothers can come his life if D. Srinivas of Nizamabad district is out of Slavery & live freely. defeated in the by – elections. Devender Reddy (2010):• On 31st July, 2010, Ishan Reddy committed • Devender Reddy was the first lawyer to suicide as D. Srinivas was defeated in the by- commit suicide for the State of Telangana. elections. • Not only these, but many more peopleChiraboina Kanakaiah: sacrificed their lives for Telangana.• Physically handicapped Chiraboina Kanakaiah of Warangal district committed suicide for PNR Publications 437 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Cultural Revivalism in Telangana,12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other symbolic expressions in Telangana,12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Literary forms – performing arts and12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 other cultural expressions123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
Telangana Thalli Statue: • B.V.R. Chary, the architect of Nirmal gave a• Telangana Thalli Statue is the symbol of form to Telangana Thalli on the computer for Telangana existence, culture and self – respect. the first time according to the thoughts and In April 1975, Chief Minister Jalagam Vengal instructions of B.S. Ramulu. Rao organized World Telugu Convention and • But the picture of Telangana Thalli designed conducted intensive campaign to the concept on the computer was like a normal woman of “Telugu Thalli” without crown on the head and ornaments.• Sankarambadi Sundara Chary, an Andhra • The picture of this Telangana Thalli is published poet wrote the song “Ma Telugu Thalli Ki as a cover page photo of Telangana’s weekly Mallepudanda”. magazine “Prajatantra”, which was run by• Andhra rulers declared this song as the State Devulapalli Ajay. anthem and ordered it to be sung in schools in Note: before the launch of Namaste the state. However, there is only mention of Telangana newspaper, “Prajatantra” was the Rani Rudramadevi in this song and nothing else only daily and weekly paper to publish the is mentioned regarding Telangana. news regarding Telangana movement.• During same period, Telangana poet • But KCR after seeing the picture of “Telangana Dasarathi Krishnama Charya was the first Thalli” said that why Telangana Thalli should to bring the concept of “Telangana Thalli”. be like a normal woman under poverty and “Koti Velugula Bangaru Konda Kinda, suggested some changes. Parachukonnatti sarassu lopala vikasinchi, • Later, KCR held meetings with B.S. Ramulu, Poddu podduna andala poolu puyu, Na Prof. Gangadhar, Ele Laxman, Ekka Yadagiri Telangana Kanjatavalli”. and others regarding the changes to be done “Beneath the golden hill of a million light, in the Telangana Thalli Statue. lodged in the lake and in the blooming • In these meetings, based on the suggestions beautiful flowers is my Telangana Thalli given by all, Prof. Gangadhar have designed Kanjatavalli” - Dasarathi Krishnama the present form of Telangana Thalli. Chary. • The first Statue of the present Telangana Thalli• Persons who played important role in the designed by Prof. Gangadhar was made by design of “Telangana Thalli” the sculptor Narasimhulu. B.S. Ramulu • Telangana Thalli Statue made by Narasimhulu B.V.R. Chary (B. Venkata Ramana Chary) was unveiled by Telangana Jagruthi President Prof. Gangadhar Kavitha in front of the Bus stand in Narasimhulu438 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Godavarikhani (after KCR unveiled Telangana Telangana Dhoom-Dham: Thalli statue at Telangana Bhavan in 2007). • Rasamai Balakishan started the cultural• On November 15 , 2007, for the first time th form “Telangana Dhoom – Dham”. the statue of Telangana Thalli was unveiled by • Rasamai Balakishan was inspired by the KCR at Telangana Bhavan. cultural show “Janapada Jatara” conducted• This statue was made by Pasunuri Dayakar. by Anthadupula Nagaraju and created the program “Telangana Dhoom – Dham”.Depiction of Telangana Thalli Statue: • The performance of songs and dance is called• Telangana Thalli is with Bathukamma in the Dhoom-Dham. Large number of artists, left hand, Corn & Maize in the right hand with singers and various folk forms come together silk saree, gold ornaments and silver mettelu to perform. (toerings / silverware to the toe). • This Dhoom-Dham event includes Oggu• Bathukamma in the hand of Telangana Thalli katha, Chirutalu, Kolatam, Bathukamma, is the symbol of Telangana Culture, corn & Golla Suddulu, Ekanadham and other local Maize symbol of crops which are grown in dance forms. Telangana, Silver mettelu (toerings) symbol of Muttaiduva (married woman whose husband • On 30 September, 2002, 1 Telangana th st
is alive), silk saree worn by Telangana Thalli Dhoom-Dham show was held at as symbol of Gadwal and pochampalli Kamareddy. Second show at Sangareddy sarees, Silver mettelu as a symbol of and third show at Siddipet. Karimnagar filigree ornaments. • Fourth show was held in 2006 at Telugu• Diamond in the crown of Telangana Thalli Lalitha Kalathoranam open auditorium. symbolises Telangana’s world famous • Dhoom-Dham one-decade celebrations were “Kohinoor” diamond. Diamond in the waist held on 22nd December, 2012 at Indira belt (Vaddanam) is the symbol of “Jacob Priyadarshini auditorium, Hyderabad. Diamond” of Telangana. • These celebrations were inaugurated by Guda Anjaiah, Gaddar and others. Revivalism of Telangana Culture • This Dhoom-Dham program as part of Telangana’s culture has helped to furtherDattatreya Alai-Balai: strengthen the aspirations of people towards• Every year the Union Minister Dattatreya Telangana. organizes “Alai-Balai” on the following day of Dasara festival at “Jalvihar” on the banks Telangana Jagruthi: of Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad. • In 2008, Kalvakuntla Kavitha have started• In this event, everyone will hug and greet each “Telangana Jagruthi”. other. • Telangana Jagruthi works to bring awareness• Alai-Balai is a symbol of Hindu-Muslim among people regarding Telangana culture unity in Telangana. and to bring back splendour of Bathukamma• First Alai-Balai was held at Nizam College. in cities and towns, which is the symbol of Telangana existence.• Dattatreya have introduced this tradition during Telangana movement and made it as a symbol • Bathukamma is held in all the districts of of Telangana’s existence. Telangana and it is concluded with cultural
PNR Publications 439 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture march with millions of people at Tank bund, Telangana Writers Forum (2001): Hyderabad. • After separating from Telangana Samskruthika• Telangana Jagruthi was set up to protect the Vedika, Nandini Sidda Reddy, Gouri Shankar, folk arts, culture, art forms, literature, language, K. Srinivas, Jukanti Jagannadham together accent and other Telangana specialities. formed “Telangana Writers forum” on 14th October, 2001 in Siddipet.Role of Various groups and cultural • In 2002, Telangana Writers Forum held organizations in changing the meeting at Karimnagar and elected its struggle into a public movement executive members. President – Nandini Siddha Reddy• Literature and Culture contribute to the Secretary – Venu Sankoju success of any movement or any revolution.• Telangana poets, writers, artists and singers Telangana Writers forum aims and objectives: who have recognized the need for a cultural 1. To restore the splendour of Telangana Culture. revolution and were engaged in literary 2. To ensure that Telangana culture is not propaganda and inspired the public. discriminated in Andhra Pradesh.• Telangana literary and cultural organizations 3. To promote the aspirations of Telangana State played active role in strengthening Telangana and Telanganism. movement. • Telangana writer’s forum established “Soyi” newspaper for reviving Telangana’sTelangana Samskruthika Vedika literature. This forum has brought out the(Cultural forum): importance of many festivals and occasions• On 1 November, 1998, Telangana literary st of Telangana into limelight. As part of this, the and cultural scholars together formed forum organized Holi celebrations since “Telangana Samskruthika Vedika” at 2005. Basheer Bagh Press Club. • On 27 th February, 2011, Telangana• This organization worked to strengthen the writer’s forum and Telangana Singidi Telangana movement by reviving Telangana writer’s association together organized literature and culture. “Telanagana Kavula Garjana Sabha” at Suravaram Pratap Reddy auditorium in• Persons who made efforts for the formation Basheer Bagh Press club. of Telangana Samskruthika Vedika are; • President for this meeting was Juluri Gouri Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy, Nandini Sidda Shankar. Reddy, Ambati Surendra Raju, K. Srinivas, • On 13th April, 2011, Telangana Writer’s Kasula Pratap Reddy. forum has inaugurated a book titled• Telangana Samskruthika Vedika has released “Virugudu”, a collection of essays at Pothana a collection of poems titled “Mattadi” under Statue on Tank Band. the editorship of Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy • Book “Virugudu”, which is a collection of and Ambati Surendra Raju. essays describes the protests of Telangana• This organization released a book activists during Million March and demolition “Telangana Thovalu” written by Kaula of statues due to outrage and the supremacy Pratap Reddy. Kasula Pratap Reddy also of Andhra rulers. wrote a book titled “Bhaugolika • A large number of poets and writers attended Sandarbam” (Geographical context). this meeting and demanded that Telangana bill to be introduced in the Parliament immediately. 440 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In January, 2013, “Telangana Sahitya • This federation was established with the main Yuddabheri Sabha” is organized at A.V. objective of uniting the public organizations College, Hyderabad. and artists of Telangana and also for bringing• Poet C. Narayana Reddy attended this out the damages and injustice done to meeting and gave a slogan “Jai Telangana Telangana and also Telangana artifacts. means Sye Telangana”. In this way, Telangana History Congress – 2008: Telangana writer’s forum strived to achieve • In March, 2008, Telangana History Congress separate Telangana state while preserving the was formed at Osmania University. culture and literature of Telangana. President – Prof . G. Venakt RajamTelangana History Society – 2006: Vice-President – Prof. Syed Ayub Ali,• On 6th June, 2006, Telangana celebrities and Prof. Sudha Rani artists gathered at Fatehmaidan club in General Secretary – V. Sadhanandam. Hyderabad and formed Telangana History Society. • This History Congress was formed with the intention of Publishing Telangana’s festivals,• Telangana History Society convenor – occasions and to bring out the issues related Tadakamalla Vivek. to Telangana.• The History Society was formed with the main aim of investigating, transcribing and preserving Telangana Singidi Writer’s the history and culture of Telangana. Association (2008):• Important books published by Telangana • On 21 September, 2008, “Telangana Singidi st
History society are; Writer’s Association” was formed by poets and writers from Telangana districts with an 1. Reconstruction of Telangana History. aim of Telangana Literary development. 2. Different Perspectives of • Singidi means “Rainbow”. 17th September, 1948. 3. History of Andhra Pradesh formation, Aims and Objectives of this association: history of Sabotage (Andhra Pradesh 1. Strengthening of Telangana movement while Charitra Yerpatu Vidroha Charitra). preserving the literature of Telangana. 4. Revolt of 1857. 2. Reviving the literature of Telangana which was• Telangana History Society has played discriminated in the hands of Seemandhra significant role in recovering the history and people. culture of Telangana and in the achievement 3. All the poets in Telangana districts should write of Telangana State. Telangana literature with their own dialect. • Telangana Singidi writer’s association heldTelangana Cultural Federation various seminars and meetings to bring to lime(2007): light the Telangana literature.• In June, 2007 Telangana Cultural federation • Singidi Telangana Writer’s association has was formed under the leadership of Guda published a poem “Dimmisa” (author - Anjaiah, Ande Sri, Goreti Venkanna, V. S. Rao, Sunkara Ramesh) in the wake of destruction Gaddar and others. of Statues on Million March.• Telangana Cultural federation State Executive: • The role played by poets, writers, artists and President – Guda Anjaiah singers during Telangana movement was Honorary President – Gaddar commendable. Their works and songs have Advisors – B.S. Ramulu, Pasam Yadagiri led the people towards the movement. PNR Publications 441 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Writers, Poets & Singers in123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Telangana movement123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• Writers & poets played important role in Andhukora Gathupandhuko…e dongala Telangana movement. tharemetandhuku (To chase these burglars).• Different literary forms such as stories, poems, Rajyahimsa Peruguthunnado… Pedhola novels, essays and songs played important role netturu. in moulding the people’s wish as a movement Veerulara Vidyardhulara…. and to spread the ideology among people. Jillelamma Jitta...• Let us know some important poets, singers Pusina Punnami mena… Telangana veena. and artists who played an important role in Nee pata Yemayaro… Nee Mata Yemayaro Telangana movement. (What happened to your song, your work onGoreti Venkanna: the problems of Farmers).• He has the title of “Praja Kavi” Nannu ganna na thalli Rayalaseema. (People’s poet) Bathukamma Bathukamma ma thalli• He was born in Gowraram village, Bathukamma. Telkapally mandal of Nagarkurnool Mandenta potundu Elamanda Vadu yevari district. Kodukamma Elamanda.• His works are: Nilichi Kurise Vana leka… Nindi pare Alasandra Vanka Cheruvulende. Rela Puthalu Sudaalira Senu….Oranna Sudaalira.• Goreti Venkanna got a job in “Co-operative Paruguparuguna Vachinaru… Patnamulo department” while he was in degree. He Valinaru. worked there for few days. He wrote “Maanaviyula Marvabhomanna” in• Later he was inspired by the speeches of the memory of people’s poets Basaveshwara, Jakka Venkataiah & Puchalapally Sundaraiah Kabir and Vemana. and got attracted to Communists ideology and literature. He was mainly influenced by “Mitra Nandini Sidda Reddy: Shashi” and “Adavi Bidda” Oggu stories. • He belongs to Siddipet district. He did M.Phil and Ph.D. in Telugu literature.Songs written by Goreti Venkanna: • He is a lecturer by profession. Relaadhulaa thalellade Nelaa Na Telangana. • M. Phil – “Adunika Telugu Kavithvam lo Palle Kanneru Peduthundo - Kanipinchani Sooryudu” topic. Kutrala Jai Bholo Amaraveerulaku Jai Bholo. • Ph.D. – “Adunika Telugu Kavithvam Vasthavikatha – Aadhivasthavikatha” topic. Eddaram Vidipothe Bhumi Baddhalavu- thundha (will the earth break, if we both • His father Narra Bala Sidha Reddy played separate). important role in Telangana Armed Struggle.
442 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureSongs written by Sidda Reddy are: • As a tribute to the Pre-independence Gadar Nageti Sallalo – Na Telangana (this song party which opposed British colonial rule he was awarded with Nandi award in the year named his book “Gadar”, which eventually 2010). Joharulu Joharulu …. Amarulaku changed as his name. Joharulu, Veerulaku Joharulu. • He was born in Toopran of Medak district. Pudamiki Panduga Puvvula Jatara…… The Songs written by him are: Oka Puvvu Oka Navvu… Amma Telanganama - Akali Kekala Telangana Matti…. Thyagalaku Patti. Ganama. Podustunna Poddumeeda - NadustunnaHis literary works are: Kalama, Poru Telanganama. Diviti – 1974 Apara Rikshoda (1st song written by Pranahitha – 1996 Gadar). Bhoomi Swapnam-1987 Ne Padam Meeda Puttumachchanai Sambhashana – 1991 Chellamma (Orey Riksha Movie). Iguram (Essay on Telangana language & Lal Salam...Lal Salam. culture) - 2007 Na Thalli Telangana ...Thiraga badda Avarthanam (Essay on Telangana Veena. literature) - 2011. Podduthirugudu Puvvu Poddunu Muddade Nadi Puttuvadi – 2007 (Poem). Tholi Poddunu Muddade... Ikkadi Chetla Gaali – 2014. Vandanalu Vandanalamma Na Biddalara. Kula Vruthulu (Telangana literature)-2008. Sirimalle Chettu Kinda Lachuvamma Lachuvamma…The Magazines published under his editorship: Voli Volila rangavoli Semmakelila Holi... Manjeera Soyi Nannu Kanna Nakanna Thalliro Edupayalu Jumbi Telangana!Organizations established by him: Naku Janmanichchina Janma Bhumira Telangana… Manjeera Rachayitala Sangham Arey Satavahanulu Chalukyulu. (MARASAM) – 1986. Mughal Rajulu Nizam Shahilu. Telangana Rachayitala Vedika – 2001. Akari Vadu Nizam Raju Ra… Telangana Rachayitala Sangham – 2014. Khammam Mettu Adavilona… Osmania writers circle – 1980. Kattu Kundhi Pattu Chira... Telangana Samskrutika Vedika – 1998. • During 1969 Telangana movement, Gaddar • He is known as the 1st poet of Telangana played important role by bringing among by movement. “Burra Kathalu (Stories)”. • He gave shows on family planning and • He did research on Surrialism in Telugu literature. cleanliness through Central information department.Gaddar: • Gaddar gave shows on behalf of “Kala• He is given a title “Praja Yuddanauka”. Premikula Sangam” formed by B. Narsing• His original name is Gummadi Vital Rao. Rao. In 1972, Gaddar changed “Kala PNR Publications 443 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Premikula Sangam” as “Jana Natya • Ande Sri was inspired by the following songs: Mandali”. Dhukki dhunni Dhukki dhunni• In 1975, he joined as a clerk in Canara Bank Bokkalarigena by Gaddar. and resigned to the job in 1984 and he sang Palletoori Pillagaada Pasula gase songs through “jana Natya Mandali”. monagada by Suddala.• In 1985, Gaddar fought against the murder of • Ande Sri said that nature is his school and Dalits in Karamchedu. Due to Karamchedu incident, Gaddar led secret life for some days. village is his teacher.• Later in February, 1990 during the government • He is expert in Extempore composition. of Marri Chenna Reddy, Gaddar came to lime • Kakatiya University felicitated Ande Sri by light. giving Honorary Doctorate.• Kancha Ilaiah has described Gaddar as an • He was honoured with a “Swarna “Intellectual who is a link between Kankana” (golden bracelet) of Datta literates – illiterates of Telangana through Petam. his songs”. • Paadite Kantanalam Tegi padali, Pallavito• Producer B. Narsingh Rao gave the role of Antukune Agni Kavali. Anthima Charanam “Bandi Yadagiri” in “Maa Bhumi” movie Shrotallo Badabagni Puttinchali…… this is who was a warrior during armed struggle. only Ande Sri Song.• Devi Priya produced a documentary on Gaddar as “Yuddha Nauka Gaddar Ande Sri Songs: (worriorship)”. From then, Gaddar is known Mayamai Pothunnadamma as “Praja yuddha Nauka”. Manishannavaadu.Ande Sri: Chudu Telangana Chukka neelu• He was born in Rebarthi Village of Warangal Lenidana… district. Uru Telangana Na Peru Telangana.• His original name is Ande Yellaiah. Palle neeku vandanalamma.• Telangana State song “Jaya Jaya he Parigethu na pata Prajala nota…. Telangana Janani Jaya Ketanam” is Komma Chekkite Bommara… Kolichi written by Ande Sri. Mokkithe Ammara…Ande Sri titles: Jana Jataralo mana geetham Jaya Sahaja Kavi Kokila (Given by kethanamai yegarali… Bhagyanagaram Cultural Arts Academy). Gallu gallu gallu Anna lara! Ma Akka Praja Kavi Prakruthi Kavi Lara…• He was an Orphan & illiterate. Gala gala gala gajjela Bnadi…• Ande Sri worked as a Shepherd and during Yelli pothunnava thalli. this time he sang songs which gave him His Literary works: applause by people and he is a Natural poet. Patala Pudhota (Songs)• Swami Shankar mahraj of Sringeri Matam picked up and helped Ande Sri after hearing Andela Sandadi (Textual poetry) his song. Vakkulamma (Poetry)
444 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureKaloji Narayana Rao (1914-2002): In 1948, after Bairanpally incident, Kaloji• Kaloji Narayana Rao was born on 9 th gave a quotation saying that “to kill the September, 1914 at Rattahalli village, person at correct time who tried to kill bijapur district of Karnataka state. Later us”. Kaloji family migrated and settled in Literary works of Kaloji: Madikonda of Warangal district. Naa Godava - 1953• Kaloji original name – Raghuveer Narayana Parthiva Nyayam Laxmikantha Srinivas rao. Anakathalu• Telangana government has declared 9th September, birth anniversary of Kaloji as Jeevana Geethi “Telangana Language day”. Maname Nayam (Regarding the attack on• Kaloji Narayana Rao was the person who animals) emphasized the necessity of Telangana dialect. Vibhuthi (Regarding critiscising the• In 1953, he worked as a President to modernization). “Telangana Rachayithala Sangam”. theliyaka prema thelisi dhveshamQuotes given by Kaloji: (Regarding caste conflicts) Akshara Rupam Dhalchina Sira Chukka Telangana Udhyama Kavithalu – 1969 Laksha medhallaku Kadalika (An ink dot Idi Naa Godava – 1995 (Auto biography). in the form of an alphabet is motivation to Lanka Punaruddharana (In 1948, lakhs of minds). regarding the atrocities of military Anyabhashalu nerchi andrambu radhantu government) Sakilinchu andruda Chava vendukura ( August 15 (a story which tells to ban Andhra person who learns other languages congress after the Independence) & smiles and tells that you don’t know Andera Pradesh ( As a protest against the Andhra, that person why don’t you die). domination of Andhra people). Puttuka needhi Chavu needhi... Na Bharatha Desha Yatra – 1941. Bathukantha Deshanidhi (Birth is yours; death is yours… whole life is for country) Thudhi Vijayam manadi nijam – 1962. – this quote was given when Jaya Prakash Bapu! Bapu! Bapu!!! – 1995. Narayana died. • Dasaradhi named the works of Kaloji as the He protested against the atrocities of “running commentary of comtemporary Razakars and said “Navayugambhuna history”. Najeela Nagna Nrutyam ennalu” (Till • Kaloji is expert in writing sarcastic poems on when are these naked dances of Nazi’s in Politics. modern era). • Kaloji was influenced by the Gandhi quote i.e; “Telanganaku Anyayam chese Andhra “Non – violence is great but I support violence Palakulanu polimera Varaku than Cowardiee”. tarimeyandi Telanganaku Telangana • During 1930’s Kaloji took active in library vade droham chesthe Pathareyandi” movement, Arya Samaj, Vande Mataram and (To chase the Andhra rulers who does Andhra Mahasabha. injustice to Telangana and to kill Telangana person who does injustice to Telangana). • He organized “Ganapathi Uthsavalu” in Orugallu. In 1946, he tried to hoist national PNR Publications 445 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture flag on Warangal fort and was banished from • She received D-Lit. degree from Aligarh the City. University.Kaloji Political Sphere: • She became the 1st author to deliver a speech• During 1958 – 60 he worked as independent in the Telangana dialect in Akashavani radio member for different Parishads. Program.• In 1997, Kaloji contested as independent • Name of her radio Program – Mahalakshmi member from Sattupally constituency muchatlu, Uribavi muchatlu. (Khammam) against the then Chief Minister • She was appreciated by many for using Jalagam Vengala Rao and Kaloji was defeated Telangana live language in her works. (he did not even get deposit). Her works are:Awards: Maa Uri Muchatalu (1973) – explains• In 1992, Indian Government awarded Padma about Telangana rural culture during 1930 Vibhushan. / 1940.• Kakatiya University awarded with a Edurkolu – expalains the tradition of Doctorate. edurkolu in marriage.• Kaloji has donated his body after death to Echamma Kathalu – 2000 (this explains Kakatiya medical college. the culture of Telangana during 1950 – 70)• Telangana government has declared Health Dharmashala – (Explains the changes in University in the premises of Kakatiya medical Telangana society during 1970 to 80). college with Kaloji name. Poems written by Yashoda Reddy are:• In 2014, Centenary celebrations of Kaloji were held. Ugadi Uyala BhavikaKaloji Narayana Rao Memorial Award: Her research books are:• From 2015, Telangana government started Andhra Sahithya Vikasam giving Kaloji Narayana Rao Memorial award. Parijatapaharana Paryalochana• 1st Kaloji award was given to Ammangi Venu Gopal (in 2015). Juloori Gouri Shankar: • He was born in Kodad of Suryapet districtP. Yashoda Reddy: in 1963.• She was born in Bijinepalli village of • In 2001, he wrote a book “Pokkili”, which Nagarkurnool. was a collection of poetry.• She is well known as “Telangana • Pokkili is a modern collection of poets. It is Adapaduchu”. the second collection of poets after “Golconda• Pakala Yashoda Reddy worked as Telugu Kavula Sanchika” (Collection of poets) professor in Osmania University. published by Suravaram Pratap Reddy.• She worked as a President of “Telugu • Pokkili means “Navel” or Umbilicus. Pokkili Adhikara Basha Sangam”. But still she used was published with the collection of poems of to talk in Telangana dialect. 129 poets.• She did research on the topic “Telugu lo Hari • Pokkili is also known as “Pagilina Amashalu” and got doctorate from Osmania Telangana Kavi Kantam” & “Telangana University. Jeevana Chittaruvu”. 446 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 2002, he published a compilation of poems • He is the author of research book “Mungili”. named as “Ventade kalalu – Venukabadina In this, he explained about Telangana ancient Kulalu (Chasing dreams – backward & literary history. castes)”. His literary works:• He founded 3 literary organizations and Thova Yekkada Dhaali published different books. Nallavalasa (Telangana long poem along 1) Ramaiah Vidyapitam with others) 2) Spruha Sahithi Samastha Samudralatho Sangarshana latho 3) Adugu Jadalu (Compilation of poems with others)• In 2012, “Julus Kavitha Sankalanam” by • He criticized Andhra people saying that the editorship of Juloori Gouri Shankar is the “Valasa Kochina Konga Cheruvu 1st compilation of poems in Telangana poets Nadantunda” (the heron migrated to lake, movement. says it as its own lake).• He questioned Andhra poets regarding their • “Esunata Rammante Ellu Nadantivi” and Stand (Andhra kavulara Meeru etuvipu). “the statues on Hussain Sagar are yours• He is expert in writing long poetry. (Andhra) & the dead bodies are oursHis Poems: (Telangana)”. Mundlakarra Na Telangana Research books of sunkireddy are: Elliyas Pada Yatra Mungili Mogili Charla Mudava Gunapatam “Abyudhaya Kavithvamlo Madya- Chekumukirai Malakaki tharagathi Jeevitha Charithra”. He Nalugo Kannu Syllabus Leni Patam did research on this topic in osmania University and got “M. Phil” Degree. Yuddham Sheranam Gachchami• Somasundaram of Andhra region has written Telanagana Sahitya Charitra “Vajrayudham” on Telangana. Gouri Ganuma (essays on asthitva sahityam / Shankar was the inspiration to him to arrange existence literature). reporters meet in Pitapuram and to declare • He did research on a topic “Telugu to form Telangana state. Kavithvam – Tathvika Nepadyam” and• Gouri Shankar worked as Telugu lecturer for got Ph. D from Osmania University. 10 years in different colleges of Kodad. • He wrote a book “Chi Krishna• In 1995, he organized “Dalit Sahitya Committee” along with Sangishetty Srinivas Sadhasu” in Kodad. All the SC, ST & BC while analysing the report of Sri Krishna poets attended this conference from all over Committee. the state. Literary institutions organized by Narayana• He played a role of Professor in Jai Bholo Reddy: Telangana movie, directed by Nimmala He organized many programs when he Shankar. was a convenor of “Osmania WritersSunkireddy Narayana Reddy: circle” while he was pursuing M.A in O.U.• He was born in “Pigidimarri” village of In 1992, he founded “Nilgiri Sahithi” in Nalgonda district in 1954. Nalgonda. PNR Publications 447 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture In 1998, he played important role in This was the 1st song written by Guda establishing “Telangana Samskruthika Anjaiah. The song explains the tragic Vedika”. As a part of Telangana condition of formers. Samskruthika Vedika, he wrote two books Ooru manadira…E vaada manadira… “Mungili” and “Telangana Charithra”. E palle manadira (Film: Erra Sainyam):He worked as a editor for: This song was written against the Matthadi – Telangana Adhunika domination of Landlords. Kavithvam (along with Surendra Raju) In 1980, “Asia – African countries writers Telangana Udhyama Kavithvam during conference” was held in Hyderabad. In this 1969-73 (along with Sangishetty) conference, Guda Anjaiah sang the song 1971-80 “E taram Yuddha Kavitha (along “Ooru manadira”, then the representatives with 2 others)”. who attended this conference have immediately translated this song into their Bahuvachanam (Dalit bahuvachana languages. kavithvam) This song was translated into 16 languages. Mana Telangana – Sahitya Sanchika of Nalgonda (Along with baireddy Krishna Nenu raanu biddo Sarkaru Reddy). Dhawakanaku... Ayyoniva neevu avvoniva TelanganaGuda Anjaiah (1955 – 2016): ki thoti palodiva…• Guda Anjaiah was born in Lingampally Pudithe okati ….sathe rendu…rajigo vore village of Dandepalli Mandal, Adilabad rajigo…. district in the year 1955. Yeththara Telangana Janda …...rajigo vore• He worked as a Pharmacist. rajigo….• From 1969 Telangana movement till later Asaleti vanallo musaledla katukoni mokati phase of the movement, he conveyed the buradalo….. injustice done to Telangana to the public in Rekka bhokka noyakunda (Film: Cheekati the form Songs. Suryulu)His literary works: Lachchulo lachchanna (Film: Osey Dalitha Kadhalu (Compilation of stories) Ramulamma) Polimera (Novel) Telangana Gattumeedha SandamamayyaNote: during the period of 1975 emergency, the (Film: Chimaladandu)novel “Polimera” was written with the main role of Walekum SalamalekumGopi, who is the revolutionary student leader. Yendhaka Judhamro – Yellannore,• Guda Anjaiah has written a drama “Girijan Mallannore Mahila Meluko”, which was enacted by Thella kakula Rajyam …Kanarani duram. himself. Banchen Kal Mokkutha (Film : AdaviloProminent songs of Anjaiah: Anna) Ooru – Idichi ney podduna Ayyo, Dunnetonidhe Bhoomiraa (Film: Adavilo Uri pettukoni Sathunna Anna) (Film : Veguchukkalu) O dora ….O ma dora (Film: Swarnakka) 448 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Compilation of songs written by Guda Anjaiah This explains the hardship meted out by a is “Udhyamam (1982)”. Dalit woman during agricultural activities.• The CD’s inaugurated by Guda Anjaiah are: Voinam (Novel) Voice of Telangana, Telangana Burra. This novel portraits the life and traditionsAwards received by Guda Anjaiah: of Dalits. Dalitha Kala Ratna Sangishetty Srinivas: Gandepindera title (2000) • He published a book with Telangana stories Suddala Hanumanthu – Janakamma Jatiya named as “Dastram”. award – 2015 • “Dastram” had the collection of stories since Komaram Bheem National award – 2015 1900. Telangnana Sahitya Puraskaram – 2015 His literary works are: Shabnavisu (Shabnavisu means a writerBoya Jangaiah (Boja): who can even write in the dark).• He is a well known dalitist poet. Sirf Hyderabad Hamara• He was born in Pantangi village of Bhuvanagiri district. Ampasayya Naveen:Novels written by him are: • His original name is Dongari Mallaiah. Jatara • He pursued M.A economics in O.U and Jagadam worked as Economics lecturer. • He founded an organization named “Srujana Alochinchandi Lokam” in Hanumakonda.He also wrote: • He earned popularity through a novel Kasta Sukhalu – 1963 “Ampasayya”. (Drama – 1st book written by him). • The name of novel “Ampasayya”, later became Jeevitha malupulu –( 1st story by him). his Surname.Other literary works (compilation of poems): • He has written a novel “Kalarekhalu”, Echcharika Rangulu depicting the political and social situations of Bhoja Kathalu (2001) Telangana from 1944 to 1956. Telangana Vethalu (1998) • In 2004, he won Kendra Sahitya Academy award for the Novel “Kalarekhalu”. Ame Gorrelu • One more novel by him on emergency was Dunna Lokam “Cheekati Rojulu”. Chimalu Bommalu Few more novels are: Ippa Puvulu MullapodaluJajula Gouri: Anthah Sravanthi• She is a prominent Dalithist writer. Bhandavyalu (explains the socialHer literary works: conditions during Telangana Armed Struggle). Mannubuvva (compilation of stories) Chedirina Swapnam. PNR Publications 449 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Ye velugulakee ee prasthanam Quit Telangana - Telangana Thirugubhattu – Raktha Saaram (depicts Telangana armed Sky Baba struggle). Yallaindhi – Udari Narayana Pidikili – Billa Mahendar Some other prominent writings Mashal (Long Poetry) – Vanapatla Subbaiah Paravastu Lokeshwar – Jaya Shikaram – Vemuganti Murali Krishna Salam Hyderabad, Musaffir. Mundla Karra – Juluri Gouri Shankar Jayadheer Tirumala Rao – Negadu – Chintala Praveen Aruna Netram, Tovva muchatlu. Danded – Ponnala Balaiah Sahu, Allam Rajaiah – Jago Jagavo – Sky Baba Komaram Bheem Novel • Pokkili Valla Pulakintha – Samala Sadasiva – Annavaram Devender Yadi, Sangeeta Shikaralu, Mirza Ghalib Vallubanda – Annavaram Devender. Dr. Koyi Koteshwar Rao – Kavadi Kundalu Mudiganti Sujatha Reddy – Compilation of essays: Muddhera (Collection of essays) Muddhera – Mudhiganti Sujatha Reddy Annavaram Devender – Tovva, Nadaka Ganuma – Sunkiredddy Narayana Reddy Kompalli Venkat Goud – Avartanam – Nandini Siddha Reddy Sardar Sarvai Papanna Sambashana – K. Srinivas Ambati Surendar Raju – Matthadi Pranahita – Allam Narayana Samidi Jagan Reddy – Stories: Ooregimpu, Ithihasam ma chetilo Kukkapilla P. Yashoda Reddy – Ma Panthulu Pasunuri Ravinder – Out of coverage area, Ladai Peddhinti Ashok Kumar – Yuddha Nadam, Repu mapu Pendyala Varavara Rao – Chali Negallu, Jeevanadi Veldandi Sridhar – Nalugu Kotla Pidikillu Gangula Sai Reddy – Kapu Bidda. Bejjarapu Ravindar – Kottha Ranguladdukunna kala,Poetic Compilations: Nithya gayalayinadhi Mattadi – Ambati Surender Raju, Odhel Venkateshwarlu – Telanganam Dr. Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy Telangana Chouk (stories) – Ladai – Pasunuri Ravinder Karra Yella Reddy, B.V.N. Swamy. Jang – Danakka Udayabhanu “Jigar” Kavitha Sankalanam (poetic Nadi Puttuvadi, Ikkadi Chetla gali – compilation): Nandini Siddha Reddy • Featured poetic compilation of Telangana – Chettunu Dhatukuntu – Jukanti Jagannadham Jigar Erramatti Bandi – Thaidala Anjaiah • Main editor of Jigar – Anishetty Rajitha. Mulki – Vemula Yellaiah Main poems in this Compilation: Jakum Awab – Sky Baba Nalimella Bhaskar – Telangana Bhasha450 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Jupaka Subhadra – Nillaragiddham Vageesh – Telangana Viphalandhra Pradesh Cherabanda Raju – Erragadda Shobha Gandhi – N. Gopi – Tangedu Poolu Prathyeka Telangana Udyama Chritra Nikhileshwar – Gnapakala Konda Madireddy Sulochana – Panthulamma Anwar – Charminar Dusharla Satyanarayana – Jala Sadhana Samaram Kaluva mallaiah – Telangana Avva Dawala Srinivas rao – Adarabhimanalu Dilaawar – Veyi Velugulu Ganta Chakrapani – Telangana Jaitra Yatra Boya Jangaiah – Bapure B. Madhusudan Reddy – Nandini Sidda Reddy – Maadimaaku Telanganalo Mulanapadda Mulki Gaddar – Pranahithaku Vandanam Simhadri – People’s Telangana AgendaOther literary works: K. Srinivas – Kottha Vanthena Ampasayya Naveen – Mullapodhalu Yakub – Sarihaddu Lekha B.S. Ramulu – Lo chupu Tadakamalla Vivek – Kompalli Venkat Goud – Vodavani muchatlu 1969 Udyamam – Charithraka Satyalu Adiraju Venkateshwar Rao – Mandamula Narsing Rao – Telangana Rashtrodyamalu 50 years of Hyderabad history Prof. Kodandaram – T. Udayavarlu – Namaste Hyderabad Telangana Rashtrodyamam. Dr. M.A. Nayeem – Madapati Hanumanth Rao – The Splendour Hyderabad Telangana Andhrodyamamlu Kurella Vitalacharya – L. Venu Gopal – Lechi Nilichina Telangana Hyderabad Samsthanam Gautam Pingle – Padi lechina Telangana Fazlullah Khan – Hyderabad Charitrika Vaibhavam Madabhushi Sridhar – Narendra Luther – Nilichi Gelichina Telangana Hyderabad Jeevitha Charithra Karra Yella Reddy – Gaddam Kesava Murthy – Mana Telangana Sarwasvam Telangana athamagosha Enugula Veera swamy – Nilagiri Yatra Sarampalli Malla Reddy – Velamati Ram Reddy – Rashtramlo Raythu Udyamam Nadusthunna Telangana Charithra, Vechala Kondal Rao – Telangana Armed Struggle, Telangana Asthithava Poratam Veera Telangana. (Telangana Struggle for Existence) Elikatte Shankar – Inukonda Tirumal – Thiragabadda Telangana Telangana Rashtra Charithra – Udyamalu Kommineni Srinivas Rao – Harindranath Chatopadhyaya – Telangana Rashtra Avirbhavam - Tales of Telangana Sutradharulu - Patradharulu. Ayodhya Rama Kavi – Telangana mantalo Pranthiya Udyamalu – Padavi Rajakiyalu. S. Venu Gopal – Telangana Nunchi Telangana Dhaka
PNR Publications 451 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Some Songs – lyricist, • Inkemi Migilindira Telangana Jilledu Molichindira… which inspired people during • Ammamma singareni …Amma Singagareni Telangana movement • Annanna Rajanna Anna Rajanna SingareniAbhinaya Srinivas: Bathuku Cikataindhi.• Osmania Campus lo Udayinchina Kiranama • Neelu leni pallelaku neelu kavali …Telangana Song. ravaaliDaruvu Yellanna: • Na china thammuda...na china chellela• Veerulara Vandanam Vidyarthi amarulara • Snehamera Jeevithaniki Velugunichche vandanam song. Vennela… • Bathuku meedha ashavunte thammuda…Mittapalli Surender:• Rathi bommalona koluvaina Shivuda. Warangal Srinu:• Entha Chakkani Pallero Na Palle. • Oyamma na palleseema enadu endhuku cinapoye…Mitra (Kura Devender): • Thayamdhatayam…• Adudam Dappula Druveyaga …. • Telangana netthuti matti vasanalo …Origina• Enduku Ralipothavura nuvvu enduka amarula veera gadha… kalipothavura… • Rajakiya rangulatalo …Ori Rajanna… Dappu• Palle Pallena Pallerlu Molise Palamurulona… Kottadharuvaiyaro…Ori Rajanna.• Chalo Dhoom Dhaam Telangana Jatarochara • Telangana thalli neeku nindu deepalu … Maku• Alai Balai thesuko …agakunda Sagipo…. andhivu Amma dandi devenalu.• Padara Padara mana pata ….Jana Allam Veeraiah: Telanganamani Prati Chota… • Errajanda Errajanda enniyallo… Errarrani• Dhana Dhana Dhanamani Dappulu Kotti…. Jandenniyallo.• Jammukula Dharuvuku dhunkipaduthu…. Nernala Kishore:• Ammo Military Malli Vachche Telangana • Podiseti poddule ellamanda Pallela ku… • Ninnu vidichi nenu poyi sanendlu• Tagabothe nellu leka ...thummedhalo dhatuthundamma. Tadigonthu laripoye ….thummedhalo. • Etlunnave naa palle, nuvvu etlunnave naa• Karuvu Badha valla … Karuvu Badha lalo thalli… Kanneru migalaledhu – Na raithanna.• Cinuku cinuku Kurisina nelana Chitramaina Yadagiri: Vasana. • Thalli nee void thyagala muta…Warangal Shankaranna: • Chedhiripothunnadanna na Telangana…• Ne Aaru Gurralu … Na Aaru Gurralu… Adiripodunnadanna … na Telangana…Jayaraju: • Alalameedha Saghutunna navala…• Vandanalamma…Amma…Vandanalamma Vaddeboina Srinivas:• Vanamma Vanamma Vanamma Okka saranna • Savoddu Savoddu na muddu bidda… Vachipove Vanamma.452 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureGopal: • Entha Sundaramainadhi…Telangana…Entha• Akashana Mabbulara Palamuru Vachipora… andhamainadhi …Telangana.Pailam Santhosh: Ambati Venkanna:• Kadilindhi Telangana Kadhanna • Vandanalu Vandanalu Vandanalammo… Kaaludhuvvi… Telangana Thalli neeku dhandalammo. Ika Rashtra Mochchedhaka Kadhanana • Ganagana gana Telangana Garjanale Kaaludhuvvi… Jheddhama…Janajana jana Telangana Jangu• Praja Telangana Ki randanna… Meeru Sirenuvudhudhama… randanno… • Kadhilindhi ragilindhi poru Telangana… Kannerra jhesindhi poru Telangana…Gundamalla Srinivas: • Telangana Aata Pata Pallelu Dharuvese-• Goodunidisinem ma Gudisenidisinam… nanta…Vattikoti Gattimata SuddalaSuddala Ashok Teja: Dhandubata…• Edi Telangana Koti Ratanala Veena… • Kadhilira Telangana Bhumi putruda… Gunde ragile Kadhanaragam alapinchi… • Enthamaya Saraku … Srikrishna leelalu…• Kadhilirandi Telangana Bhumi Putrulara… Sarkaru enthamaya Sarkaru…• Nelamma Nelamma Nelamma … Neeku Vela • Mayannadhammulara Bahujana vela Vandanalamma bandhuvulara…• Ningiki yegasinara nela taralara…vegu Yashpal Songs: chukkalai daari chuputara… • Jai Bholo Telangana…Jai jai Bholo Telangana.• Avva neeku dandame… akkavva neeku • Telangana echchetandhuku enni committeelu dandame… vestharo…• Nenu Saitam Prapanchagniki…(Film: Tagore) • Ashannavushanna thammulara…• Okate Jananam…okate maranam. • Godavari Godavari Oho pareti Godavari…Kodari Srinu: Cherabanda Raju:• Sudu sudu Nalgonda gunde ninda fluoride • Edhenandi edhenandi Erraerrani Telangana… banda. • Ye Kulamabbi madhe matamabbi…• Muddha gatuka buvva murusuka thinnadhi • Viplavala yugam manadi…Viplavisthe Jayam Telangana. manadhi…• Muddula rajulo koduka …Uttharamesthunna bidda. Bhupal:• Amarulu meeraiah amarulu meeraiah • Palle Telangana…na ellu Telangana Telangana biddalara. • Poru Telangana Patnamadivi Telangana.• Bathuku dheruvu koraku… Amma • Telangana yuvakuda theguva chupara… Mayamma…Bombai pothunna… thalli Mande Satyam: mayamma. • Telangana Gattumeeda Sandhamamayya…• Asaidulla Harathi…Kalla Gajjela Gammathi. • Bathukulemo endipoye… mondimanu• Telangana Porukekala Poru Mallesham… bathukulaye…• Jaya gudi Jatarvelli podham…Telangana PNR Publications 453 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureGudipalli Ravi: Y. Venkanna:• Telangana muddu biddalara… • Adapillanamma nenu Adapillanani … therukorendhira Thalli Telangana Badhapadakamma… nevu digulu Bangapaduthunna … Badhaledhendhira… chendakamma.• Bholo bhai bholore Hyderabad Kahani… • Tapatapa tapa chemata bottulu thalaiKomire Venkanna: paduthunte.• Palle judu prathi palle jude… E palle Varavara Rao: jhusina…na Telangana lona. • Rela rela rela relarelare..,rela relare Telangana• Veerulara O Biddalaar … Udyamala ma thevale. dhruvataralara.• Amma chudamma Bailellinado … Rachcha Bharati: Godavaramma. • Neelamma…Bhima Sena: Mallu Swarajyam:• Telangana kosamu Telangana prajalamu yem • Bharati Uyalo. jeyale inkem jeyale… Kalvakuntla Chandrasekhar Rao:Janasagar song: • Garadi Jesthundro…(Jai Bholo Telangana• Telangana Veeruda Raguluthunna Suryuda… film).Anishetty Rajitha: Shanigaram Babji:• Kasoju Srikanth Kannathalli neevu Kanneeru • Amaraveerulara meeku vandanam… Ma pettakamma… Porata yodhulara vandanam.• Thalli Telangana… Pasunuri Rainder:Rasamai Balakishan: • Urruwada Okkatai Udyaminchiranno …• Evimana pallelona… Jaikotti Telangana.Medak Srinu: Uppena:• Kadupuninda Buvva neevu thinnadi eppudo • Dhila antu Dhunnukaro …thammuda Chandraiah… Dhoom...dhaam Cheyave … Chellela na• Koti ashalatho Kottha ashalatho America Chellela. veluthunna… • Jajiri…Jajiri…Jajiri…JajiriRadam Srinu: Kabaddi…Kabaddi…Kabaddi…Kabaddi.• Esthamanna Congressu… Aanadu Telangana Chalo…veera Telangana koraku poru eyaledu thesthamanna Chenna Reddy cheddham… …Telangana theneledu. Dasaraju Rama Rao:V. Praveen: • Angadilo agamaina avvathirugunnave Thalli na• Veerulara Vandanam …Surulara Vandanam. Telangana.Thota Mallesham: Deshapathi Srinivas:• Dagapadda Telangaan Kanneti Gadhalani • Vandanalu Prajala manishi Vattikota Alvaru !... Rasichesi Gonthuletthinam…
454 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureDevendra: Boda Chandra Prakash:• Telangana malilala poru Judare… • Telangana palle Gollumantundo Thalli gosa• Theguvatho poraduthunna horu judare… padutundo.
Juluri Gowri Shankar: Surepalli Sujatha:• Padandi Jaitrayatra… kadilindhi Jaitra • Prajaswamyam evalla enupa sankellu. yatra…Jaikotti Telangana. Dhanakka Uday Bhanu:Venu Gopala chary: • Orramghattu pai raithu Shavanni mosthunna…• Patanamlo Shalibanda…Peraina Golconda. • Pagilina orimadini dhati…
Linganna: Raj Narsimha:• Singuru Nirvacithuda… Chithikina • Telangana Lalitha pata edhammo. Brathukoda. • Naga mallelo theega mallelo…G. Ashok: Viyapuram Srinivas:• Telangana Telangana lolli pettura manalolli • Kotilingala Samskruthi madi…Veyi pettura… Sthambala balam madi…• Na china thammulara Vidyarthi Veerulara… Kandikonda:Nisar: • Madi Telangana jathi…maanaranaramuna vunnadi neethi…• Nannare…nannare…nannare…nannare… Pandu vennelalona padeti patalemaye… Neelam Ganesh: • Amma bayalellinaado…thalli bayalellinaadoAnveshi: Vadlakonda Basha:• Bangaru Bhumulunna … Na Telanganalo Jillelu moliseroranna. • Telanganamma tandalaku rupama yeduruchudadame shapama…Manthati Krishna Varma: Rajaram Devaruppala:• Arey arey arey dhagapadda na biddalara! • Rangu rangula nevuraiah, ne rangu bahirangaYepuri Somanna: maye nevurayya…• Poru Saghutundhi Kodaka …telangana horu Makala Shyam Sunder Reddy: saghutundi bidda… • Ma vadham Telangana… ma ganamP. Jagan Mohan Rao: Telangana.• Thalli Telangana ra! Thalladilluchundera… C. Khasim:Naliganti Sharath: • Gayapadda na Telangana pata Vintara…• Na Thalli Telangana Uyalo uyalo… Thalladilli Bhimpalli Srishanth: potundamma uyalo. • Mattilo putti mattilo perigu mattiloCheruku Sudhakar: brathukutnunnollam…• Malla modhalaindhi lolli…Telangana lolli.Lokender:• Telangana Telangana jai jai he Telanagna.
PNR Publications 455 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 4. Telangana Rashtra yerpatu pai Visrutha Role of Intellectuals in Angikaram – Nijanijalu (Extended Telangana movement acceptance of Tealngana state – it’s truth). • Prof. Jaya Shankar played an important roleProf. Kothapalli Jaya Shankar: in founding the following organizations.• Telangana’s intellectual Prof. Jaya Shankar 1. Telangana information trust. fought for Telangana since 1952 non – Mulki 2. Telangana Vidyavanthula Vedika movement till the last phase of Telangana (Telangana Intellectuals forum) movement. 3. Telangana United front• He was born on 6th August, 1934. 4. Centre for Telangana Studies• He was born in Akkampet Village, 5. Telangana development association. Atmakur Mandal of Warangal District. • He worked as chairman to “Centre for• Father : Lakshmikantha Rao Telangana Studies”. Mother: Mahalakshmi. • Also worked as Registrar for CIEFL.• During Nizam rule, it was mandatory in all • The biography of Jaya Shankar “Oduvani schools to sing a song praising the Nizam. But Muchchatalu” was written by Kompalli Srinivas Goud. Prof. Jaya Shankar in his 6th standard at Markaji High School (Hanumakonda) sang • Prof. Jaya Shankar died on 21st June, 2011. Vandemataram song. • In 2014, Telangana government changed the name of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricuitural• In 1952, he participated in Non-Mulki University as “Acharya Jaya Shankar agitation while he was pursuing intermediate. Agricultural University”.• During 1952 protest, he gave slogan “Non – Mulki go back” and “Idli – Sambar go back”. Prof. Kodandaram: And gave slogan that he wants “Puri – • His full name is Muddasani Kodandaram Muttor”, to popularize Telangana Culture. Reddy.• Later, he published many articles & research • He was born on 5th September, 1955. He papers on Telangana problems in telugu & belongs to Mancherial district. English languages. • As a protest against casteism in the society,• He did M.A Economics from Banaras Hindu he removed “Reddy” from his name. University and Ph.D in economics from • He was a professor of Political Science. Osmania University. • The prominent educationist Prof. Kodandaram• He worked as a Principal of CKM college played important role in the later phase of in Warangal and was Vice-chancellor for Telangana movement. Warangal Kakatiya university. • In 2004, he founded “Telangana Intellectuals Forum”.Books written by Jaya Shankar are: • On 24th December, 2009 Telangana Joint 1. Telangana Rashtram – Oka demand. action committee was formed. Prof. 2. Thalladilluthunna Telangana Kodandaram was its convenor. 3. Telangana lo em jaruguthundi (what’s • He wrote a book “Telangana happening in Telangana) Rashtrodayam” (2015).456 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• In 2015, he was the 1st recipient of Acharya • He founded “Sampurna Telangana Praja devobhava award. Samithi”.• The important programs organized by TJAC, • He worked as a chairman to Telangana to which Kodandaram was convenor. They united front, which was founded in 2009. are: • He wrote many books. He wrote a book Palle palle Pattala payiki “Dvesham Pratipadika Kadu” (Hatred is (all the villages on to Railway track) not the basis) along with G.S. Ram Mohan Million March Rao as a protest for abolition of caste. Telangana March • Jadhav is known as a teacher for Kura Sadak Bandh (Road closure) Rajanna and Gaddar. Vanta Varpu • Jadhav died on 10th June, 2018.• In August, 2012 while speaking in the meeting Konda Laxman Bapuji: of Employee’s forum, Prof. Kodandaram gave • He was born on 27th September, 1915 at slogan “Congress Katham Karo, Wankidi Village of Asifabad district. Telangana Hasil Karo” (to close congress • In Hyderabad, his house is on the shores of and to achieve Telangana). Hussain Sagar which was named as “JalaProf. Keshav Rao Jadhav: Dhrushyam”. He took active part in freedom• He is also known as “Mr. Telangana”. struggle of India and also fought against Nizam.• He was born in 1933 at Hussaini Alam, old • He took part in all the stages of Telangana city of Hyderabad. movement starting from 1952 Non – Mulki movement till later phase of Telangana• While he was in higher school, he founded movement. “Tehzeeb” organization. • In 1952, for the 1st time he won as “MLA”• He worked as English Professor in from Asifabad constituency. In 1957, he Osmania University. won from Chinna Konduru (Bhuvanagiri) and• He started a monthly magazine – Olympus worked as Deputy speaker during 1957-60. (Ovimpus). He worked as a member for • During 1969 movement, he was the 1st person “Mankind” magazine. to resign for the Minister post in support of• In 1952, he participated in Non-Mulki Telangana. movement while he was a student. During • In 2012, he breathed his last in his house “Jala 1969 Telangana movement, he was arrested Dhrushyam”. for 17 times.• On 1st May, 1969 a rally was organized from R. Vidya Sagar Rao: Charminar to Raj Bhavan, during this rally a He belongs to Jaji Reddy village of Nalgonda • 16-year-old girl “Aruna” made a slogan “Jai district. Telangana”, immediately police shot her and • He worked as a junior Engineer in the state she died. Jadhav says this incident moved him government. Later, he joined as Engineer in a lot. the Central Water Commission, Ministry of• Keshav Rao Jadhav participated in Human Water Commission. Rights movement as a follower of socialist • In 1997 he retired as Chief Engineer from movement leader Ram Manohar Lohiya. Central Water Commission. PNR Publications 457 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• He published a book named “Neellu– • In 1985, he did research on the topic “Land Nijalu”, which explains the injustice done to Alienation in TribalAreas” and was awarded Ph.D. Telangana region in irrigation. He has written • Along with Prof. Jaya Shankar he gave speech many essays in different newspapers regarding on developmental inequalities and regional the irrigation in Telangana. inequalities in Andhra Pradesh and there by sown seeds for the later stage of TelanganaCH. Hanumanth Rao: Movement.• He is well – known economist from • He took active part in establishing TRS party Telangana. He belongs to Karimnagar. in 2001 and for preparing Manifesto of• He worked as a member of 7 th and 8th Telangana Rashtra Samithi. Finance Commission and also as a member of planning commission. Manikonda Veda Kumar:• Prof. Hanumanth Rao supported the formation • He took part in early stage and also later stage of small states on the basis of Better of Telangana movement. Governance and growth inclusion. Prof. • In 2000, along with other friends he founded Hanumanth Rao during his student life was a “Forum for a Better Hyderabad” member of “Hyderabad Student Union” for organization. He founded “Forum for almost 12 years. sustainable Telangana” and was chairman• He wrote many books on Telangana for it. development and for the status of • He did efforts to bring awareness among statehood to Telangana. public regarding clean and green, conservation• From 1982 – 86, he was a member of Planning of lakes & water bodies and to prevent the Commission and from 1982 – 84 he was also use of plastic. a member of Economic Advisory council for Other organizations founded by him are: Reserve Bank of India. Apart from this, he Telangana Resource Centre was also member in many committees and Deccan Community Academy councils.• In 2004, Indian Government awarded him Mallepally Laxmaiah: “Padma Bhushan” for his services in • He was born in Jangaon village, Ramagundam economic sector. He was awarded honourary Mandal of Peddapalli district in the year 1961. doctorate by Kakatiya University and Sri He is a Journalist. Krishna Devaraya University. • His book – Dalita Paksham• He gave speeches along with Prof. Jaya (Compilation of essays). Shankar to enlighten the people regarding • He founded “Centre for Dalit Studies” and developmental inequalities in Andhra Pradesh fought for Dalit rights. He played an important and regional inequalities. role in Telangana Intellectual forum, which was formed for Separate Telangana.Biyyala Janardhan Rao: Burra Ramulu:• He was very dear for Adivasis and Girijans • He belongs to Warangal. (Tribals). • From child hood, he had revolutionary• During 1993-95, he did extensive research on ideology. During student stage, he participated the Tribals protest in Andhra Pradesh. in 1969 Telangana movement.458 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• While pursuing M.A Economics in Kakatiya • He is familiar to all as Human rights activist. University, he joined in Students organization • For some period, he was a member in APCLC PDSU and became Student leader. and he played important role in discussions 7• Later he went towards revolutionary negotiations between Government and movement and joined in “Jana Shakti” party. Maoists.• From student life, he had awareness regarding • After the formation of Telangana state, the rights and later he played important role in Civil Government Constituted “Hara Gopal rights organization. And was its member. Committee” with 25 members, who were• After 1990 consequences, he totally left educationists in different subjects and experts. politics and continued to be Civil rights The main purpose of this Hara Gopal activists. committee is to prepare the syllabus for• In 1996, due to differences with Civil rights Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 and other organization, he came out and founded exams which are to be conducted by TSPSC “Human Rights forum” along with a in future. follower Bala Gopal. V. Prakash:• He fought for the rights of Dalits, Tribals and • He is a well-known political analyst. During women. Telangana movement, he did analysis of• He worked as Economics professor in political, social and economic conditions in Kakatiya University. different television channels.Books written by Ramulu are: • During 1990’s, he made efforts along with Sara Katha (1985) Jaya Prakash to spread the ideology of Telangana. Gibathukendhuku ( why this life) • He played important role in Telangana Tovva Kosam United front and Telangana Mahasabha. Abivruddhi Rupantharam. • In 2001 when T.R.S party was established,Prof. Hara Gopal: he worked as party founding member and• He is a well-known political analyst and human General Secretary and also as party rights activist. Spokesperson.• He worked as Political Science professor in • He is managing Jaya Shankar’s “Telangana Hyderabad central University. Research and development Centre”.• During later phase of Telangana movement, • After the formation of Telangana state, he he took part in the media discussions on the wrote a book “Telangana Udyamala topic “Telangana Oka Prathyeka Charithra – Rashtra Avirbhavam Rashtram” (Telangana, a separate state) and (Telangana movement’s history – formation of he explained the necessity of forming separate state)” to take forward the history of Telangana state. movement to future generations.• In June, 1993 prof. Hara Gopal represented • He played an important role in the formation India in the 2nd Human Rights Convention held of “Melbourne Telangana forum” and at Vietnam, on the invitation of united Nations “Telangana Association of South Africa” council. by Telangana people in foreign countries.
PNR Publications 459 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture • Telangana students front not only participated Students in in the movement but it also organized many Telangana movement awareness programs in rural areas to spread the movement.• Hugh Grey, a western researcher in his book Telangana Students Association: “Andhra Pradesh Political system – Telangana politics” has stated as follows: • Telangana Students Association was formed on 8th August, 2006 by the partnership of SC,• “Regionalism is a strong point in Andhra ST and BC student’s associations. Pradesh politics, it is ready to burn always. The interesting thing is that it starts burning not Resolutions of by Political leaders but due to Students”. Telangana Student’s Association:• By the statement made by Hugh Grey, it is 1. to work for Socialist Telangana with the clear that there is a strong link between ideologies of Ambedkar and Phule. Telangana movement and the students. 2. to fight for achieving Telangana not under the• Students played immense role during all the leadership of landlord but under socialist stages of Telangana movement. During 1969 leadership. movement, students, Student unions left the • Telangana student’s association organized big schools & colleges for 9 months and open meeting in August, 2006 with 10,000 participated in the movement. students. The important guests for this meeting• During the movement, about 369 students were George Fernandez, Gaddar, Rasamayi sacrificed their lives and thousands were Balakishan, Simhadri and other student leaders injured for separate Telangana. and they addressed the meeting.• Later many students organized formed • This association took part in the “Maha student’s associations and fought for separate Sanskruthika Shanti Yatra” organized by Telangana. Gaddar in 2007. • This rally took place for 24 days fromTelangana Students Front: Manuguru of Khammam district to• “Telangana Students front” was founded on Bellampalli of Adilabad district. 14 th October, 1998 as a subsidiary • In this way, this association with the organization of Telangana Jana Sabha. Partnership of BC, SC & ST studentsIts aims and objectives are: associations played its role in taking forward1. Conservation of Telangana history and culture. Telangana movement.2. To implement G.O. 610 (Government order) Telangana Research Scholars3. To include Telangana language in school text Association: books. • In September, 2006 Telangana Research• Telangana Students front fought for the above Scholars association was formed under the objectives from 1998 to 2003. leadership of P. Shankar.• It organized many meetings to explain and • On 17 September, 2007 as a part of th
bring awareness regarding the injustice done Telangana liberation day a big open meeting to Telangana students in studies and was organized by Telangana Research employment. Scholars association and Telangana student’s organization near Arts college. 460 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureTelangana Vidyarthi Vedika (TVV): Osmania University Students JAC:• It was established on 27 October, 2006. th • Osmania University Students JAC was• President – Janjarla Ramesh Babu. formed on 21st November, 2009.• General Secretary – Shiva Kumar. • The chairman for this committee was Pidamarthi Ravi.The main objectives of TVV: • This Joint action committee was formed by1. To fight for the formation of separate Telangana 26 Students associations. State. • During Telangana movement, the credit of2. To strive for the implementation of 610 G.O. forming and giving effect to joint action3. To strive for the implementation of Scientific committee goes to Student’s associations. education system in Telangana. • The historic Osmania University Arts College4. Primary education should be given in Mother became a stage for the formation of Student’s tongue. JAC and for spreading the movement.• TVV organized many programs for achieving above objectives. Telangana Vidyarthi Maha Garjana• TVV also participated in the “Maha Shanti Sabha: • On 3 rd January, 2010 “Telangana Yatra” organized by Gaddar for 24 days. Vidyarthi Maha Garjana” Sabha was The main slogan of Maha Shanti Yatra was organized at Arts college. that “We want our water, we want our land and our jobs, we want our Telangana”. • On 5th January, 2010 Central government called for all party meeting. Two days before• The concluding meeting of MahaShanti this all-party meeting in Delhi, O.U JAC has yatra was organized at Arts College on organized this meeting (Maha Garjana) to 21st February, 2007. show its strength and the necessity of formingTelangana United Students separate Telangana State.Association: • Police did not give permission to this meeting,• Telangana United student’s association was students got permission from High Court. formed under the leadership of Veeragoni • Vangapalli Srinivas was the President for Chaitanya Goud in January, 2008. this historical meeting. Lakhs of students• Telangana united student’s association was attended this meeting from all over Telangana. formed by the partnership of all the 32 • In this meeting, Pidamarthi Ravi said that “if student’s organizations to fight together for the the decision is not given in the favour of formation of Separate Telangana state and to separate Telangana during All party strengthen Telangana movement. meeting, the people going to Andhra for• This association has organized Telangana Sankranti festival will not be allowed to conference at Tagore auditorium on 2 nd enter Telangana”. February, 2008 and demanded to declare • Balka Suman (TRSV chairman) said that the separate Telangana immediately. student’s movement will not be stopped till the• All the political parties, Telangana public formation of self – governing Telangana State. associations, student’s organizations attended • Prof. Kodandaram said in his speech that this meeting and declared its support for “The India – Pakistan” border is not a Wagah separate Telangana. but it seems to be here surrounding the PNR Publications 461 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Osmania Campus due to the presence of • The students were divided into 2 groups camps”. (north, south) and took part in padayatra for• MRPS president Manda Krishna Madiga said 21 days. Later on, 7th February all the in his speech that the movement should be well student’s met at Kakatiya University. planned and should be non – violent but not • On 7th February, the students organized an like 1969 movement. He said that Telangana open meeting at KU named as “Polikeka” will not be formed by political leaders, it is and concluding the padayatra. believed by the people that it is only possible • The important guests who attended this meeting by students. were Swamy Agnivesh, Deshapati Srinivas and Manda Krishna Madiga.Commemoration day of the Martyrs: • This Padayatra which was conducted for 21• On 8th January, 2010 students organized days in Telangana Villages has pressurized the Commemoration day of Martyrs at Telugu people’s representatives and centre, state University. Student’s started as a rally from governments. arts college but police stopped them at NCC gate. By this student’s protested and police Telangana Vidyarthi Ranabheri opened tear gas and beat the students. Sabha:• On 3rd February, 2010 Central government • On 23 rd January, 2010 “Telangana constituted Justice Sri Krishna committee. Vidyarthi Ranabheri” Sabha was organized Students agitated because the word in the premises of Nizam College with the “Telangana” is not mentioned in the declaration permission of High court for the formation of of this committee. separate Telangana state.• Sri Krishna committee has to analyse 7 issues • This meeting was organized by ABVP, which but it included only 1 issue related to the is subsidiary organization of BJP. possibility of formation of Telangana. Due to • BJP leader and opposition leader in Lok Sabha this, once again Osmania University became “Sushma Swaraj” attended this meeting and a battle field. gave her support for separate Telangana.• Students conducted “Pada Yatra (rally)” to bring awareness among people. • Na Raktham – Na Telangana (My blood – My Telangana):OU JAC Maha Padayatra: • On 30th January, 2010 by the inspiration of• From 18 January to 7 February 2010 th th Subash Chandra Bose all the students in organized padayatra all over Telangana under Telangana have organized blood donation the leadership of OU JAC. This Padayatra program by name “Na Raktham–Na was started at OU campus on 18th January Telangana”. and concluded at KU campus on 7th • ABVP students played important role in this February. program.• This Maha Padayatra was initiated to take Telangana movement into the villages. The Vidyarthula Polikeka: students from all the Universities of Telangana • On 7th February, 2010 students organized participated in this padayatra. big open meeting by name “Poli Keka” at Kakatiya University (Warangal) and concluded the pada yatra.462 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureAssembly Muttadi • On 17th September, 2012 the way to the arts(Assembly encirclement): college terrace was closed as it as liberation• On 20th February, 2010 student’s JAC gave day. So, students Ashanna, Sampath Nayak a call for “Assembly Muttadi” as Telangana around 11 pm climbed to the terrace of arts Ministers and MLA’s were not resigning for college with the help of wire and hoisted black separate Telangana. During this, “Siripuram flags. Yadaiah” committed suicide at NCC gate and Telangana Vidyarthi Maha Padayatra: later died. • “Telangana Vidyarthi Maha Padayatra” wasManukota Incident: conducted by students from Telangana cities• On 28th May, 2010 the students of Osmania, to Osmania University from 26th November Kakatiya University have protested & stopped to 6th December, 2012. It was concluded the “Odarpu Yatra” of Y.S. Jagan at Manukota on 7th December, 2012. (Mahbubabad railway station) Telangana Vidyarthi BahirangaChalo Osmania: Sabha (open meeting):• Student’s gave a call for “ Chalo Osmania” • On 24th January, 2013 Kakatiya University on 11th January, 2011. students JAC organized “Telangana students• Student’s protested in various ways open meeting” in Warangal for the demanding to recall para military forces from implementation of Telangana declaration. Osmania campus. Telangana Vidyarthi Maha Pradarshana:Chalo Assembly (2011): • On 28th January, 2013 Telangana students• On 21 February, 2011 because of “Students st JAC organized “Telangana Vidyarthi Maha Chalo Assembly” Violence took place in Pradarshana”. Osmania. Police opened fire with rubber • On 17th April, 2013 Parakala Prabhakar’s bullets, lathi charged and caused arrests which book “101 lies (Abaddhalu)” on Telangana appeared like a battle field. inauguration program was going on at press• But also, some students crossed the police club in Basheer Bagh. So, students tried to barriers and reached assembly with the slogans stop the program, there by police arrested “Jai Telangana”. them.Dharna (Protest) at Jantar Mantar: • On 7th September, 2013 AP NGO’s have• On 25 February, 2011 Osmania Law th organized “Save Andhra Pradesh” meeting at students staged dharna for Telangana bill in L.B. Stadium, Hyderabad. Police arrested Parliament at Jantar Mantar, Delhi. the students who tried to obstruct the program. In this meeting, Bala Raju Yadav andStudents Mass Hunger Strike: Constable Srinivas made “Jai Telangana”• Osmania Students went on mass hunger strike slogan. from 11th July to 14th July, 2011 for separate Telangana state. Telangana Vidyarthi Yuddhabheri Sabha: • On 21 st September, 2013 “TelanganaTelangana Vidyarthi Garjana: Vidyarthi Yuddhabheri” open meeting was• On 15th February, 2012 students organized organized at arts college by O.U JAC for open meeting “Telangana Vidyarthi Garjana” “Telangana with 10 districts”. at Osmania University campus. PNR Publications 463 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 16th December, 2013 students encircled • Telangana Journalist forum President Allam Raj Bhavan demanding Telangana without any Narayana was the President for this meeting conditions. also.• On 7th January, 2014 students encircled • On 14th March, 2011 TJF organized Mock assembly as a protest because the discussions assembly at Khairtabad on Telangana issue. were going on against Telangana when • This was organized as a protest against the Telangana bill was introduced in Assembly. media management and on the restrictions of• ABVP played active role in achieving Telangana Journalists mentioned in the 8th Telangana state and for its formation. chapter of Sri Krishna committee report. • From 17th to 19th May, 2011 Journalists under Role of Journalists TJF organized Dharna (protest) at Jantar• On 31st May, 2001 “Telangana Journalists Mantar, Delhi with the name “Kalam – Forum” was formed at Press club, Basheer Bagh. Kavathu (Pen–March)” for Separate Telangana.The founding members of TJF are: • The Slogan for this protest was “Pen in one Allam Narayana, Kranthi, Palle Ravi hand – movement with other hand” Kumar, Shashikanth, A. Ramana Kumar, Political leaders from different parties, N. Venu Gopal. journalists and leaders of public associations• During Telangana movement, Allam attended this meeting. Narayana was worked as a President of Journalists Self -respect Rally: Telangana Journalist forum. • On 30th October, 2012 Telangana journalists• Journalists took part in all the protests activities under TJF organized Self – respect rally from organized by TJAC and gave the information Sundarayya Park to Indira Park as a of all the programs to the public with reality. protest against the discrimination done to• On 9th March, 2010 a journalist Sunil Telangana journalists by Seemandhra Kumar from Warangal district committed government. suicide for separate Telangana.• First journalist Martyr during Telangana Allam Narayana: movement was Sunil Kumar. • Allam Narayana belongs to Jagityal. After Telangana state formation, he became the 1st• On 28th April, 2010 Journalists from all over Chairperson of the Press academy. Telangana went on “One day Relay hunger strike” with a slogan “Telangana Kosam – • He worked as a editor of the newspaper Telangana Journalists” under the aegis of “Jeevan Gadda” and wrote articles in Telangana Journalist forum. Telangana dialect such as:• On 4th October, 2010 Journalist forum Allam - Karam Life line Pranahita organized “Hyderabad Media March” for • Poems written by him are: Telangana. Ee Kalapu Dukhamu (2004) – in this he• On 5th December, 2010 Telangana Journalist depicted the destruction of Telangana forum organized “Telangana Patrikeyula language. Mahasabha” in R.T.C Kala Bhavan and Yadi – Manadi demanded to introduce Telangana bill in Jagityala Palle. Parliament. 464 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureMudiganti Sujatha Reddy: on Telangana and the migrations of Coastal• The story books written under her editorship Andhra people etc. are: Pittala Ravinder: Telangana Tholi Tharam Kathalu • He worked as a working journalist in different (Early generation stories) newspapers. He belongs to Karimnagar. Telangana Mali Tharam kathalu Ex.: Rachchabanda, Jeevana Gadda, (later generation stories) Udayam and Vartha newspaper.Ghanta Chakrapani: • He worked as State Vice – President and State General Secretary of Telangana• He worked as sub – editor to Udayam and intellectual forum which was formed during Andhra Jyothi newspaper. later phase of Telangana movement.• He used to write columns every week in • Books written by Pittala Ravinder are: Namaste Telangana with the name “Ghanta Padham”. Telangana March Singareni Parinamalu - Paryavasanalu.Nellutla Venu Gopal: Singareni Samskaranalu-Oka Parisheelana• In 1972 during his childhood, he participated Boggu Porallo in Telangana movement. Bhumi Pundu (on open cast mining).• He worked actively in Radical Student Union.• From 1984 – 96, he worked as a editor for Uma Maheshwari: “Radical March” magazine. • She worked as a editor for woman’s magazine• From 1996 he wrote hundreds of essays on “Bhumika”. Telangana history and on the wish of separate • Bhumika magazine has published a Telangana. These essays were published in compilation with 200 papers on Telangana different newspapers. problems and history.• In 2005, he established a monthly magazine named “Veekshanam” and is continuing as HMTV Dasha-Disha program: its editor. • During the movement, “Andhra Pradesh Dasha – Disha” was organized by HMTV• His literary works: under K. Ram Chandra Murthy. Telangana Tandlata • The discussions and arguments which took Lechi Nilichina Telangana place in this program gave awareness among (Compilation of essays) Andhra & Telangana people and they started Udyamala Nepadhyam thinking. It also minimized the difference of Telangana Rashtra Samasyalu (Editor) opinions among the activists of both the regions. 50 years of Andhra Pradesh (Editor) T- News:• 72 essays written in “Lechi Nilichina • During Telangana movement, Telangana Telangana” which is a compilation of essays channel “Raj News” was established to bring did research & gave information on various the true conditions before the people. topics such as Telangana’s historical heritage, police action on Hyderabad Samsathanam, • Later, Raj News channel was changed as Telangana movement, decisions of government “T- News”.
PNR Publications 465 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• During Telangana movement, different analysis Telangana Employees Forum: programs were organized by journalists and • Telangana employee’s forum was formed analysts on political, social and economic on 25th July, 2001. conditions in support of Telangana. The • Telangana employee’s forum Journalists are: President – C. Vittal Jwala Narsingh Rao V. Prakash General Secretary – Gopal Reddy Prof. K. Nageshwar Bandaru Srinivas Rao • Before this forum was formed, Telangana Ghanta Chakrapani employees gave memorandum for the implementation of 610 G.O under the Role of Employees in leadership to C. Vittal to the then Chief Minister Movement Chandra Babu Naidu. • Because of this, Government has appointed aTelangana NGO Union: commission with IAS officer Girglani as its• Telangana NGO union had the lead role in the head for the implementation of 610 G.O. history of Telangana movement. • In 2002, Telangana employee’s forum has• In 1946, during Nizam rule (Hyderabad state) organized Sabhas (meetings) & protests all Telangana NGO union was formed with the over Telangana for the implementation of the name “Mulajim Union”. primary report given by the Girglani• Abdul Gaffar Hussain was the 1st President commission. elected for Mulajim Union. • In January, 2004 Telangana Employees• This Union was given identification through a forum have inaugurated “2004 Diary” in farman issued by 7th Nizam “Mir Osman Ali Ashoka Hotel, Hyderabad in the presence of Khan”. Prof. Jaya Shankar.• “Mulajim Union opposed the jobs given to • This diary contained detail information Non-Mulkis” against Mulki rules during the regarding the injustice done to Telangana Military rule after Hyderabad state merged region. During movement, this diary helped a with Indian Union. lot for spreading the ideology of separate• In 1967, Mulajim Union changed as Telangana. “Telangana Non – Gazetted officer’s • In 2006, Telangana employee’s forum have Union”. organized “Quit Telangana” movement as• During 1969 Telangana movement, TNGO government did not resolve the issues pointed union active role under the leadership of out by employee’s forum. K.R. Amose and Swaminathan. Telangana Employees Joint Action• TNGO Union protested when non – locals Committee: were appointed in thousands for Telangana • In July, 2006 all the Telangana Employee’s jobs against the 1975 Presidential order. forums together formed as Telangana• TNGO union fought for the implementation Employee’s Joint action Committee under the of 610 G.O which was passed by N.T.R leadership of C. Vittal for the implementation government. of suggestions given by the Girglani• In 2005, D. Sudhakar became the President commission in its report. of TNGO Union. 466 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• All 26 forums except TNGO (Telangana non • In this, Prof. Jaya Shankar, M.T. Khan (Civil - gazetted officers) joined this Joint action rights forum leader), TRS leader Harish Rao committee Among these TRTU (Telangana addressed the meeting. Regional Teachers Union) played important • As part of this yatra, in meetings all over role. Telangana TNGO leaders & others demanded• The then TRTU leaders were Katamguri the government for the implementation of Satyanarayana Reddy and T. Prabhakar. Girglani commission report, G.O. 610.• In 2007, the T.N.G.O union under the • Commercial Tax department Joint action presidentship of Sudhakar joined into committee was formed by Tadakamalla Telangana employees joint action committee. Vivek.• After the union of T.N.G.O with Telangana • On 21st October, 2009 Telangana employees employees Joint action committee, the action Joint action committee along with KCR committee members were: conducted “Siddipet Udhyoga Garjana” Chairman – Sudhakar meeting. Secretary General – C. Vittal Role of Advocates in• After the retirement of Sudhakar, Swamy Goud was appointed as the Chairman of Telangana Movement Telangana employees Joint action committee. • Advocates played important role in the later Chairman – Swami Goud phase of Telangana movement. Co-Chairman – Tadakamalla Vivek• On 9th October, 2009 when Supreme Court Telangana Advocates JAC: gave Judgement that Hyderabad is a free – • In December, 2009 Telangana Advocates zone, then employee’s forum have conducted JAC was formed. rallies and protested. From then till 2014 State Convenor – M. Rajender Reddy February when Telangana Bill was passed in Co-convenor – Parliament the employee’s forums played Puligari Govardhan Reddy important role in the movement. • Advocates responded to every call given byTNGO’s Telangana Yatra for Telangana JAC. Thousands of lawyers fromimplementation of 610 G.O: the districts played active role during the• On 20th December, 2006 TNGO union movement. conducted Telangana Yatra to bring pressure • On 29th November, 2009 government tried on the government for the implementation of to disturb the fast unto death of KCR. On the 610 G.O. same day, the lawyers started hunger strikes• This Yatra was started from the head office of in the Ranga Reddy District Court. TNGO at Nampally by Prof. Hara Gopal. In this Yatra, around 600 vehicles (cars, jeeps) • On 5 January, 2010 Lawyers protested th
went as a rally to all the districts of Telangana differently by granting Visas to the Non – and finally reached Hyderabad. Telangana drivers. (Making the words of• The concluding meeting of this Yatra was the then Chief Minister late. YSR true that if conducted in Indira Priyadarshini Telangana arrives, you must bring visas to Auditorium at public Gardens. come to Hyderabad). PNR Publications 467 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 20th January, 2010 under the auspices of Telangana Medical joint action lawyers “one crore signature collection” Committee: program was conducted for Telangana. • Telangana Government Doctors forum was• On 21 February, 2010 lawyers gave a call st formed under the aegis of Dr. Ramesh. for “Chalo Raj Bhavan” and tried to invade • Doctors of Telangana was formed by Raj Bhavan. Dr.Narasaiah Goud, Dr. Suresh Chandra• On 22nd February, 2010 two thousand and others. lawyers held Dharna at Jantar Mantar, • On 22nd January, 2010 “Medical Students Delhi demanding for the introduction of Garjana” was held in Osmania Medical Telangana bill in Parliament. Later police college, which was attended by all the medical obstructed when lawyers tried to invade students and doctors of Telangana and parliament. TJAC chairman Kodandaram, demanded to introduce separate Telangana bill BJP spokesman Javadekar attended & in the parliament. supported the dharna of lawyers. • On 1st March, 2011 as a part of “Palle palle• On 6th March, 2011 a CD of movement pattala paiki” program the doctors under the songs named “Telangana Nyaya leadership of Bura Narasaiah Goud have Sangramam” written by Gopi Reddy conducted “Polyclinics on railway tracks” Chandra Shekar Reddy (advocate) was on the tracks near Bibinagar and gave free inaugurated. medical services to Telangana activists.• On 25th September, 2011 lawyers obstructed • On 10 March, 2011 doctors participated in th
the Group 1 Mains exam conducted by the “Million March” organized by Telangana political JAC with white dresses. APPSC as Telangana quota was not decided (Previously they obstructed Prelims also). • As a part of “Vanta–varpu” program conducted by JAC in Hyderabad, the doctorsPraja Court lo Chalo Assembly: JAC under the leadership of Bura Narasaiah• On 29th June, 2013 Lawyers JAC organized Goud conducted “Vanta – Varpu” at Clock “Praja Court lo Chalo Assembly” Program tower, Secunderabad. at Veterinary Bhavan in Masab Tank. “Doctors Sankaravam” meeting in• This Praja Court was conducted as a protest Vikarabad: against the government, police action when TJAC conducted Chalo Assembly on 14th • On 19 May, 2013 the “Doctors th
June, 2013. Sankaravam” meeting was held at Vikarabad, Ranga Reddy district under the aegis of Participation of Doctors in Telangana Doctors Joint Action Committee. Telangana movement • TJAC chairman Prof. Kodandaram was the Chief Guest to this meeting.• Doctors formed into different associations as a part of Telangana movement. Women in Telangana Movement• Dr. A. Gopala Kishan, one of the founding • Telangana women took the lead in the struggle members of 1969 separate Telangana of the Telangana Society from the begining movement have formed Telangana Doctors without any compromise when compared with forum as its President. male. The women have once again shown their468 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture fighting spirit in the later phase Telangana book “Dimensions of Telangana movement. development” at a meeting held in Osmania• Belli Lalitha, Vimalakka, Sandhya, Jagruti University under the aegis of Centre for Kavita, Surepalli Sujatha, Allam Padma, Jyoti Telangana Studies. Kiran, Vijayashanti, Padma Devender Reddy, • N.R.I. Madhu K. Reddy attended this Vanam Jhansi, Ratnamala and many others meeting, he studied the book “Dimensions of played active role in the separate Telangana Telangana Under development” and analysed movement. the information, then he types the information himself (about 60 pages) and launches a• Telangana Women’s Joint Action website named “Telangana.org” (Telangana. Committee (TWJAC) was formed in the org) and in this website he kept that book. year 2009. This JAC has played active role in bringing together all the women and • By this, many Telangana people in US were able to understand how and what Telangana coordinating programs during Telangana lost under the Andhra colonial rule. movement. • During 1999 elections, Telangana• On 31 st January, 2010 “State level Development forum gave advertisem*nts Women’s conference” was organized under regarding the injustice done to Telangana by the aegis of Women’s JAC. In this conference, Andhra people in different newspapers such they demanded to implement the separate state as Deccan Chronical and Varta. formation which was declared by Union • During 2004 and 2009 elections, TDF gave Minister Chidambaram on 9th December, advertisem*nts named “Telangana Kanniti 2009. Gadha” and printed lakhs of pocket size• On 3rd March, 2013 Telangana Women’s booklets named “Andhra Valasa Palanalo JAC have organized “Dhoom–Dham” Telangana” (Telangana in Andhra migration program at Dharna Chowk (Chindu Yellamma rule) and distributed to Telangana Voters. Vedika), Hyderabad. • In 2010, the TDF held a conference on• This program was jointly conducted by Telangana issues in US titled as “Telangana Arunodaya Cultural Federation, POW, Banquet Night” and invited Prof. Telangana Women’s JAC and Women Madhusudhan Reddy, prof. Jaya Shankar, R. emancipation organization. Vidya Sagar Rao, Prof. Harinath and V.• Telangana Women have participated in the Prakash. movement with the symbols of Telangana • On 18 th December, 2011 Telangana Culture such as “Bonalu and Bathukamma”. Development forum India have organized 4th “Pravasa Telangana Diwas” at Revenue NRI’s in Telangana movement Gardens, Karimnagar.Telangana Development Forum Telangana NRI Association (TENA):(TDF) – 1999: • Some people separated from TDF and formed• This was the 1st Telangana Association formed TENA in the year 2006. in America. Chairman –• Forum formed due to the efforts of Madhu Narayana Swamy Venkata Yogi K. Reddy and Sudheer Kodhati. Before the President – Venkat Maroju formation of TDF, on 16th & 17th August, 1997 Prof. Jaya Shankar have released a Vice President – Amar Karimella PNR Publications 469 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Telangana NRI association every year uniting all the IT employees in the software announces awards for the artists, poets and company. persons in social research organizations. • As there were increase of suicides from 2009,1. Kaloji Award – TNF have organized Anti – suicide rallies. They for efforts in Telangana Literature tried to increase the confidence in the youth2. Chindu Yellamma Award – with the slogan “Suicides Vaddura – Telangana art and architecture Telangana Muddura”.3. Prof. Jaya Shankar Award – • TNF have shoot a short film named Telangana Sociology – Outstanding research “Tiragabadda Telangana” with a intention4. Komaram Bheem Award – for those who to present the history of Telangana movement worked for a change in Telangana society. to future generations.5. Suravaram Pratap Reddy award – Publishing • In support of Sakala Janula Samme, TNF assistance for encouraging new authors and conducted rally from Sundarayya Vignana writers. Kendram to Indira park.6. Paidi Jayaraj award – for those who produces • Blood donation camp was organized in short films for upgrading the lives of Telangana Osmania university on the occasion of the downtrodden people. death anniversary of Siripuram Yadaiah.7. Shoibullah Khan ward – for journalists who • Telangana Netizens forum inaugurated the played active role in Telangana movement and book “Jala Sadhana Samaram” written by for upgrading of Telangana society. Duscharla Satyanarayana in the presence of KCR.• On 15th October, 2011 as a support to “Sakala Janula Samme” program • A conference was organized in Warangal NIT Telangana NRI’s organized big exhibition with a name “Reconstruction of Telangana named “Telangana Kavathu” at America’s with the inspiration of Jaya Shankar Sir”. capital city Washington. Telangana Information TechnologyMelbourne Telangana Forum (2013): Association (TITA):• Founding president – • Telangana Information Technology Nukala Venkateshwar Reddy. Association (TITA) was formed with a• Residents of London, South Africa have intention to make IT experts part of Telangana formed Telangana forums and supported movement. Sandeep Kumar Makthala was Telangana movement. the President of TITA.• Kastala Subba Rao, owner of IT company • TITA along with Telangana government have from Khammam played important role in the conducted a program “Digithan” to increase formation “Telangana association of south digital literacy in Telangana region. Africa”. Mission Telangana Website –Spreading of Telangana ideology in Konatham Dileep:social media: • Google company employee KonathamTelangana Netizens Forum (TNF): Dileep have launched a website named• Telangana Netizens forum (TNF) was “Mission Telangana” to give information formed to strengthen Telangana movement by regarding the incidents happening in Telangana. 470 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Konatham Dileep have published a book titled Telangana Times Newspaper: “A Rebuttal to Vishalandra Goebbels • In January, 2006 1st edition of Telangana Propaganda” with 101 explanations’ as a Times monthly magazine was published. reply to “Telangana 101 lies” book written Telangana Times Working Editor – by Parakala Prabhakar. Nagoba• Sangameshwar Rao updated all the Honorary Editor – incidents taking place in Telangana in the Mallepalli Lakshmaiah facebook. • Telangana times published the analytical essays• Dongari Nishant of Suryapet have uploaded written by intellectuals on Telangana all the protests happening in Telangana and all movement. Along with regular newspaper the T.V discussions in the You tube. publications, Telangana times published three• Sujai of Medak district was handling an I.T editions such as: company in Bengaluru. During later phase of 1. Special women’s edition in 2006. Telangana movement, he started “Sujaiblog. Blogspot. In” in social media and gave 2. 1969 Separate Telangana movement information regarding the movement to all the edition in June, 2006. Telangana people in different countries. 3. Palamuru Special edition in October, November 2007. Other ProgramsMeetings were held every Saturday Sahachara Book house:in the name of charcha (discussions): • In 1997, P. Shankar re-started Sahachara Book house which was similar to Vishalandhra• Telangana Praja Front leader Manikonda Book house. Sahachara Book house Veda Kumar organised meetings every presented the books related to integrated Saturday at 5 pm in his Oxford School, Himayat Nagar and used to call the experts history and culture of Telangana region. to discuss any one issue of Telangana. Later • In 2001, at the time of formation of TRS party, these discussions were published in the Sahachara book house gave consolidated newspaper. information regarding Telangana region to TRS• Veda Kumar conducted a Telangana Cultural party. Monthly Magazine named “Deccan”. Telangana Gup-shup:Charcha Newspaper: • Telangana supporter Tirupati Rao used to• In 2001, Pittala Ravinder have started give small messages regarding Telangana “Charcha” newspaper in Godavari Khani. movement to his friends from the year 1996.• Charcha newspaper published analytical • In 2007, Tirupati Rao started “Telangana essays on different issues of Telangana such Gup-shup.com” as Godavari river waters, Singareni coal • The members who want to receive S.M.S mines, formation of Telangana state and through Telangana Gup-Shup should join into regarding movement. “T-state” group.• This newspaper was published as a daily paper for 4 years in Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal • Telangana Gup-Shup gave information and Khammam districts. Later it was published regarding Telangana movement continuously as weekly magazine. for some period of time.
PNR Publications 471 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Role of Civil Society groups, organised & unorganised sectors, castes and communities in Telangana movementTelangana Intellectuals forum: • Forum fought for the implementation of G.O.• In March, 2004 “Telangana Intellectuals 610 and Girglani recommendations. forum” was formed to make Telangana • Explained to the public about the need of educationists and intellectuals part of the Palamuru waterfall project. movement. • Forum pressurized the government to solve The forum convenor – Prof. Kodandaram the problems of fluorosis.• The important persons who took part in the • On 7th August, 2007 Telangana intellectual’s formation of the forum were Prof. Jaya forum and Telangana Lecturers forum Shankar, Prof. Kodandaram, Nandini Siddha organized an open meeting against the Reddy, Sridhar Rao Deshpande, C. Vittal, corporate education at Tandoor of Ranga Deshapathi Srinivas, Pittala Ravinder, Prof. Reddy district. Revathi, Sridhar Swamy, Prof. Venkatanarayana and others. • Forum studied and analysed the problems• During 2004 General elections, this forum caused by the open cast mining and Singareni campaigned against the rules and policies of Privatization and brought these issues into lime Telugu Desam Party. The intellectual’s forum light by conducting round table conference widely campaigned to win Pro Telangana with the trade unions. candidates in these elections. • Published a book “Parinamalu-• In 2005, the working group of the forum was Paryavasanalu” related to Singareni workers. formed. • Political parties and government responded to President – Prof. Kodandaram the essays written by the forum in the Vice-President – Nandini Siddha Reddy newspapers related to Sugar cane farmer General Secretary – C. Vittal problems.• Telangana intellectual’s forum conducted many • In Medak district, many farmers died due to awareness programs to bring awareness the defects in the electricity line. This forum among public. They were: brought this into lime light.• The forum organized various programs to • The intellectual forum explored the problems explain about Potireddy Padu Project faced by the weavers of Dubbaka village of which diverts Srisailam water to Medak district and submitted a memorandum Rayalaseema and regarding Pulichintala to the collector. Project which diverts water to Coastal • The Beedi industry was thrown into turmoil Andhra and how these projects are causing loss to Telangana. when the Central government wanted to print the skull symbol on the Beedi bundles. The• The forum filed cases to stop the Polavaram forum held a round table meeting in Project as Telangana tribal areas were under threat because of the project. The court gave Karimnagar on this issue and released a stay on the project. pamphlet.
472 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Telangana women’s Conference under Rajolibanda the aegis of T.V.V Telangana Development Myth Telangana intellectual’s forum fought for Study in Telangana the problems faced by the women in Articles on Telangana Political, Economic Telangana region. and Social conditions (Author – Sridhar On 6 th March, 2005 Telangana Rao Deshpande); Fluorosis (Author – intellectual’s forum organised Telangana Raji Reddy) and other books. Women’s conference at RTC Kala Bhavan • Telangana Intellectual’s forum became the part in the Sammakka – Sarakka premises, of TJAC, which was formed on 24 th Rani Rudrama hall on “Yellamma Vedika”, December, 2009 and played active role in Baghlingampally. Separate Telangana movement.• On 4th March 2008, the intellectual’s forum Telangana Joint Action Committee hosted a seminar on the topic “Telangana (2006): Development under Y.S.R government”. • In 2004 general elections, the coalition won• The forum protested and organized many the elections which was formed for the programs against the attitude of the Congress formation of Separate Telangana. But the party towards the formation of Telangana coalition did not make proper efforts for the state. achievement of Telangana. After the elections.• The Central Government have allocated the • Due to this, Akula Bhumaiah, Pasham Yadagiri, Department of Mining University Branch Chikkudu Prabhakar, Hanumanth and other in Ranchi to Andhra Pradesh State. social organization leaders decided to form a Seemandhra leaders pressurized and shifted non-political forum for uniting all the Telangana the Department of Mining University Branch powers. to Seemandhra region. • In August, 2006 all the 32 Telangana Public• Intellectual’s forum protested and demanded organizations and movement organizations together formed as “Telangana Joint action to set up the Branch of Mining University Committee”. Political parties did not join this department in Kothagudem. The government committee. came down and promised to set up a branch of mining university in the premises of • This JAC made efforts to spread the ideology Satavahana University. of Telangana and pressurized the political parties for formation of Telangana state.• Telangana Intellectuals forum published the following books: Telangana Sangharshana Samithi “Education in Telangana” against the (TSS) 2006: Corporate education. • On 28 th September, 2006 Telangana Sangharshana Samithi was formed by Tejavath “Chedhirina Cheruvu” book for Bellaiah Naik, Erra Johnson Madiga, spreading the ideology on Telangana issue. P.Narsingh Rao, Addanki Dayakar, “Bhoomi Pundu” book on the open cast Yoganandam. vandalism. • TSS formed with a slogan that “We want “5 years of congress rule” book during social Telangana but not Geographical 2009 elections. Telangana”. PNR Publications 473 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The working group of TSS: Secretary of TSS. On this platform, an President – Tejavath Bellaiah Naik ultimatum was issued to central government Vice-President – Mohammad Iqbal to establish Telangana State by 30 th September, 2007 otherwise, Satyagraha will General Secretary – Yoganandam Goud be held from 2nd October, 2007.• In support of this TSS, “Telangana Students Association” was formed in Osmania • On 27th September, 2007 an open meeting University. Convenor was Raja Ram Yadav. was held by TSS with 30 thousand people at the Nizam College ground on Telangana bill.• In 2006, at Press Club, Somajiguda in a protest Tejavath Bellaih Naik slaped on the • On 2nd October, 2007 Gandhi Jayanthi day face of Lagadapati, when he insulted “Planeroco” (Stop the plane) program was Telangana people by his words. conducted at Begumpet Airport, Hyderabad. On 17th September, 2006 TSS along with • On 1 November, 2007 on the occasion of st• Telangana Students forum organized a meeting Telangana Sabotage day, TSS conducted at Osmania Arts College on the occasion of Dharna at Jantar Mantar, Delhi on Telangana merger day with thousands of Telangana bill with 2000 people. students and public. TSS Maha Padayatra:• The chief guest to this meeting was former • Telangana Sangharshana Samithi, led by Central Minister Gorge Fernandes, Gaddar, Tejavath Bellaiah Naik has conducted a Pasam Yadagiri, Keshavaraj Jadhav attended thousand Kilometers (1016 Km) march in the meeting demanding the Central Telangana districts from 14th November, Government to introduce Telangana bill in 2007 demanding to introduce Telangana State Parliament. Bill in the parliament.TSS Delhi Round Table Conference: • This march began at a memorial constructed• On 20 , 21 August, 2007 dharna was th st at Udalamarri, Nirmal in Adilabad district organized at Jantar Mantar, Delhi by 27 where the Gond warrior Ranji Gond was Telangana Public organizations under the aegis hanged and March concluded at Gunpark, of “Telangana Sadhana Samyukta Martyrs Stupa in front of Assembly, Vedika” established by freedom fighter & Hyderabad. Telangana supporter Konda Laxman Bapuji • On 28th December, 2007 under the aegis of and “Telangana Sangharshana Samithi” formed Telangana Sangharshana Samithi a meeting by Tejavath Bellaiah Naik. was held named as “Yuddha Bheri Sabha”• On 22nd August, 2007 National level Round on Telangana bill at Government Degree table conference was organized with the title College ground, Hanumkonda. “Separate State movement in 60 years of • A massive rally was conducted from Azamjahi Independent India” at A.P. Bhavan, Delhi mills to the meeting place with a slogan “let us under the aegis of TSS and Telangana Sadhana establish Dalit Bahujan people’s kingdom and Samyukta Vedika. to ban articles and services of Andhra• The President to this conference was investors” and “immediately introduce Yoganandham, who was the General Telangana bill in parliament”.
474 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CulturePeople’s Telangana Foundation: Telangana Lecturers Forum:• Public organizations have recognised that • On 7th July, 2007, “Telangana Lecturers Telangana movement is led by the dominant Forum” was formed with the faculty of castes and spokes person groups (teacher, Government, Private and aided colleges of Telangana. employers, lawyers, journalists) and there is no proper participation of SC, ST, OBC and • Telangana Lectureres Forum (TLF): minorities. President – Murali Manohar• Some leaders of public organizations opined General Secretary – that Telangana State is possible only by large Dr. Katthi Venkat Swamy – scale mobilization of SC, ST, OBC and • In 2009, after Katthi Venkat Swamy became minority groups. the President of TLF, he made the lectures to led the protest against the free zone.• In May, 2007 “People’s Telangana On 2nd December, 2012 TLF organized an Foundation” was established with the • open meeting named “Adhyapaka Garjana” participation of various social groups. in Warangal. Convenor – Prof. Simhadri • On 15th July, 2013 TLF published a book Co-Convenor – Bhangya Bukya named “111 lies of supporters of United Andhra Pradesh, Myths – Real Truths”.Telangana History Congress:• In March, 2008 “Telangana History Telangana Teachers forum: Congress” was formed in Osmania University. • On 20 th September, 2006 “Telangana President – Prof. G. Venkat Rajam Teachers Forum” was formed by uniting all the Teachers organizations of Telangana. Vice-President – Prof. Syed Ayab Ali Prof. Sudha Rani. • Telangana Teachers forum
General Secretary – V. Sadanandham. Convenor – G. Sridhar • This forum fought to include Telangana• Telangana History Congress was formed with language, History and Culture in Text books. the intention to bring Telangana festivals into • Since its formation, Telangana Teachers forum lime light and to publish them. protested against the injustice done toTelangana Settlers Front: Telangana Teachers.• In October, 2008 “Telangana Settlers Front” Telangana University Professors was formed under the auspices of K. Srinivas Forum: Raju at Sundarayya Vignana Kendram. Since • On 26 th November, 2008 “Telangana its formation, the front openly supported University professors Forum” was formed with Telangana movement. the Professors of Osmania, Kakatiya• On 1st February, 2009 Settlers Front have University at ICSSR conference hall of organized open meeting at Nizam College Osmania University. grounds. Prof. Jaya Shankar, Prof. President – R. Ramesh Reddy Kodandaram and others addressed the • This forum organized many programs for the meeting. formation of separate state since its inception. PNR Publications 475 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureTelangana Matti Manushula Vedika: • During Telangana movement, Sunil started• Telangana Matti Manushula Vedika was “Cricket Association of Telangana” to fight founded by Venepalli Pandu Ranga Rao. against discrimination meted out by Telangana people in Cricket.• Pandu Ranga Rao of Alagadapa, Nalgonda • On 14th June, 2012 Cricket Association of district have founded this vedika to conduct Telangana (CAT) was founded in Taj Krishan programs in Telangana movement. Hotel.• In January, 2012 when Seemandhra people CAT Managing Secretary – were returning after Sankranthi festival Pandu Kolanupaka Sunil Babu Ranga Rao went on hunger strike for 24 hours Chairman – Duddilla Sridhar Babu at Nallabanda Gudem, a village at Andhra – President– Yendyala Lakshmi Narayana Telangana border on National highway 9 To • CAT was founded with a slogan “Mana bring awareness among people. Telangana – Mana Cricket”.Telangana movement organizations Caste Associations in Telanganain Film industry: Movement:• In 1999, Mandadi Uday Kumar started • During 1969 & later phase of Telangana “Telangana Hakkula Parirakshana movement, Caste Associations played an Samithi” to fight against discrimination in film important role. industry. • During 1969 Telangana movement, Munnuru• In 2013, Telangana Film Directors forum was Kapu leader Bhojja Narsimhulu formed. President – Allani Sridhar (Kachiguda, Hyderabad) brought all the• The president of Telangana Film Chamber of backward classes onto one platform and Commerce – Vijayendar Reddy. fought for Separate Telangana State.• President of Telangana production & mini • Maroju Veeranna with Caste & Varna ideology theatres owners Co-operative society – Sana broke with the Janashakthi Revolutionary Yadi Reddy. party and formed the communist party of the United States of India.Cricket Association of Telangana: • In 1996, during the movement he formed• Hyderabad Cricket Association was Telangana Mahasabha and also several caste established in the year 1931. associations. They are;• Nawab Moinudullah was the Nawab of • Lambadi Hakkula Porata Samithi – Saroornagar during Nizam period. Nagarabheri• Moinudullah because of his interest towards Founding President – Cricket have founded Hyderabad Cricket Tejavath Bellaiah Nayak Association (HCA) along with his friends. • Adivasi Hakkula Porata Samithi –• Later HCA went into the hands of Andhra Tudum Dhebba Pradesh leaders. Due to this, Crickters of Convenor – Dubbagatla Narsing Rao Telangana were discriminated, one among them was Kolanupaka Sunil Babu faced this • Erukala Hakkula Porata Samithi – Kurru discrimination. Convenor – Waligi Prabhakar476 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Vaddera Hakkula Porata Samithi – Other important associations took Gannu Dhebba part in Telangana movement Convenor – Tanneru Dharma Raju • Dalita Mahila Vedika:• Mala Samara Bheri – Malaghuthpa Dhebba Convenor – Surepalli Sujatha Convenor – Shankar Co-Convenor – Merykumari• Gollakuruma Hakkula Porata Samithi – Dhol Dhebba • Telangana State Artists, Writers and Convenor – Belli Krishna intellectual’s Joint committee:• Chakali Hakkula Porata Samithi – Convenor – B.S. Ramulu Chaki Revu Dhebba • Telangana Lyricista Joint Committee: Convenor – Pusapelli Saidulu Convenor – Guda Anjaiah• Munnuru Kapu Hakkula Porata Samithi • B.C welfare association: Convenor – Batthula Siddeshwar President – V.G.R. Naraghoni• Goudjana Hakkula Porata Samithi – Moku Dhebba • Telangana Yuvajana Vidyarthi Convenor – Elikatte Vijaykumar Goud Sanghatana:• Padmashali Hakkula Porata Samithi – President – S. Prudhvi Raj Neta mota Telangana Private Sector Convenor – Bhongiri Srinu Employees JAC:• Kummari Hakkula Porata Samithi – • On 23 rd May, 2010, Private Sector Salpa Dhebba employees JAC organized a conference for Convenor – Seliveru Parusharamulu achieving Telangana State at Sundarayya• Pusali Hakkula Porata Samithi – Pusalikeka Vignyana Kendram. Convenor – P. Vedhantham • Similarly, on 19th July, 2012 a rally was• Koyalidasari Welfare Association organized named as “Bhoomi Putrulu pada Convenor – Chennamshetty Dasaradham yatra” for the formation of Telangana State.• Pichchakuntla Hakkula Porata Samithi Convenor – Ashaiah Vamsharaj• Budabhukkala Hakkula Porata Samithi Convenor – Ramulu• Telangana Madiga Self-respect Porata Samithi Convenor – Ch. Yadagiri Madiga• Boya Hakkula Porata Samithi Convenor – Managa Gopi• Valmiki Boya Yuvajana Welfare association Convenor – Kavali Sathya Raj• Adajana Hakkula Porata Samithi Convenor – Padma PNR Publications 477 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Intensification of Movement,123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Forms of Protest and Major events1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• The Central government have officially • In addition, the legacy of Telangana culture, announced on 9th December, 2009 that the lives of Telangana and the aspiration of Telangana State formation process is going to separate were manifested peacefully through be commenced, after a six – decade long different forms of movement. They are rastha struggle for Separate Telangana. – roko (blockade of roads), hunger strike,• With this announcement, the entire Telangana vanta – varpu, dhoom – dham, Manavharam community was involved in celebrations. In this (Human chain), Bathukamma, Bonalu content, Seemandhra political leaders procession, funeral procession, candle rallies, unanimously resigned to their posts without burning of effigies. connection with their parties and created political and constitutional turmoil. Non-cooperation Movement• Due to the political pressure of Seemandhra (17th February - 4th March 2011) leaders, the Central government made another • The Non-cooperation movement is an attempt statement on 23rd December, 2009 that “the to make the government helpless by not State formation will be commenced only providing any assistance to the central and state after consultations and consensus”. government especially the employees by not• Under these circ*mstances, various public performing their duties. unions and political parties to transform • Inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-cooperation Telangana aspiration into mass movement and movement against British during Indian to unite the Telangana Community have National movement, TJAC undertook this formed “Telangana Political Joint Action movement to convey the aspiration of Committee (TJAC)” on 24th December, Telangana to the central government. 2009. • Telangana political JAC gave a call for• TJAC has successfully organized various non-cooperation movement with a demand agitation programs and various forms of that Telangana bill should be introduced movement to speed up the Telangana State immediately in the parliament. formation process announced by the Centre • Non-cooperation movement is the first on 9th December, 2009 and to fulfil the long – agitation program organized by TJAC since term aspirations of the people. its formation.• TJAC has organized various protest programs • Non-cooperation movement lasted for 16 such as non – cooperation movement, million days, started from 17th February till 4th march, Sakala Janula Samme, Sagaraharam, March, 2011. Samsad Yatra and Chalo Assebly to attract • Before non-cooperation movement, TJAC the attention of centre towards Telangana and has organized many other protest programs. to keep alive the aspirations of Telangana • 13th February, 2011– the programs such as people. Dappu Chatimpu and tying of Kankanalu (Yellow threads) were conducted.478 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• 14th February, 2011 – conducted rallies in the action against employees involved in Non – constituencies. Cooperation movement and Pendown• 15th February, 2011 – conducted “Jail Bharo” activities. program. • On 1st March, 2011, TJAC has called for• 16 February, 2011 – conducted dharna in th “Rail Roko” with the name of “Palle palle front of the houses of M.P’s, M.L.A’s of pattala paiki” (Villages on to Railway Congress and T.D.P to take decision on tracks). Telangana. • The intensity of Telangana movement is known across the country as train passages wereLaunch of Non-cooperation blocked between North and South India duemovement: to “Rail Roko”• On 17th February, 2011, in view of budget • On 4th March, 2011, TJAC leaders, trade inauguration session in assembly, union leaders held discussions with State approximately 3 lakh employees from different Ministers, came to an agreement and departments of Telangana region launched non terminated the Non-cooperation. – cooperation movement peacefully. Important Points of the Agreement:• On 17th February, Telangana MLA’s have obstructed the Governor’s speech during the 1. A commission to be formed, headed by a State Assembly budget session. retired Judge to look into the implementation of Presidential orders.• TJAC has continued this Non – Cooperation movement in various forms. Such as; 2. The State government will take the JAC leaders to Delhi to convey to the Union Employees boycotted their duties. Government the demand of the removal of Did not pay tax to the government. paragraph 14 (F) from the Presidential orders. Travelled in the transport system without 3. Establishment of Monitoring committee for the tickets. implementation of the Presidential orders, Blockage of National highways. chaired by council of ministers, a council of Conducted Rallies. Legislative members and the Secretary• On 18th February, 2011, picketing was held General of the Government. in front of Central Government offices. 4. Local candidates should be appointed in the• On 19th February, 2011, protests were outstanding recruitments. organized such as “Walk for Telangana” in cities and “Prabathabheri” in villages. Million March Conducted Rastha Roko (blockade of roads) (10th March, 2011) National highway 9 was blocked. • On 10th March, 2011, million march event• On 22nd February, 2011, Telangana political was held at Tank Bund, Hyderabad. JAC has called for 48 - hour bandh. Due to • This million-march program was inspired by the support of Student unions and public “Tahrik Square” blockade in Cairo, unions, this bandh was followed on 22nd Egypt. February in ten districts of Telangana. • Egyptian protestors blocked the Tahrik square• On 25th February, 2011, a petition was filed for several days, while million march was in the High Court demanding disciplinary limited to one day only. PNR Publications 479 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• On 26th February, 2011, employees mass • People attacked congress M.P. Madhu hunger strike was held under the aegis of Yashki Goud and Congress senior leader K. Telangana inter educational JAC near Keshava Rao, who came to participate in Inter educational directorate at Nampally, Telangana million march as they did not resign where KCR was the chief guest and to their posts. announced that million march program will be Destruction of Statues on Tank Bund: held with 10 lakh people on 10th March and • In 1986, the then Chief Minister N.T. Rama to invade Hyderabad. Rao installed 33 statues on Tank bund in the• KCR made announcement of million march name of great personalities of Telugu. without consulting TJAC. • Out of these 33 statues, only 7 belong to• Inspite of this, all the public unions and political Telangana region. They are; JAC supported the million march for the 1. Rudrama Devi aspirations of Telangana people. 2. Pothana• Parents of students appealed for the postponement of million march due to 3. Abul Hasan Tanisha intermediate exam on 10th March. 4. Ramadasu (Kancharla Gopanna)• Political JAC announced that million march will 5. Mahbub Ali Khan continue from 1 pm to 4 pm as intermediate 6. Makhdoom Mohiuddin exam will be in the morning. 7. Suravaaram Pratap Reddy• Police did not give permission for the million- 8. Komaram Bheem (Statue was unveiled on march program. Section 144 was imposed in 5th October, 2012 at tank bund). Hyderabad. • The activists have demanded the release of• More than thousand activists and leaders along leaders and protestors who were arrested for with JAC convenor Kodandaram were participating in million march. As the police arrested in advance to disrupt the million- did not respond, the outraged protestors have march program. destroyed the statues on tank bund with a view• Despite the barricades and iron fences that the statues are mostly of Andhra and with throughout the Hyderabad city and a feeling that Telangana’s great personalities deployment of large number of police, large and history were kept aside. number of activists reached tank bund. • 16 statues were destroyed in the protestor’s• At around 2’O clock in the afternoon, the attack. Among them are Siddhendra Yogi, Sir activists of “people’s new democracy Arthur Cotton, Kandukuri Veereshalingam, party” first reached on to the tank bund. Mutnuri Rama Krishna Rao, Annamacharya,• Later activists of various JAC, public Errapragada, ballari Raghav Rao, Sri Krishna organizations, political parties and students Deva Rayalu, Brahma Naidu, Gurajada Appa reached tank bund. Rao, Raghupathi Venkata Ratnam Naidu,• Osmania University students were blocked by Tripuraneni Rama Swamy of Andhra were the police from participating in the million destroyed. Some statues were thrown into march, but also some students participated. Hussain Sagar.
480 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The protestors even attacked the media Sakala Janula Samme persons who were shooting these pictures. (13 September - 24th October, 2011) th The cameras were grabbed and thrown into Hussain Sagar. • Sakala Janula Samme is the key event in the history of Telangana movement in which whole• Fifteen media representatives were injured in Telangana community participated. the attack. Police have released Kodandaram • The entire Telangana community such as at 5 pm. Telangana teachers, Student’s, Public &• Prof. Kodandaram upon reaching to tank Private trade unions, caste associations bund, the activists picked him up on their arms participated in “Sakala Janula Samme” for 42 and took as a procession to the Pothana days to achieve Separate Telangana state. Statue, where KCR was delivering • On 15th July, 2011, the trade unions under the speech. leadership of Telangana Political JAC issued• The government has seriously considered the a strike notice to the then Chief Minister Kiran events which took place during million march. Kumar Reddy.• KCR, Prof. Kodandaram, Harish Rao, KTR, • In this notice, an ultimatum was given that if New Democracy activists and many others Telangana State is not formed before 1st have been booked under serious sections August, 2011, the strike will be initiated. But including murder attempt. there was no response from the government. Amidst Lathi charges, tear gases and other • On 12 September, 2011, i.e; one day th• before the initiation of strike, the T.R.S party restrictions, the people from ten districts of organized “Janagarjana Sabha” in S.R.R Telangana participated in million march and college at Karimnagar. made it successful. • Nearly 10 lakh people including various• The government has formed a cabinet sub – political parties, trade unions and TJAC committee headed by Vatti Vasanth Kumar attended this meeting. In this meeting, KCR to decide on the guidelines for the re- and TJAC have announced that strike will start installation of the 16 statues that were from 13th September. destroyed by the protestors on Tank bund. • On 12th September, 2011 midnight after 12• However, on 14th March, 2011, Telangana am i.e; on 13th September, 2011 Singareni Jagruthi, Telangana Writers forum, Singidi coal workers have started the strike. Telangana writer’s association have organized • However, the then Chief Minister Kiran “Telangana Swabhiman Sabha” on tank Kumar Reddy has instructed all the officers bund and warned the government not to install of government departments to take strict action any statue on tank bund till Telangana State is against government employees participating in formed. the strike. • Also instructed to implement G.O.No.177, which provides for the deduction of salaries of employees who are absent for the duty. • Telangana bandh and Rasta Roko were organized in support of Sakala Janula Samme which was started on 13th September, 2011. PNR Publications 481 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Employees and Advocates boycotted their • On 22nd September, 2011, as it was 10th day duties and went on strike. of Sakala Janula Samme, the CPI (M.L) New• The government has threatened that it will not Democracy have organized “Poru Garjana pay the workers if they do not work (No Work Sabha” at Khammam in support of Strike. - No Pay). The then TNGO General • On 24th September, 2011, Telangana political Secretary Devi Prasad said that we are on JAC has called for 48 hour “Rail Roko strike today and we will clear all the pending (Blockage of train)” program. files later, for which extra pay will not be given • On the same day, Metro Water Board Joint to us. action committee was formed, which maintains• On 16th September, 2011, the fourth day of water supply and sewerage system in the city Sakala Janula Samme, the police arrested of Greater Hyderabad. Rajeshwar Rao was TNGO President Swamy Goud. elected as chairman of this water board.• Due to the agitation of Telangana protestors, • On 25th September, 2011, all-party meeting Swami Goud was released. was held under the aegis of TJAC in Delhi.• Government teachers and private school On the same day, Telangana activists owners also went on strike. obstructed the Group 1 mains exam, which• P. Venkat Narayana, advocate from was conducted under the supervision of police. Vishakapatnam have filed a Public interest • On 30th September, 2011, Congress core litigation in High court to give orders to stop committee called about 40 leaders of the strike as the people are suffering due to Telangana to Delhi for negotiations on the Sakala Janula Samme and there is huge loss formation of Separate Telangana State. to the government treasure. KCR, • Important persons among them are ; KCR, Kodandaram and Swamy Goud were Harish Rao, Kodandaram, Etela Rajender, included as respondents. leaders of employee’s union, Swami Goud,• Since the midnight of 18th September, 2011, Srinivas Goud and others. RTC workers also entered into the strike, there by the intensity of strike increased. Resignation of Komati Reddy Venakt Reddy• About 67,000 RTC workers from Telangana have blocked the National highways. On 1st October, 2011 Congress party MLA Komati Reddy Venkat Reddy• On 19th September, 2011, the employees of resigned to his post in protest of the secretariat went on strike. negligence of centre on the statement made• State Electricity board employees and greater regarding the formation of separate Hyderabad employees also went on strike on Telangana state. the same day. On 2nd October, 2011 Komati Reddy• On that day, blockade of National highways Venkat Reddy organized an open meeting was successful. A small wall was built on the in Nalgonda titled as “Udyama Garjana”. border of Nalgonda and Guntur road after Sakala janula Samme was strengthened due crossing Nagarjuna Sagar. to the resignation of Komati Reddy Venkat• On 21 st September, 2011, Telangana Reddy. Medical Health JAC went on strike. On that day, employees from all over Telangana went • On 2nd October, 2011, Telangana political on “Mass Strike with the family members”. JAC along with coalition parties staged482 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture “Silent protest” at Rajghat, Delhi as a • Next Polytechnic lecturer’s association, other protest towards the delaying attitude of the associations have called off strike one after centre towards Telangana. the other.• On the same day, a program “State fasting • On 24 th October, 2011, finally TNGO (Urantha Upavasam)” was organized for called off the strike due to which Sakala separate Telangana State. Janula Samme which continued for 42 days• On 3rd October, 2011, KCR and Prof. came to an end. Kodandaram met the then Prime Minister • JAC chairman Kodandaram said that Sakala Manmohan Singh and appealed for the Janula Samme was successful in making the formation of Telangana State. centre to think regarding separate Telangana• On 10 October, 2011, Minister of th State and declared that other protest programs transport Botsa Satyanarayana has made will continue till the formation of separate State. N.M.U leaders of R.T.C Mohammed Ali and • An agreement was made between JAC and Nageshwar Rao (Andhra leaders) to make an government while calling off Sakala Janula announcement that they are withdrawing from Samme. strike by making a deal with them. Important points of this deal include:• Due to this, N.M.U workers of Telangana 1. On 4 th March, 2011, during Non– formed J.A.C under the leadership of Cooperation movement a treaty was made, Ashwattama Reddy and declared that they according to which government will set up a will continue the strike. commission headed by a Retired Judge to• On 11 October, 2011, Telangana employees th look after the execution of President’s order. J.A.C organized “Maha – Dharna”. 2. The government has agreed to withdraw the• Seemandhra rulers have formed a new criminal cases against the employee’s where conspiracy to suppress the movement. They they do not have direct involvement. made the Intelligence department to make false 3. In the Case of cancellation of G.O. No. 177, statements that maoists are involved in the the government will consult the Advocate movement and there is a risk of movement General and take further action. becoming violent. 4 The Government will sympathetically look into• On 15th, 16th and 17th October, 2011, TJAC the deputations, transfers occurred during the organized “Rail Roko” (blockage of trains) for strike period. three days. With this “Rail Roko” program, 5. In certain departments, the revocation of people came on to the railway tracks. Various notification issued under “E.S.M.A” during social groups have participated by performing strike will be taken into consideration their caste rituals. according to the relevant regulations and present situations.• On 16 th October, 2011, RTC workers participating in the strike for 27 days have 6. The government is considering the directions called off the strike. of Advocate General and the High Court to treat the period of absenteeism during Sakala• On 17th October, 2011, Telangana Teachers Janula Samme as paid leave i.e; at least half action committee have called off the strike. payment or any other leave.• On 18th October, 2011, Singareni workers 7. The Government asked the relevant agencies who were in strike for 35 days have called to re-hire the outstanding contract employees. off the strike. PNR Publications 483 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture8. No Work – No Pay is required to be to Necklace road. Gave permission from implemented as per rules. But the Government Sanjeevaiah park to necklace road. pays special advance in view of the difficulties • On 30th September, 2012, on the day of faced by the employee’s due to loss of salaries Telangana march, all express trains, passenger during festivals and strikes. trains and local trains were cancelled. PoliceSagaraharam (Telangana March) have closed the gates of Osmania University to prevent the students from participating in (30th September, 2012) Telangana march.• On 7th July, 2012, Telangana political JAC • Nearly 2 lakh activists, including leaders of chairman Prof. Kodandaram said that it is various political parties reached necklace road organizing “Chalo Hyderabad” on 30th at around 4 pm, inspite of police closing all September, 2012 in the name of “Telangana the ways leading to necklace road except the March” for achieving Telangana State by Buddha Bhavan route. bending the necks of Central and State • All the parties in Telangana, except Congress governments. and Telugu Desam parties reached to• In this context, JAC announced that it will go sagarharam program. on tour all over Telangana to inspire the people • Even after the government’s deadline of 7 pm, regarding Telangana march with a slogan the activists remained there without going back. “Intiko manishi, Chethilo Janda – Chalo • The protestors declared that they will not leave Hyderabad (one person per house, with a the place till a clear statement is made on flag in hand – Chalo Hyderabad)”. Telangana, due to these police opened tear• As per Constitution, the centre has to introduce gas on the protestors. Finally, at 11 : 30 pm the bill in the parliament for the formation of due to rain, JAC leaders announced that Telangana State, with this demand “Telangana Telangana march came to an end. march” was organized.• On 24 th September, 2012, Telangana Vanta Varpu political JAC has decided to name Telangana • “Vanta Varpu” is an innovative, peaceful form march as “Sagaraharam”. of protest in the Telangana movement.• However, the government has refused to grant • During Vanta Varpu protest, people permission for “march” as it may cause collectively cooked on the roads, all classes damage to Andhra Pradesh’s assets and as of people gathered to eat on the roads, thereby there was Ganesh immersion on 29 th blocking the roads and disrupting the transport September, 2012 and also United Nations system. People showed their protest by International Conference on Biodiversity on spending the whole day with singing – dancing 1st October, 2012. and dhoom-dhaam on the road.• The government gave permission for Telangana March on 30th September from 3 pm to 7 • On 3rd February, 2010, Vanta-Varpu pm, after JAC leaders gave a written promise protest was held for the first time. The that they will conduct Telangana march in Vanta-Varpu program was started on 3rd Gandhian path, peacefully. February, on the day when central government• Government has proposed to change the appointed “Sri Krishna Commission” for platform of Telangana march from Tank Bund consultation and consensus. 484 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• The same day, people undertook Vanta – • From 9th to 12th April, 2010, TJAC have Varpu program on the road from Hyderabad organized second phase of bus yatra from to Karimnagar and from Hyderabad to Komuravelli to Mancherial to increase Warangal. pressure on Central government.• On 19 June, 2011, Telangana Political JAC th
organized a program called “Putting stoves Palle palle patala paiki on the roads of city”. (All the villages on to railway tracks) • On 1st March, 2011, Telangana Political JAC Manavaharam (Human Chain) have organized Rail Roko program titled• Another innovative program in the Telangana “Palle palle Pattala Paiki”. The Telangana movement is Human chain. “Haram” means aspiration was conveyed to the central garland or chain. government by stopping all the trains which• People from different sectors of Telangana pass through Telangana region. came on to the roads and formed human chain TJAC Singareni Yatra for hundreds of Kilometres by holding each other’s hands to convey the aspiration of On 9th November, 2011, Telangana political • separate Telangana State to the Central and JAC have decided to organize Singareni yatra. State government. • TJAC was split into 3 groups to undertake• On 4th February, 2010 due to the call given this yatra. by the Telangana political JAC a human chain 1. A team under the leadership of Prof. was formed for 500 kilometres covering 6 Kodandaram, to visit the coal belt area of districts from Adilabad to Alampur of Khammam district. Mahbubnagar, Nizamabad, Medak, Ranga 2. Another group under the leadership of TJAC Reddy and Hyderabad districts. This event co–chairman Mallepalle Lakshmaiah, to visit was historical. Godavari area in Karimnagar district.• Millions of people participated in this event, 3. Third team led by TJAC coordinator Pittala by creating a record as the longest human chain Ravinder visited the coal belt areas of Adilabad formed in the history of country. district.• On 5th February, 2010, another human chain • But the government arrested the leaders to was formed successfully on the National stop this yatra. Highway No.9 between Hyderabad and • Police arrested Prof. Kodandaram team near Kodad. Aleru which was proceeding for Singareni TJAC Bus Yatra yatra and Mallepalle Lakshmaiah team at Siricilla on the way to Godavarikhani .• TJAC has organized bus yatra in two phases • Pittala Ravinder team have escaped from the demanding the Central Government to conspiracy of police and reached immediately start the process of formation of Kothagudem. A conference was organized Telangana. under the leadership of Pittala Ravinder at• From 21st to 23rd March, 2010, TJAC have Seshagiri Bhavan in Kothagudem. organized first phase of bus yatra from Gun • At that time, police had come to arrest Pittala park, Hyderabad to Hanumakonda. Ravinder, the JAC leaders & activists under
PNR Publications 485 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture the leadership of local MLA, Kunamneni Ex: Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy (National Samba Siva Rao have obstructed the police. Secretary General of C.P.I), Prakash Javadekar (BJP leader). Samara Deeksha • On 30th April, 2013, the second day of• On 27th, 28th January, 2013, Telangana Satyagraha Deeksha, some Telangana activists Political JAC have organized “Samara rushed towards parliament, while others tried Deeksha” for 36 hours with different protest to invade Sonia Gandhi’s residence. Police programs at Indira Park for Separate obstructed them. Telangana State. • On the second day, national BJP leaders Sadak Bandh Sushma Swaraj, Uma Bharati and Smriti Irani attended and expressed their support.• On 21st March, 2013, on the occasion of Assembly Sessions, Telangana Political JAC • On the occasion of Samsad yatra, Telangana gave a call for blockade of roads titled as Congress MP’s sat in front of mahatma “Sadak Bandh”. Gandhi’s Statue in Parliament for 48 hours demanding to introduce Separate Telangana• As a part of Sadak Bandh, a massive protest bill. program took place on the National Highway 44 from Shamshabad to Alampur, due to • Due to the success of Samsad yatra and which traffic was blocked. Satyagraha Deeksha organized by TJAC, the Telangana issue became hot topic in Delhi and Samsad Yatra – Chalo Delhi parliament.• Telangana Political JAC has decided to launch Chalo Assembly a Satyagraha in Delhi during Parliamentary sessions to convey the aspirations of separate • On 14th June, 2013, Telangana Political JAC Telangana State to over all the country. gave a call for “Chalo Assembly” program during the Assembly sessions. But Government• The South-Central Railway have provided did not give permission for Chalo Assembly. Special train for activists to travel to Delhi for this “Samsad Yatra – Chalo Delhi”. The • Since a week before Chalo Assembly. Arrests, train was named as “Telangana Express” bind overs, threats and false cases were started and the trip as “Samsad Yatra”. across Telangana. The hostels of Osmania, Kakatiya and other Universities were invaded,• On 27th April, 2013, nearly two thousand students were arrested and tortured. activists from all political parties who were part of the TJAC have left to Delhi from Telangana. • On 14th June, the day of “Chalo Assembly” program, the Assembly session was cancelled.• On 29th April, 2013, under the aegis of TJAC “Telangana Satyagraha Diksha” was • However, on 14th June, Telangana activists initiated at Jantar Mantar, Delhi. reached in thousands to participate in Chalo Assembly.• This Satyagraha Deeksha was initiated by Main stream editor “Sumit • The police used gas spheres. Arrested MLA’s Chakravarthi”. and MLC’s who participated in this program. T.R.S MLA Dasyam Vinay Bhasker,• Various National leaders and intellectuals Vidya Sagar Rao climbed on to assembly attended this Satyagraha Diksha and and protested with black flags. expressed their support.
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• 9th October, 2009 : Supreme Court given • 12th, 13th February, 2010: Exhibition was verdict “Hyderabad” as free – zone. organized at Nizam college grounds under the• 21st October, 2009 : “Telangana Udhyoga aegis of Yuva Telangana with a title Garjana” in Siddipet. “Telangana Jatara” to display the artefacts and art work.• 29th November, 2009 : KCR was prepared • 14th February, 2010: based on the decision for fast – unto – death in Rangadhampally taken in TJAC office, 10 MLA’s of TRS near Siddipet. But he was arrested and taken party and BJP’s Nizamabad MLA Yendyala to Khammam jail. Lakshmi Narayana resigned to their posts.• 7th December, 2009 : All-party meeting by • 15th February, 2010: speaker Kiran Kumar Rosaiah. Reddy approved the resignations of MLA’s• 9 th December, 2009 : Chidambaram’s of TRS, BJP and also TDP MLA statement in favour of Telangana. Chennamaneni Ramesh, who resigned earlier.• 23rd December, 2009 : Chidambaram’s • 7th March, 2010: The book was launched at statement against Telangana. press club, Basheer Bagh written by• 24th December, 2009 : Formation of TJAC. Cartoonist Shekhar named as “Gidi Telangana! (sub-titled Telangana Sangathi,• 5th January, 2010 : All party meeting on Samskruthi)”. Telangana issue in Delhi under the leadership of Central Home Minister • 26th March, 2010: KCR launched “Raj Chidambaram. KCR and Prof. Jaya News” television channel to broadcasts the Shankar from TRS attended this meeting. ideology of Telangana movement. The Channel CEO is Narayana Reddy and editor• 3rd February, 2010 : Appointment of B.N. Koheda Suresh. Sri Krishna Committee. • 17th May, 2010: Prof. Jaya Shankar and B.• 3rd February, 2010 : “Vanta-Varpu” program Vinod Kumar met Sri Krishna committee at was organized for the 1st time on all National Lake view Guest house in Hyderabad. highways under the aegis of TJAC. • 30th July, 2010: Assembly by – election• 7th February, 2010 : a big open meeting was results were announced. The 12 legislators organized under the aegis of “Jamaate Islam who resigned for Telangana were won by huge Hind” with millions of Muslims at Nizam majority. College grounds protesting the claim of • However, Chennamaneni Ramesh, who Seemandhras that Muslims are against the resigned from TDP, also contested from TRS formation of Telangana State. protesting the dual stand of TDP. KCR attended this meeting. • In this election, PCC president D. Srinivas lost On the same day, students of Kakatiya the contest from Nizamabad. University organized “Polikeka Sabha” • 2 nd October, 2010: A book “Kavadi in KU campus. Kundalu” (subtitled Seemandhra Kavula
PNR Publications 487 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Telanganam) written by Koi Koteshwar Jagruthi, Telangana writer’s forum, Singidi Rao of Andhra, was launched at Gun Park Telangana writer’s forum and Telangana Self- martyr’s Stupa. respect forum at Tank bund.• The “Kavadi Kundalu” book is a collection • April 28th, 2011 : Jupalli Krishna Rao started of poems towards Telangana solidarity written “Telangana Prajabhiman Yatra”. by Seemandhra poets to support the aspiration • 8th May, 2011 : K.C.R attended “ Manjeera of Telangana State. Pushkaras” in Medak district.• 15th October, 2010: “Koti Bathukamma • 10th May, 2011 : a book entitled “Dimmisa” Jatara” was conducted on Tank bund under with collection of poems written in the the aegis of Telangana Jagruthi. background of Million march was launched• 3rd December, 2010: The Statue of Srikantha at Maqdhoom Moinuddin statue on tank Chary was unveiled by KCR at Podichedu bund. village in Mothkur Mandal (Native Village • 6th June, 2011 : KCR launched “Namaste of Srikantha Chary). Telangana” newspaper at Ravindra Bharati.• 16th December, 2010: TRS party held the Here Prof. Jaya Shankar made the last largest public meeting in the country’s history speech of his life. in Warangal. About 20 lakh people attended • 21st June, 2011 : Prof. Jaya Shankar died. this meeting. • KCR and leaders of all parties’ paid tributes• Swami Agnivesh was the chief guest to the to Prof. Jaya Shankar. meeting. • 22nd June: Prof. Jaya Shankar funeral took• 20th January, 2010: Telangana Protagonists place at Padmakshi gutta cemetery, and Separate Andhra Protagonists have Hanumakonda. formed a committee headed by Konda • 4th July, 2011: Telangana leaders en masse Laxman Bapuji to solve the problems that resigned. 81 M.L.A’s including 11 ministers, arise during division of State. The committee 12 M.P’s and 15 M.L.C’s resigned. was formed with a slogan “Let’s break – up • 12th August, 2011: the centre has announced together – be united after division”. the abolition of 14 (f).• 4th February, 2011 : the film “Jai Bholo • 13th September, 2011: “Sakala Janula Telangana” on Telangana movement produced Samme” started. by N. Shankar was released. • 1st November, 2011: Congress party leader• KCR watched the film along with Prof. Jaya Komati Reddy Venkat Reddy started fast Shankar and other Telangana activists in – unto – death for Telangana. The same day Sudarshan Theatre, RTC X roads. Konda Laxman Bapuji started the• 17th February, 2011 : Commencement of Satyagraha Deeksha at Jantar Mantar in Delhi. Non – Cooperation movement. • On 7 th November, Bapuji retired from• 1st March, 2011 : “Rail Roko” program Deeksha. On 9th November, police disturbed was organized with a title “Palle palle pattala the hunger strike of Komati Reddy Venkat Paiki” (All villages on to railway tracks). Reddy.• 10 th March, 2011 : “Million march” • 3rd November, 2011: T.R.S leader Dr. program was organized on tank bund. Cheruku Sudhakar was arrested under P.D.• 14th March, 2011: “Telangana Swabhimana Act at Nagarkurnool and was sent to Yatra” was organized jointly by Telangana Warangal Jail.488 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• 16th December, 2011: Former DSP Nalini, • 27 th, 28 th January, 2013: A 36-hour who was on hunger strike for Telangana since “Samara Deeksha” program for Telangana 9th December, has withdrawn her strike. was held at Indira Park under the aegis of Previously, Nalini (in 2009) has resigned her TJAC. DSP job for Telangana. • 10th March, 2013: a book “Telangana• 3 rd February, 2012: The film “Yama march” (Sagaraharam) written by Pittala Lokamlo Jai Telangana” under the Ravinder was released. direction of Rasamai Bala Kishan was • 29th, 30th April, 2013: TJAC leaders under released. the name of “Samsad Yatra” went to Delhi and• 10th March, 2012: On the occasion of one conducted Satyagraha for 2 days at Jantar year of million march, a book named Mantar. “Telangana million march” was released • 14th June, 2013: By the call given by at Suravaram Pratap Reddy statue on Tank Telangana JAC, “Chalo Assembly” program bund. was organized.• 30th July, 2012: “Quit Telangana” program • 19th August, 2013: TJAC held a six - day was organized by Telangana Praja Front. (Shanthi Deeksha) peace rally for the• 21st September, 2012: Freedom fighter and separation of State at Indira Park with a slogan prominent Telangana protagonist Konda “Cooperate for Partition – Maintain Laxman Bapuji died. Peace”.• 30th September, 2012: millions of Telangana • 29th September, 2013: Lakhs of people people organized big program titled attended a massive public meeting “Sakala “Sagaraharam” at Necklace road, Jana Bheri” organized by TJAC at Nizam Hyderabad. college.• 5th October, 2012: Komaram Bheem statue • 10th October, 2013: A “Deeksha” was was unveiled on Tank bund. organized to solve the problems of fluoride• 13th October, 2012: the films won Nandi victims at Indira park under the aegis of awards in different categories which came on “Telangana Development forum”. the concept of Telangana in “2011 cinema • 27th October, 2013: “Telangana Vishwa Nandi awards” announced by State Brahmana Poru Garjana Sabha” was held at government. Nizam college grounds. Best film on National Integration – • 29th October, 2013: “Complete Telangana Jai Bholo Telangana Sadhana Sadassu/ convention” was organized Best Director – N. Shankar. by Telangana Intellectual’s forum at Press Best Singer – Gaddar (Podustunna club, Basheer Bagh. Poddumeeda – Jai Bholo Telangana • 7th January, 2014: TJAC have organized movie) “Complete Telangana Sadhana The film “Rajanna”, which came on the Deeksha” for the formation of Telangana with theme of Telangana Peasant’s armed 10 districts, at Indira Park. struggle won 7 Nandi awards. • 23rd February, 2014: Telangana Sadhana relay• 7 th January, 2013: the book “Why hunger strike at Bodhan were withdrawn on Telangana is delayed” written by 1519th day. Tankashala Ashok was released. PNR Publications 489 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Parliamentary Process for the formation of1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Telangana State123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
Parliamentary Process: UPA government Stand on Telangana:• Article 3 of the Indian Constitution states the • Due to KCR fast-unto-death on 29 th formation of new states and altering the names November, 2009 and as the Telangana of states. movement aggravated, the UPA government• As per the provisions of article 3, the made an announcement on 9th December, Parliament has absolute power over the 2009 in favour of Telangana State formation formation of new states and their modifications. by Union Home Minister Chidambaram. States have merely an advisory role. • However, due to the resignation of Seemandhra representatives, the CentralArticle 3 says regarding: government made another announcement on Formation of new States, 23 rd December, 2009 postponing the Increasing/decreasing the area of any State formation of Telangana State. Alter the boundaries of any State • As the agitations in Telangana escalated, the Alter the name of any State. Union home Ministry held an all – party• According to article 3, the Union Cabinet will meeting on 5th January, 2010 to seek the forward the bill on partition of State to the opinion of political parties on Separate State. President. The bill should be introduced in • This all – party meeting could not even satisfy the Lok Sabha only with the prior one section of Telangana. As a result, Telangana permission of President. movement became more intense.• The President will send the bill to the respective • In view of these situations, the Central State Legislature for their opinion within government appointed sri Krishna Committee certain time period. If required, the legislature on 3rd February, 2010 citing the need for may request to extend the time period ( in case detailed consultation before the formation of of Andhra Pradesh partition, the time period Separate Telangana State. was extended). • This committee submitted its report on 30th• The State Assembly may approve or December, 2010. disapprove the bill sent by the President and • Even after the report of Sri Krishna the Parliament may or may not take into Committee, the Centre did not make any account the views expressed by the State announcement and showed delayed tendency. Assembly (during Andhra Pradesh Partition, • As a result, TJAC have intensified the the State legislature rejected the bill). Telangana movement by organizing protest• As per Article 3, simple majority is sufficient programs such as non – cooperation, million to pass the State Partition bill in Parliament. march, Sakala Janula Samme. Special majority of two-thirds is not required. • Meanwhile, Chidambaram became the• Even for the debate on bill quorum (10% of Finance minister and Sushil Kumar Shinde Parliament members) is sufficient. became the Union Home Minister.490 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureAll-Party meeting • After this decision, agitations started against(28th December, 2012): the partition in Seemandhra region. In Seemandhra, worker’s unions were on strike• On 28th December, 2012, Union Home for over a month. Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde held an all • Due to this, the government has set up a – party meeting in Delhi. committee headed by union minister A.K.• Representatives from the States who Antony, to share the doubts and fears of attended this all-party meeting: Seemandhra people. Congress – Suresh Reddy, Gadde Venkat Reddy Antony Committee (6th August, 2013): TRS – KCR, Naini Narsimha Reddy • On 5th August, 2013, Union Finance Minister TDP – Yanamala Rama Krishnudu, Chidambaram announced in the parliament that Kadiyam Srihari the process of Telangana formation has been BJP – Kishan Reddy, Hari babu initiated. YCP – Mysura Reddy, • On 6 th August, 2013, A. K. Antony K. Mahendra Reddy committee was constituted. CPI – Narayana, Gunda Mallesh President – A. K. Antony CPM – Raghavulu, Julakanti Ranga Reddy Members – Digvijay Singh MIM – Akbaruddin, Asaduddin Veerappa Moily Ahmed Patel• The then Chief Minister N. Kiran Kumar Reddy was the special invitee to the meeting. • The congress constituted this committee for Political parties who attended the meeting co-ordinating the process of Telangana again expressed their previous views. formation and to discuss the situations that arise during the process. Digvijay Singh said, “the• After the meeting, Home Minister Shinde committee was set up for the implementation announced that solution to Telangana issue will of Partition”. be given within month. But it was delayed with • Antony Committee is also known as the postponement. “Partition Committee”.• The all – party meeting on 28th December, • On 13th , 14th August, 2013, Union ministers 2012 is more important than all the all – party and Parliament members of Andhra Pradesh meeting held on Telangana issue. On 30th July, held discussions with Antony committee. 2013, the CWC announced the formation of • On 20th August, 2013, State Ministers and Telangana based on this all – party meeting. legislative members of Telangana region met Antony committee.Resolution of Congress Working • Later, Antony committee presented its reportCommittee on Partition: to a group of ministers, who were discussing• On 30th July, 2013, the CWC decided to the formation of Telangana State. establish Telangana State with 10 districts • The main points of the report: including Hyderabad. The unanimous decision 1. The committee suggested that Hyderabad of the congress working committee was the should be joint capital for ten years, key to the achievement of Telangana State. considering the myths and fears of Andhra PNR Publications 491 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture settlers in the city of Hyderabad. The areas MIM parties have submitted reports with their with in the Hyderabad and Cyberabad opinions. But TDP, CPM and YSR Commissionerate’s of GHMC should be the Congress did not submit any report. boundary for the capital. • At the same time, Rayalaseema leaders, J.C.2. The Andhra Pradesh State partition bill should Divakar Reddy and T.G. Venkatesh have address many issues related to income demanded for “Rayala Telangana”. The resources, water distribution and education. centre has also leaned towards this demand.3. Seemandhra Student’s should be given equal • KCR and Telangana activists have strongly opportunities in all the educational institutions condemned the demand of “Rayala in Hyderabad for the next 10 years. Telangana”. On 4th, 5th December, 20134. The Antony committee suggested that the bandh was organized with other protests. Due Polavaram project should be declared as to this, the centre abandoned the idea of Rayala National project and environmental and Telangana. rehabilitation issues should be addressed. • On 5th December, 2013 the winter sessionGroup of Ministers – GOM: of Parliament were commenced. The same day union Cabinet approved the Telangana Draft• On 3rd October, 2013, the Union Cabinet bill 2013 and sent it to President Pranab approved the formation of Telangana State Mukherjee. comprising of 10 districts including Hyderabad, as decided by the Congress • On 11th December, 2013: President Pranab Working committee. Mukherjee approved the Telangana draft bill 2013 and sent it to State Assembly for its• On 8th October, 2013, the group of ministers opinion. The State Assembly was given 6 committee – GOM was formed with the weeks of time to discuss on the bill. Defence Minister A.K. Antony as its chairman. The centre has given 6 weeks of Telangana bill in State Assembly: time period to this group. • On 12th December, 2013, the bill was sent by GOM Chairman – A. K. Antony the President in a special fight from Delhi and Members – was handed over to the then Chief Secretary 1. Sushil Kumar Shinde (Home Minister) of Andhra Pradesh P.K. Mohanthi by the 2. Chidambaram (Finance Minister) authorities of Central Home Affairs. 3. Veerappa Moily (Minister of Petroleum) • On 13 December, 2013,th the bill reached the th
State Assembly. On 15 , the papers of bill 4. Jai Ram Ramesh were given to M.L.A’s. Seemandhra M.L.A’s (Minister of Rural development) have torn the bill papers and created ruckus 5. Ghluam Nabi Azad (Minister of Health) in the legislative house. Special invitee – V. Narayana Swamy • 16th December, 2013: The then Minister for• A group of Ministers Committee was formed Legislative Affairs Duddila Sreedhar Babu to look into the issues which arise after the announced that the debate on the bill has begun Partition. This committee has asked the State in the State Assembly. The then Deputy political parties to give suggestions and Speaker Bhatti Vikramarka started the debate. advices. • 19th December, 2013: with President Pranab• On 12th, 13th November, the parties were Mukherjee’s arrival in Hyderabad for winter asked to meet the committee in Delhi to give holiday, leaders of all parties presented their suggestions. Congress, BJP, TRS, CPI, and views and appealed to the president. 492 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• 31st December, 2013: Kiran Kumar Reddy • Although the Andhra Pradesh legislative deliberately transferred the Ministry of houses rejected the bill, the Central Home Legislative affairs to Shailajanath of Ministry said that as per the constitution, the Seemandhra from Sreedhar Babu (Congress). Parliament need not comply with that.• In Protest, Sridhar Babu resigned to his • On 7th February, 2014 the Union Cabinet portfolio on 2nd January, 2014. approved the Telangana bill.• On 3rd January, 2014, second assembly • On 9th February, 2014 the bill reached the sessions were begun. President.• On 6 th January, 2014, M.I.M leader • On 12th February, the Union Cabinet made Akbaruddin Owaisi asked whether the another amendment to reduce the number of debate on the bill begun in assembly session villages Under Polavaram project to 134. or not ? then speaker Nadendla Manohar replied that the debate had begun. Telangana Bill in Parliament:• 8th January, 2014: Minister Vatti Vasanth • 13th February, 2014: “Andhra Pradesh Kumar opened the first debate on the bill. Reorganization bill, 2013” was introduced in• 10th January, 2014: TRS party Speaker Lok Sabha by the Union Home minister Etela Rajender addressed on Telangana bill. Sushil Kumar Shinde.• 22nd January, 2014 : the then chief minister • On the same day, the Lok Sabha was Kiran Kumar addressed on the bill and stated adjourned amidst turmoil when Vijayawada that he opposes the bill. M.P Lagadapati Raj Gopal opened pepper spray during the introduction of bill. M.P.• 23rd January, 2014: Legislative members Ponnam Prabhakar fell ill due to Pepper spray. expressed their opinion on the bill. The 14 Seemandhra M.P’s who were responsible members voted in favour of the then Chief for this turmoil were suspended for 5 days. Minister Kiran Kumar Reddy’s resolution under Rule 77 to send back the State • Two M.P’s from Telangana, Gutta Sukhender Reorganization bill. Reddy and Komati Reddy Raj Gopal Reddy were Suspended (14 + 2 = 16, total 16 were• 25th January, 2014 : Chandrababu Naidu said suspended). that the State Reorganization bill is full of mistakes and asked to send the original bill. • 18th February, 2014: after the discussion on Telangana bill, Lok Sabha approved the bill• The bill was sent back to the centre as rejected through voice votes. by the Assembly. • 19th February, 2014: A.P. Chief Minister• On 30 th January, 2014, 87 legislative Kiran Kumar Reddy resigned. On the same members addressed on the bill. The rest gave day Telangana bill was introduced in the Rajya their opinions in writing. Thus, the views of all Sabha. members were recorded. It was later declared that the debate on the bill was concluded • 20th February, 2014: the debate on the bill begun. Rajya Sabha deputy Chairman Kurien• The speaker stated that 9072 amendments asked the members to express opinion on the were proposed on Telangana bill. bill.Bill at the Centre: • BJP floor leader Arun Jaitley declared the• On 4 February, 2014, a group of ministers th support to the bill. C.P.M leader Yechuri discussed on the report sent by the Assembly declared that they support Vishalandhra and and council and sent to the cabinet. opposed the bill. PNR Publications 493 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Venkaiah Naidu made a long speech proposing dissemination of resources and other things for 38 amendments to the bill. In Rajya Sabha, the two new States. the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh • The Planning department has constituted a high involved in debate on the bill and gave 6 – level committee with Special General guarantees to Andhra Pradesh. Secretary Satya Prakash Tucker as its• The most important of them are: convenor and seven other IAS officers to1. Andhra Pradesh, comprising of 13 districts, oversee the complete partition process. It is will be given special category status to provide headed by the Governor of the State. Central assistance. The status will last for 5 years. Hunger strikes held for Separate2. The centre will complete the Polavaram Telangana: project. 1. Ravindranath – 8th to 22nd January 19693. Incentives will be given for achieving 2. Potu Krishnamurthy – industrialization and economic development of 10th to 23rd January 1969 State. 3. Konda Laxman – 5th to 8th April 1969• 20 February, 2014: After the debate in the th 4. Ravindra Babu – 20th July to 1st August 1969 Rajya Sabha, the Andhra Re-organization bill was passed by voice vote. Then, Kurien 5. Mallikharjun – declared that “the Bill is passed”. 10th October to 3rd November 1969• 1st March, 2014: the president gave his 6. Ramadevi – 18th to 24th October 1969 assent on the Telangana bill and on the 7. Vishnuvardhan, Jaleel – same day impose President’s rule in United 21st to 26th October, 1969 Andhra Pradesh. 8. Konda Laxman – 1st to 12th November, 1969• Due to President’s assent, Andhra Pradesh 9. KCR - 29th November to 9thDecember 2009 Re-Organization bill - 2013 was turned into 10.Konda Laxman – 1st to 7th November 2011 Andhra Pradesh Re-organization Act – 2014.• On 2nd March, 2014, the Ministry of Law 11.Komati Reddy Venkat Reddy – and Justice published “the Andhra Pradesh 1st to 9th November 2011 Re-organization Act 2014” in the Gazette 12.Nalini (Former D.S.P) – of India and gave legal status to it. 9th to 16th December 2011• 2nd March, 2014: Centre released Gazette notification for the formation of Telangana State Dalit Bahujan organizations Founders without the origin date. Dalit Bahujan Mahasabha Maroju• 4 March, 2014: Centre declared “2 June, th nd Veeranna 2014” as Telangana formation day. Mahajan Front Maroju• 2 June, 2014: Telangana emerged as 29 nd th Veeranna State in India. Bahujan Prajatantra Students MarojuAppointment of 14 Committees for Federation Veeranna Democratic Action forum for Marojupartition: Dalit and Minorities Veeranna• On 1st March, the government has set up 14 Madiga Reservation Manda Krishna committees department wise to look into the Porata Samithi Madiga works related to the State partition and for 494 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 2014 Elections,1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 First Government of Telangana State12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• On 30th April, 2014, elections were held for • Etela Rajender – Finance Minister, Civil Telangana State Legislative assembly and Lok Supplies. Sabha seats. State wide 78% polling was • Naini Narsimha Reddy – Home Minister, recorded. Labour, Employment generation, Jails and fire• Highest polling was recorded in Nizamabad department. district, while lowest in Hyderabad. • K. Taraka Rama Rao – I.T, Panchayati Raj.• In these elections, Telangana people made • T. Harish Rao – Irrigation, Legislative affairs, TRS win with overwhelming majority. Marketing, Mines and Underground resources. 2014 Election Results: • Jogu Ramamma – Forest, Environment, Party’s MLA Seats MP Seats Backward classes. TRS 63 11 • P. Srinivas Reddy – Agriculture department. Congress 21 02 • T. Padma Rao – Excise, Sports. TDP 15 01 • Patnam Mahender Reddy – Transport MIM 07 01 Minister. BJP 05 01 • G. Jagdish Reddy – Education Minister. YSR Congress 03 01 Others 05 0 First in Telangana TOTAL 119 17 • First Chief Minister –• On 17 May, 2014, KCR was elected as the th Kalvakuntla Chandra Shekar Rao TRS legislative leader. • First Governor – E.S.L. Narsimham• On 2nd June, 2014, first Government was • First speaker of Legislative Assembly – formed. On 2nd June, 2014, morning the High E. Madhusudhana Chary Court Chief Justice Kalyan Jyothisen Gupta • First Deputy Speaker – made E.S.L. Narsimhan to sworn as the first Padma Devender Reddy Governor to Telangana State. • First Chairman of Legislative Council –• Later E.S.L. Narsimhan made K. Chandra K. Swamy Goud Shekar Rao to sworn as the first Chief Minister • First Opposition leader in Assembly – of Telangana including 11 other ministers. K . Jana Reddy (Congress)Telangana State First Council of • First Protem speaker of Assembly –Ministers: K. Jana Reddy (Congress)• Kalvakuntla Chandra Shekar Rao – Chief • First election commissioner – Minister, General administration, Electricity, V. Nagi Reddy Municipal administration, Urban development • First Advocate General – etc. K. Rama Krishna Reddy• Thatikonda Rajaiah – • First Chief Secretary – Rajeev Sharma Deputy C.M and Health Minister. • First D.G.P – Anurag Sharma• Mahmood Ali – Deputy C.M, Revenue • First Chief Commissioner of Right to Stamps and Registrations. information Act – Prabhakar Reddy PNR Publications 495 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Andhra Pradesh1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Re-organisation Act, 201412345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act consists F. Law G. Notified order of 12 parts, 13 schedules and 108 sections. H. Population Ratio I. Sitting Member 12 parts in this act are: J. Successor State K. Transferred Territory 1. Preliminary / Preamble L. Treasury 2. Reorganisation of the State of Andhra M. Any reference to a district, Mandal, tehsil, taluk Pradesh or other territorial division of the existing State 3. Representation in the legislatures of Andhra Pradesh. 4. High Court Part -II 5. Authorisation of Expenditure and Reorganization of the State of Andhra distribution of Revenues Pradesh: 6. Apportionment of Assets and Liabilities • Section 3: Formation of Telangana state: 7. Provisions as to certain Corporations There shall be formed a new State to be known 8. Provisions as to All India Services as the State of Telangana comprising the 9. Management and Development of Water following territories of the existing State of Resources Andhra Pradesh namely: Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Medak, Warangal, 10. Infrastructure and Special Economic Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, Measures Khammam, Mahbubnagar. 11. Access to higher Education Note: Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 12. Legal and Miscellaneous Provisions was altered in June 2014 due to Polavaram Project and ordinance was passed by which Important Sections in the Act 7 Mandals (total 5 Mandals & some areas Part-I of Bhadrachalam, Burgampadu Mandals), 136 villages and 211 hamlets were mergedPreliminary: with Andhra Pradesh State.• Section-1: Title: in Preliminary of the Act, it is Territorial areas of Andhra Pradesh: State mentioned that Andhra Pradesh of Andhra Pradesh shall comprise the territo- Reorganisation Act – 2014 is also called ries of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Partition Act – 2014. other than those specified in Section 3.• Section -2 : Definitions: the act gave the • Section 5: Hyderabad, common capital for definitions of some words. two states: As per Hyderabad MunicipalA. Appointed Day B. Articles Corporation act, 1955, the existing areaC. Assembly Constituency notified as the Greater Hyderabad shall be the common capital of Telangana and AndhraD. Election Commission Pradesh for such period not exceeding tenE. Existing State of A.P years.496 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Section 6 : Expert committee for the new Telangana state should be inserted in the 4th capital: To appoint expert committee to study Schedule and 7 Rajya Sabha seats for various alternatives regarding the new capital Telangana and 11 Rajya Sabha seats for for the successor state of Andhra Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh shall be allocated. make appropriate recommendations in a • Section 13: Allocation of Present period not exceeding six months. members: From the appointed day, 18 sitting• Section 7: on and from the appointed day, members of the Rajya Sabha representing the the Governor of the existing state of Andhra existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall be Pradesh shall be the Governor for both the deemed to have been elected to fill the seats successor states of Andhra Pradesh and allotted to the States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Telangana, as specified in the 1st schedule to• Section 8: Responsibility of Governor to this act. And there is no change in the tenure protect residents of common capital area. of these members. Governor shall have the responsibility for the Lok Sabha: security of life, liberty and property of all those • Section 14: Representatives in Lok who reside in the area of common capital. The Sabha: After the appointed day, 17 Lok Governor shall be assisted by two advisors to Sabha seats shall be allocated to Telangana. be appointed by the central government. • Section 15: Delimitation of Parliamentary• Section 9: Assistance of Police forces from & Assembly Constituencies: After the Central Government to successor states. The appointed day, Delimitation order – 2008 shall Central Government shall assist the successor be amended. According to this act, election states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to commission may conduct the elections to Lok raise additional police forces. Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh &• Section 10: Amendment of First Schedule Telangana as per delimitation order – 2008. to Constitution: First Schedule of • Section 16: Provision as to sitting Constitution shall be amended and to insert members: Every sitting member of the Lok the territories specified in Section 3 of the Sabha, Rajya Sabha representing a Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. constituency shall be deemed to have been elected to that constituency as so allotted, and• Section 11: After the appointed day, the there is no change in the time period of these name, area or boundaries of any district or members. other territorial division in both the states can be altered by their respective governments. Legislative Assemblies: • Section 17: Provisions as to Legislative Part - III Assemblies: From the appointed day, theRepresentation in the legislatures: number of seats in the Legislative assemblies of the State of Andhra Pradesh• Section 12: Amendment of the Fourth & Telangana shall be 175 and 119 schedule of Constitution: After the respectively. Telangana state shall be inserted appointed day, the fourth Schedule of at entry 25 in the Representation of the Constitution shall be amended. The fourth People’s Act , 1950. Schedule of constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha. • Section 18: Representation of Anglo – Indians: The Governor of the State may PNR Publications 497 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture nominate one member each to the Legislative act, 2014 Representation of the People’s Act, Assemblies of the successor states to give 1950 and 3rd Schedule shall be amended. representation to the Anglo – Indian In the Fourth Schedule, “Telangana” shall be community in accordance with article 333 of inserted after the heading “Tamil Nadu”. the constitution. • Section 24: Amendment of Delimitation• Section 19 : Allocation of Sitting of Council Constituencies order: From the members: From the appointed day, as per appointed day, the Delimitation of council Section 17 the members of the Legislative Constituencies (Andhra Pradesh) order, 2006 Assembly of the United Andhra Pradesh shall shall stand amended as directed in the third continue to be considered as the members of schedule of AP Reorganization Act, 2014. the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. From the appointed day, the Delimitation of• Section 20 : Tenure of Legislatures: There Council Constituencies (Telangana) order, shall be no change in the 5 - year term as 2014, as specified in Part II of the third specified in Article 172 (1) of the constitution. schedule shall apply to the successor state of• Section 21: Speaker, Deputy Speaker and Telangana. rules of Procedure: Speaker of the • Section 25: Chairman, Deputy Chairman Legislative Assembly of the existing State of and rules of Procedure: The person who Andhra Pradesh shall continue to be the immediately before the appointed day is the Speaker of that Assembly. Members of that chairman of the Legislative council of the Assembly shall choose the Deputy speaker existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall continue of that Assembly from amongst its members. to be the chairman of that council and from Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly that day the members of that council shall of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall choose Deputy chairman from amongst its become the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative members. Assembly of the successor state of Telangana After the appointed day, the Deputy chairman and until the Speaker is chosen by that of the Legislative council of the existing state Assembly the duties of speaker shall be of Andhra Pradesh shall become the Deputy performed by Deputy Speaker. chairman of the Legislative Council of the• Section 22: Legislative Council for successor state of Telangana and until the Successor States: In accordance with the chairman is chosen by that council, the duties provisions contained in article 169 of the of chairman shall be performed by the Deputy constitution. There shall be constituted a chairman. Legislative Council for each of the successor states consisting of not more than 50 members Delimitation of Constituencies: in the Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh • Section 26: Subject to the provisions and 40 members in the Legislative council contained in article 170 of the constitution and of Telangana. without prejudice to Section 15 of this Act, The present members of the Legislative the number of seats in Assembly of Andhra Council of United Andhra Pradesh shall be Pradesh and Telangana shall be increased allotted to the two successor states. from 175 & 119 to 225 and 153 respectively.• Section 23: Provision as to Legislative • Section 27: the election Commission shall Council’s: To implement AP Reorganisation have the powers to amend Delimitation order.
498 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureScheduled Castes and Scheduled • Section 33: Jurisdiction of AndhraTribes: Pradesh High Court: The High Court of• Section 28: from the appointed day, Andhra Pradesh shall have Jurisdiction in Scheduled Castes Order – 1950, shall stand respect of any part of the territories included amended as directed in the Fifth Schedule to in the State of Andhra Pradesh. this Act. • Section 34: Provisions related to Bar• Section 29: from the appointed day, Councils and Advocates. Scheduled Tribes Order – 1950 shall stand • Section 35: Practice and Procedure in High amended as directed in the Sixth Schedule to Court of Andhra Pradesh. this Act. • Section 36: custody of seal of Andhra Part -IV Pradesh High Court.High Court: • Section 37: form of Writs and other• Section 30 : High Court: On and from the processes. appointed day: • Section 38: power of Judges. The High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad • Section 39: Procedures as to appeals to shall be the common High Court for the State Supreme Court. of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh • Section 40: Transfer of Proceedings from till a separate High Court for State of Andhra Hyderabad High Court to Andhra Pradesh Pradesh is constituted Under Article 214 of High Court. the constitution. • Section 41: Right to appear or to act in The Judges of the High Court at Hyderabad proceedings transferred to Andhra Pradesh for the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall High Court. become the Judges of the common High court. Part-V The expenditure in respect of salaries and allowances of the Judges of the common High Authorisation of Expenditure and Court shall be allocated amongst the States Distribution of Revenues: of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on the basis • Section 44: Authorisation of Expenditure of population ratio. of Telangana State: The Governor of• Section 31: High Court of Andhra existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall Pradesh: The High Court of Judicature at authorise such expenditure from the Hyderabad shall become the High Court for consolidated fund of the State of Telangana the State of Telangana (herein after referred till it is authorised by the Legislative Assembly to as the High Court of Hyderabad). There of Telangana. shall be a separate High Court for the State of • Section 45: Reports relating to accounts of Andhra Pradesh (herein after referred to as Andhra Pradesh State. the High Court of Andhra Pradesh). • Section 46: Distribution of Revenue: The• Section 32: Judges of Andhra Pradesh award made by the 13th Finance Commission High Court: The President of India will to the existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall determine how many Judges of High Court of be apportioned between the successor states Hyderabad shall be appointed to the High by the central government on the basis of Court of Andhra Pradesh. population ratio and another parameter.
PNR Publications 499 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Part – VI Andhra Pradesh shall be divided between Successor States based on population ratio.Apportionment of Assets & Liabilities • Section 53: The assets and liabilities relating• Section 47: The successor states shall be to any commercial or industrial undertaking entitled to receive benefits and bear the of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, where financial liabilities arising out of the decisions such undertaking is located, shall pass to the taken by the existing State of Andhra Pradesh. State in which State that area is included on The apportionment of assets and liabilities shall the appointed day, irrespective of the location be just, reasonable & equitable amongst the of its headquarters. successor states. • Section 54: Public Debt: All liabilities on Any dispute regarding the amount of assets & account of Public Debt and Public Account liabilities shall be settled by order by the of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh Central Government on the advice of the outstanding before the appointed day shall be Comptroller and Auditor General of India. apportioned on the basis of population ratio• Section 48: Land and Goods: All Land and of the successor states. all stores, articles and other goods belonging • Section 55: Floating Debt: to the existing State of Andhra Pradesh Shall,- • Section 56: Refund of taxes collected in 1) If within the transferred territory, pass to excess. the State of Telangana; or • Section 57: Deposits: The liability of the 2) In any other case, remain the property of existing State of Andhra Pradesh in respect of the State of Andhra Pradesh. any civil deposit or local fund deposit, shall In case of properties situated outside the from appointed day , be the liability of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, such Successor State in whose area the deposit has properties shall be shared between the been made. successor states on the basis of population • Section 58: Provident Fund: The liability of ratio. the Provident Fund of a Government Servant• Section 49: The Treasuries and bank balances in service, on the appointed day, shall be the shall be distributed between two successor liability of the successor State to which that States based on the population ratio. Government servant is permanently allotted.• Section 50: Arrears of Taxes: The right to • Section 59: Pension: The liability of the recover arrears of the tax or duty on property existing State of Andhra Pradesh in respect of shall belong to the successor State in which pensions, shall pass to the successor State of the property is situated. Andhra and Telangana in accordance with the provisions contained in the 8th schedule of this• Section 51: Right to recover loans and act. advances: The right of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh to recover any loans or • Section 60: Contracts: Before the advances made before the appointed day to appointed day, if the existing State of Andhra Pradesh has made any Contract, after the any person or institution outside that State shall appointed day the liability of the contract will belong to the State of Andhra Pradesh and be upon that state which has exclusive power such sum shall be divided between the of making that contract. And shall be Successor States based on population ratio. discharged by that State.• Section 52: Investments & debts: The • Section 61: Liability in respect of investments and debts of the existing State of actionable wrong: If the cause of action arose 500 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture wholly within the territories which, as from that Part – VIII day, are the territories of either of the Provisions as to All India Services: successor States of Andhra Pradesh or • Section 76: After the appointed day, IAS, Telangana, be the liability of that State. IPS cadres shall be called as Andhra Pradesh• Section 62: Liability as Guarantor. cadre and Telangana cadres and central• Section 63: Items in suspense. government shall decide how many officers• Section 64: Residuary Provision. should be appointed to the successor states.• Section 65: Apportionment of assets or • Section 77: Provisions relating to other liabilities by agreement. Services.• Section 66: Power of Central government to • Section 78 : other provisions relating to order allocation or adjustment in certain cases. Services.• Section 67: certain expenditure to be charged • Section 79: Provisions as to continuance of on consolidated fund. officers in same post. Part – VII • Section 80: Advisory Committees. • Section 81: Powers of Central Government.Provisions as to certain corporations: • Section 82: Provision for employees of Public• Section 68: the companies and corporations Sector undertakings etc. present in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh • Section 83: Provisions as to State Public shall continue to function in the same area even Service Commission: After the appointed after the appointed day, but the assets and day, the existing Public Service Commission liabilities shall be apportioned between the shall be the public commission for the State of successor States. Andhra Pradesh. New Public service• Section 69: if any power station for Commission shall be constituted for Telangana production & distribution of electricity or any till that time UPSC will perform duties. reservoir or any project for supply of water is outside the boundaries of that State, then Part – IX Central Government shall pass orders after the Management and development of consultation of two successor States. Water Resources:• Section 70: Andhra Pradesh State Financial • Section 84: Water Resources: To resolve Corporation the conflicts arising out of water distribution,• Section 71: Certain Provisions for companies. Godavari River Management Board in• Section 72: Temporary Provisions as to Telangana and Krishna River continuance of certain existing road transport Management Board in Andhra Pradesh permits: Central government after consultation shall be constituted (with in 60 days from the with State governments shall give permission appointed day). to collect toll, entrance fees or other charges. The Central government shall constitute an• Section 73: Special provision relating to Apex Council for the supervision of the retrenchment compensation in certain cases. functioning of the management boards.• Section 74: Special Provision as to income – Central water Resources Minister shall tax. be the chairperson of the Apex council. Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh &• Section 75: Continuance of facilities in certain Telangana shall be the members of the council. State institutions.
PNR Publications 501 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Section 85: Functions of River management Part – XI Board. Access to Higher Education:• Section 86: Staff of the River management • Section 95 : equal opportunities for Board. quality higher education to all students:• Section 87: Jurisdiction of Board. In order to ensure equal opportunities to all• Section 88: Power of Board to make students in the successor states, the existing regulations. admission quotas as provided under article• Section 89: Allocation of Water resources. 371D of the constitution, shall continue as such• The Project specific awards already made by for a period of 10 years. the Tribunal on or before the appointed day Part – XII shall be binding on the successor states. Legal and Miscellaneous Provisions:• Section 90: Polavaram Project: Polavaram Irrigation Project is hereby declared to be a • Section 96: in article 168 (1) (a) of the national project. The responsibility of the constitution, for the word “Tamil Nadu”, the construction of the project lies with Central words “Tamil Nadu”, “Telangana” shall be Government. substituted.• Section 91: Arrangements of establishing • Section 97: Amendment of article 371D Tungabhadra Board: Two successor State of the constitution: On & from the appointed Governments shall replace the existing State day, in article 371 D of the constitution. of Andhra Pradesh on the Tungabhadra (a) the words “State of Andhra Pradesh” shall be Board. substituted with the words “State of Andhra Pradesh or State of Telangana”. Part – X (b) for clause (1) of 371 D, the following clauseInfrastructure and Special Economic shall be included,Measures: (1) the President may by order made with• Section 92: Successor States to follow respect to State of Andhra Pradesh or principles, guidelines etc issued by State of Telangana, provide equal Central Government: The principles, opportunities & facilities for people guidelines, directions issued by the Central belonging to different parts of State in the Government, from the appointed day, on matter of public employment &education. matters relating to coal, oil & natural gas and power generation, transmission & distributed (2) in the matter of Public employment & shall be implemented by the Successor States. education, different provisions may be made with respect to two states.• Section 93: the central government shall take all necessary measures for the development (c) in article 371 D (3), for the words “the State of the successor states. of Andhra Pradesh”, the words “the State of Andhra Pradesh and for the State of• Section 94: Fiscal measures including tax Telangana” shall be substituted. incentives: The central government shall take appropriate fiscal measures to promote • Section 98: Amendment of Section 15A of industrialisation and economic development in the Representation of the people Act, both the States. The central government shall 1951: In section 15A, after the words and the programmes for the development of figures “under the Tamil Nadu Legislative backward areas in the successor states. council act, 2010”, after the words and figures “under the Tamil Nadu legislative council Act, 502 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 2010”, the words & figures “and constituting high court), tribunal, authority in any area the legislative council of the State of Telangana which on that day falls within the State of under the A.P. Reorganisation Act, 2014” shall Andhra Pradesh shall, if it is a proceeding be inserted. relating exclusively to the territory stand• Section 99: Amendment of Section 15 of transferred to the corresponding court, tribunal States Reorganisation Act, 1956: On & of that state. from the appointed day, in section 15 of States • Section 106: Right of Pleaders to Practise Reorganisation Act, 1956 in clause (b), for in certain cases: Any person who, the words “Andhra Pradesh”, the words immediately before the appointed day, is “Andhra Pradesh & Telangana” shall be enrolled as a pleader entitled to practise in any substituted. subordinate court in the existing state for a• Section 100: Territorial extent of laws: period of one year from that day. The provisions of part II shall not be deemed • Section 107: The Provisions of this Act shall to have affected any change in the territories have effect notwithstanding anything to which the Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms inconsistent there in contained in any other law. (ceiling on Agricultural Holdings) Act, 1973 • Section 108: Power to remove difficulties: and any other law in force immediately before If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the the appointed day. provisions of this Act, the President may by• Section 101: Power to adapt previous order, which appears to him to be necessary laws: For application of any law, made before or expedient for the purpose of removing the appointed day, the appropriate difficulty. Government may, before the expiration of two Important Schedules years from that day, by order, make such • Schedule 5 (Section 28): Specifies adaptations and modifications of the law. Scheduled castes in state of Telangana.• Section 102: Power to construe laws: Notwithstanding that no provision has been • Schedule 6 (Section 29): Specifies Scheduled Tribes in the state of Telangana. made under Section 101 for adaptation of law made before the appointed day, any court, • Schedule 13 (Section 93): this schedule tribunal or authority empowered to enforce specifies the measures which should be taken such law without affecting the substance of law. by the Central Government for a period of 10 years for the development of successor states.• Section 103: Power to name authorities etc: The government of Telangana, as respects They are: the transferred territory, by notification in the 1. Establishing a tribal University each in the official Gazette, shall specify the authority or States of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana. officer competent to exercise such functions 2. Establishing a Horticultural University in the exercisable under any law in force. State of Telangana.• Section 104: Legal Proceedings: Where 3. Measures to establish iron factory in the the existing State of Andhra Pradesh is a party Khammam district of Telangana. to any legal Proceedings with respect to 4. National Thermal Power corporation shall anyproperty, rights or liabilities subject to establish a 4000 megawatts power facility in apportionment between the successor States. Telangana State.• Section 105: Transfer of Pending Cases: 5. Establishment of Rail Coach factory in Every proceeding pending immediately before Telangana & to improve rail connectivity. the appointed day before a court (other than PNR Publications 503 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Committees formed in Telangana Region12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 during different occasions123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
1. Bahadur Aravamudam Aiyangar Vallabhbhai Patel (Home Minister) Committee - 1937: Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya• 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan appointed this Report: Formation of states based on committee in 1937, for Constitutional and language should be postponed for some time. Political Reforms in Nizam State. This 5. Pandit Sunderlal Committee - Committee in its report mentioned that local jobs should be given to locals only. 1949:• And also instructed that a special machinery • Pandit Sunderlal Committee was appointed is to be formed for employment recruitment. by Prime Minister Nehru to study the situations aroused after the attack on Muslims and2. M.S. Bharucha Committee - Communists during J.N. Chaudhary Military 1939: regime.• To examine the situations of Tenants this 6. A.D.Gorwala Committee -1950: committee was appointed. • This Committee was appointed in the year• On the recommendations of this committee 1950 by Hyderabad State Cabinet under the “Asami Shakmi Act -1944” has been framed. leadership of A.D.Gorwala to give suggestions3. S.K. Dhar Committee - 1948: for improving Administration and Economic conditions of Hyderabad State.• This committee was formed in June,1948 under the Presidentship of S.K. Dhar by Indian 7. Pingali Jagan Mohan Reddy Constitutional House to look into the Committee - 1952: possibilities of formation of linguistic states on • This Judicial Enquiry Commission was formed Nation wide. by Home ministry of Government on Report: This Committee rejected the September 9th,1952, led by Pinagali Jagan formation of New States on the basis of Mohan Reddy, to investigate into the police language and indicated that based on firings which were held on 1st week of Administration Only New States should be September in City College and its surrounding established. areas.4. J.V.P Committee - 1948: 8. Justice Kailasnath Wanchoo• This Committee was appointed to examine the Committee - 1953: Dhar Committee Report on formation of • This committee was appointed by Central Linguistic States. Government to give report on economic and• Members of this Committee: administrative problems aroused after the Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister) formation of New Andhra State.
504 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Report: Madras should be kept as Joint 13.Justice Vasishta Bhargava Capital for 4 years. Committee - 1969:9. Fazal Ali Commission - 1953: • According to the announcement made in 8• On 29th December, 1953 Central Government Point formula for calculating Telangana Surplus appointed States Re-organization commission funds this committee was set up on 22nd April, 1969. under the leadership of Fazal Ali for Re- organization of States on Permanent basis. 14.Wanchoo Committee - 1969:• States Re-organization commission is also • Central Government appointed the Judicial known as Fazal Ali commission. Experts Committee under the leadership of President : Fazal Ali Wanchoo to give suggestions by studying the Members: 1. Hrudaynath Kunzru, problems of Telangana employees and 2. K.M.Panikkar regarding Constitutional amendment for continuing Mulki rules.10.U.N. Debar Committee: Committee President: K.N. Wanchoo• To examine the formation of Vishalandhra and Members: M.C. Setalvad, Neeran Day. State Re-organization issue Congress Hicommand established a committee under the Report: This committee mentioned in its leadership of U.N. Debar the then Congress report that there is no chance for continuing National President. Mulki rules and there is no opportunity for Members: Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Constitutional Ammendment. Azad, Govind Ballabh Pant. 15.Tarkunde Committee - 1977:11. Telangana Regional Committee - • This Committee was appointed in April, 1977 1958: for conducting enquiry on Fake encounters in Andhra Pradesh during Emergency period in• As a part of Gentleman agreement in 1958 1975. Telangana Regional Committee was established. This Telangana Regional • Bhargava Commission was also appointed in Committee July, 1977 for conducting enquiry on Fake 1st President – Achyutha Reddy encounters. 1st Vice President – Masuma Begam. 16.Jai Bharath Reddy Committee -12.Kumar Lalith Committee - 1969: 1984:• To examine the details of Andhra Employees • After releasing of Presidential orders N.T. who are working against Mulki rules and Rama Rao was formed this committee for Telangana Surplus funds Kasu Brahmananda calculating Non-local employees appointed in Reddy government appointed Kumar Lalith Telangana. under the leadership of an IAS Committee on 23rd January, 1969. officer Jai Bharath Reddy along with two Report: According to this committee report another IAS officers this committee was Telangana Surplus funds were 34.10 crores. formed.
PNR Publications 505 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This committee President: Jai Bharath Reddy 23.J.M. Girglani Committee - 2001: Members: Kamalnathan, Umapathi Rao. • To examine the implementation of 610 G.O, Report: this committee reported that 58,962 which was released during N.T.R government members of Non-locals got employment in in 1985 Nara Chandra Babu Naidu appointed Telangana Region against Presidential orders. single member committee under the leadership of Jethro Mangaldas Girglani on 25th June,17.Sundaresan Committee - 1984: 2001.• N.T. Rama Rao government appointed V. 24.Pranab Mukherjee Committee - Sundaresan (IAS officer) Committee to 2005: examine the report of Jai Bharath Reddy • Central Government appointed Pranab Committee. Mukherjee Committee in March, 2005 for18.T.L.N. Reddy Commission - 1989: “extensive discussions & consensus with other parties on Telangana issue”.• Marri Chenna Reddy Government appointed President: Pranab Mukherjee T.L.N. Reddy Commission in 1989, to Members: Raghuvamsha Prasad Singh, conduct Judicial enquiry on Fake encounters Dayanidhi Maran which were held during the reign of N.T.R. 25.Roshaiah Committee - 2009:19.Hiten Bhayya Committee: • The then Chief Minister Y.S. Rajashekar Reddy• Chandra Babu Naidu appointed Hiten Bhayya appointed this committee in February, 2009 Committee for reforms in electricity sector. for collecting opinion of public on the formation of Telangana State.20.Subramanian Committee:• To give suggestions and indications regarding 26.Justice Sri Krishna Committee - industries and public sector undertakings 2010: Chandra Babu Naidu appointed this • On 3rd February, 2010 the central government committee. appointed this committee with 5 members headed by the former Supreme Court Judge21.Gangopadhyay Committee: B.N. Sri Krishna for consultations on the issue• To give certain suggestions regarding reducing of Telangana formation. government expenditure, salaries and State Chairman: Justice B.N. Sri Krishna Administration Chandra Babu Naidu (Former Supreme Court Judge) appointed this committee. Members:22.Koneru Ramakrishna Rao V.K. Duggal (Former Home Secretary) Committee: Prof. Ranbir Singh• Chandra Babu Naidu government appointed (Founding Vice-chancellor of this committee to study government role on Nalsar University of law) higher education. Ravinder Kaur (Delhi IIT, Professor) Abusaleh Shariff (Economist)506 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture27.Antony Committee - 2013: to frame syllabus for exams conducted by• On 6th August, 2013 National Congress party TSPSC in Telangana State. constituted this committee for coordinating the 32.S. Chellappa Committee: process of Telangana formation and to discuss • To study social and economic conditions of the situations that arise during the process. S.T’s in Telangana State, this committee was President: A.K. Antony appointed by Telangana State Government. Members: Digvijay Singh Veerappa Moily 33.G. Sudhir Committee: Ahmed Patel. • To study the conditions of Muslims in Telangana State, this committee was appointed28.Group of Ministers (GOM) - by Telangana State Government. 2013:• To collect suggestions and advices from state political parties on the partition of Andhra Pradesh State central government formed Group of Ministers, with the Defence Minister A.K. Antony as its chairman. G.O.M Chairman: A.K. Antony Members: 1. Sushil Kumar Shinde 2. Chidambaram 3. Veerappa Moily 4. Jai Ram Ramesh 5. Ghulam Nabi Azad.
29.Kamalnathan Committee:• To give indications for the division of government employees between both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States Central government appointed Kamalnathan committee.
30.Poonam Malakondaiah Committee:• Telangana Government appointed this committee for women safety and security.
31.Haragopal Committee:• On 3 rd January, 2015 Prof. Haragopal Committee was appointed with 30 members,
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Telangana State It has “Government of Telangana” in English, “Telangana Sarkar” in Urdu and Official Symbols “Telangana Prabhutvam” in Telugu Satyameva Jayate in written in Sanskrit.• Telangana State government announces its official State symbols on 17th November, 9. Telangana State anthem – Jaya Jaya he 2014. Telangana Janani Jayaketanam. This anthem is composed by Ande Sri.1. Telangana State Animal – Spotted deer. 10. Telangana State official monthly magazine – Scientific name of Spotted deer – Axis axis. Telangana It symbolizes tenderness and innocence. Editor – Ashtakala Ram Mohan.2. Telangana State bird – Indian Roller or 11. Telangana official channel – Yadagiri. Blue Jay 12. Telangana State Crop – Maize. Its Scientific name – Coracias Benghalensis. 13. Telangana State Warrior –3. Telangana State tree – Jammi Chettu Komaram Bheem. (Shami tree) 14. Telangana State Veera Vanitha – its scientific name – Prosopic cineraria Chakali Ilamma.• This tree leaves are used in a festival known as “Dasara” and on the day of the festival it is Popular films on known as “Bangaram”. The leaves are given to each other as a part of tradition. Telangana backdrop4. Telangana State flower – Thangedu; Maa Bhumi (1980): Its scientific name – Senna auriculate. • Maabhumi is a Telugu film released in the year5. Telangana State fish – Murrel (widely known 1980. It is a film about peasant workers who in Telugu as Korramatta or Korramenu). have risen up against the Hyderabad Nizam Its scientific name – Channa Striata. during 1930 – 1948.6. Telangana State Sport – Kabaddi. • This is the first film directed by the7. Telangana State River – Godavari popular director Gautam Ghose.8. Telangana State Official Emblem – Kakatiya • This film is based on Hindi novel “Jab Khet Kala Toranam & Charminar. Jage” (when farm fields are wakeup). Written by Kishan Chendar. Major portion of this film Official emblem was designed by was shot at Mangalparti village of Medak Aelay Laxman district. Note: Aelay Laxman belongs to Note: the story of this film takes place in the Kadirenigudem village of Yadadri district. background of Siripuram Village of Emblem consists of the Kakatiya Kala Nalgonda district. Thoranam and Charminar with Saranath Lion • In 1980, this film for the first time was Capital. premiered at the international film festival “Karlovy Vary International Film Festival”. 508 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• This film was selected for “Indian Rangula kala – 1984: Panorama” • Director, Producer – B. Narsing Rao• Maa Bhumi Film: • Dialogues, Music – B. Narsing Rao. Director – Gautam Ghose • This is the story of a painter, who turned Producer – B. Narsingh Rao, towards the ideology of Progressive ideology. G. Ravindranath Music – Vinjamuri Seetha Devi Komaram Bheem: Screen Play – B. Narsingh Rao • This film is based on the Gondu warrior “Komaram Bheem”. Story – Kishan Chendar (Source Story) • Director – Allani Sridhar Cinematography – Kamal Nayak • Role of Komaram Bheem played by Bhupal Production house – Reddy. Chaitanya Chitra International • This film is based on the novel “Komaram Cast – Sai Chand (Ramayya, The role of Bheem” written by Allam Rajaiah and Sahu. the poor farmer in Siripuram Village of It won two nandi awards in the following Nalgonda district), categories: Rami Reddy, Hamsa and Karakala. 1. Best feature film on national integration.• Songs in this movie – Lyricists: 2. Best director of a debut film to director1. Palleturi Pillagada Pasula gase monagada – Allani Sridhar. Suddala Hanumanthu This song was sang by the singer – Sandhya Jai Bholo Telangana:2. Bandenka Bandi Katti – Bandi Yadagiri Director & Producer – N. Shankar. The singer who sang this song – Gaddar Story & Screen Play – N. Shankar.3. Podala Podala Gattla Meeda Podisindi Music – Chakri Chandamama – Bandi Yadagiri Dialogues – Udugula VenuDaasi – 1988: Production House – Mahalakshmi Arts. Cast – Jagapathi Babu, Smrithi Irani.• This film picturises the story of a bonded women and how she is harassed inside the Released on – 4th February, 2011. Gadis of Telangana landlords. • Songs – Lyricists:• Story, director, Producer – B. Narsing Rao Podustunna Poddumeeda – Gaddar• This is the story of a Daasi (bonded woman) Jai Bolo Telangana – Ande Sri; named Kamalakshi, inside the gadi of Singer – Vandemataram Srinivas Jayasimha Rao landlord. Gaaradi Chestundru – K.C.R• The one who enacted the role of Kamalakshi Oka Puvvu oka Navvu – was Archana. Nandini Siddha Reddy• This film won National Award and various • Awards: This film got 5 Nandi Awards for other awards also. following categories.• Film “Daasi” was included as a lesson in film Best Director – N. Shankar technicians’ course in America. Bet Lyricist – Ande Sri (Jai Bolo Telangana) PNR Publications 509 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Best Male Playback Singer – Gaddar Poru Telangana: (Podustunna Poddummeda) • Director, Producer, story – Best Male Dubbing artist – R.C.M. Raju R. Narayana Murthy Sarojini Devi Award for a film on National • Banner – Sneha Chitra Pictures. Integration. Rajyadhikaramu:Bathukamma: • Director, Producer, story –• Direction – T. Prabhakar R. Narayana Murthy• Cast – Sindhu Tulani, Goreti Venkanna. • Banner – Sneha Chitra Pictures• Banner – Kakatiya Films• Producer – Chandra Shekar Uru Manadira:• Songs – Lyricists: • Director, Producer – R. Narayana Murthy Bathukamma bathukamma Ma Thalli – • Production house – Sneha Chitra Pictures Goreti Venkanna • Music – Koti Singer – S.P. Balasubrahmanyam • Songs – Chooda Chakkani Thalli … Chinukamma Vana Chinukamma – Ande Sri Chukkallo Jabilli (Singer : Ramana)
Rudramadevi: Lal Salam: Director – Gunashekar • Director, Producer – R. Narayana Murthy Producer – Gunashekar family • Production House – Sneha Chitra Pictures. Music – Ilaiyraja Ankur (Hindi flim) – 1974: Cast: Anushka Shetty (Rudraama Devi), Allu • This film portraits the economic and sexual Arjun (Gona Ganna Reddy), Rana exploitation by landlords in Telangana. Daggupati (Chalukya Veerabhadra), • Director – Shyam Benegal Krishnam Raju (Ganapati Devudu) and • Screen play – Shyam Benegal Prakash Raj (Minister Shiva Devaiah). • Cast : Shabana Azmi, Anant Nag.• It is the first 3D Telugu film based on Telangana history. Nishant (Hindi Film) – 1975:Veera Telangana: • Director – Shyam Benegal• Director, Producer, Story – • Nishant means “Night’s end” in English. This R. Narayana Murthy film shows that how the dark nights of landlord• The film portraits the protest of the farmers ended. against vetti and exploitation by landlords which are prevalent in Telangana. Susman:• R. Narayana Murthy played the role of • Director – Shyam Benegal Yadagiri and Vijay Ranga Raju played the role • This film portrays the living conditions of of Landlord. In this film, the song “Nageti weavers in the pochampally of Yadadri Sallallo Na Telangana” won Nandi award. District.• Banner – Sneha Chitra Pictures.510 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureMandi (Hindi film) – 1983: • Cast – Srihari, Swapna, Tanikella Bharani,• Director & Screen play – Shyam Benegal Suddala Ashok Teja.• Story – Gulam Abbas • Songs:• The film portrays the conditions of Prostitutes 1. Palle Kanneru Pedutundo Kanipinchani in Hyderabad. Shooting took place in Kutrala Bhuvanagiri. 2. Dostaradin Andama Dosthi Kattukundama.Oka Uri Katha (1978): 3. Ningikegisinara nela taralara.• Director, Producer – Mrinal Sen ( Bengal) Chillara Devullu:• The film is based on the story “Kafan” written • This film is based on the novel “ Chillara by Munshi Prem Chand. Devullu” written by Dasaradhi Ranga• The film portrays the effects of feudal system Charyulu. in Telangana. • Director – T. Madhav Rao• The shooting of this film took place in the • Production house – Kakatiya Pictures surrounding areas of Ranga Reddy district. • Cast – Savitri, Murali MohanVimukthi Kosam – 1983:• Director – M. Uday Kumar Rajanna:• Producer – Naradasu Lakshman Rao • Director – V. Vijayendra Prasad.• Lyricist – Vangapandu Prasada Rao • Producer – Akkineni Nagarjuna• This film portrays about the people’s protest • Story – Vijayendra Prasad against the landlordism. • Screenplay – S.S. Rajamouli
Nimajjanam: • Music – M.M. Keeravaani
• Director – B.S. Narayana • Cast – Nagarjuna, Baby Annie.• Producer – K. Kesava Rao. • This film is about the story of the Telangana people against the exploitation of landlords,• The film story is about a event’s took place during the journey of Brahmin housewife, who aristocrats during 1940’s. immerses the ashes of her father – in – law in • Songs – Lyricists: holy rivers according to the Hindu customs • Amma Avanee – Shiva Shakti Dattu; and traditions. Singer – Malavika.Inkennallu: • Gijigadu Negudu – K. Shiva Datta;• Director & Producer – Rafi Sayid Singer – Kala Bhairava, Sanjeev.• Cinema Caption – Voice of Telangana • The role of Rajanna daughter Mallamma was played by Baby Annie.• Cast – Kodandaram, Rafi, Sujatha Reddy.Kubusam (2002): Yamalokamlo Jai Telangana (2012):• Director – L. Srinath • Caption : “Warriors don’t die”• Music – Vandemataram Srinivas • Director, Producer – Rasamayi Balakishan.• Production house – Sri Vishwavani pictures PNR Publications 511 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureBandook (2015): • Orey Rickshaw – Dasari Narayan Rao• Story, Screenplay, Direction – • Osey Ramulamma – Dasari Narayan Rao Lakshman Murari • Sarvai Papanna – Pratani Ram Krishna Goud• Producer – Gujjam Yugendar. • Sammakka Sarakka – Dasari Narayan Rao• Film is based on 1969 Special Telangana • Oorummadi Brathukulu – B.S. Narayana movement Documentaries and Short films on• Songs – Lyricists: Telangana issue:• Pusina punnami vennela veena – Goreti Venkanna; Singer – Saketh Komanduri. Still Seeking for Justice: • This documentary was prepared byMatti Manushulu: Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao and• Direction, Music – B. Narsing Rao presented to Sonia Gandhi on 28th July, 2011.• Production house – Little India. • In this documentary, the injustice done to• The film deals with the lives of laborers and Telangana and the need for the formation of construction workers, who migrated from Telangana state were explained. Palamuru village of Telangana. Nyayam Kosam –Chivaraku Migiledi: Telangana Nireekshana:• Story – Deep Jwele Jaam (Bengal Story) • This documentary was prepared by Prem• Director – Guttha Ramineedu Kumar Aman.• Producer – Vuppunuthala Purushotham Reddy • In this, the need for the formation of Telangana• Production house – Manjira films State was explained.
Bala Nagamma (1942): Nisidhi: • This short film was produced on the early• In Telangana, it is the popular folk story film. Telangana movement.• “Gemini Group” have produced the film. • Director – K.V.R. Mahendra.• Role of Bala Nagamma – Kanchanamala. Life at Charminar:Bhakta Potana (1942): • This documentary explains about the life style• Film is produced on the story of Telangana of people in old city. farmer cum poet “Potana”. • Director – Ainnapudi Sri Lakshmi.• Production house – Vahini Group• Direction – K.V. Reddy Art at Heart:• Role of Potana – Nagaiah • This documentary was produced on the lives of tribals (Koyas) and their food habits, theirOther movies and directors: songs and dances.• Ankusham – Uma Maheshwar Rao • Direction – Mennagey motion pictures.• Pratyusha – Jatla Venkata Swamy• Tiragabadda Telangana – Pulipati Vijay• Telangana Vijayam – Bipin512 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Important persons of Telangana12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
• In 1951, Kantha Rao made his acting debut In Film Industry with the film “Nirdoshi” in the direction of H.M.Reddy. Kantha Rao’s first film as heroPaidi Jairaj (1909-2000): was Pratigna (H.M. Reddy direction).• Paidi Jairaj was a famous film actor, director, • Las film of Kantha Rao was “Pandurangadu” producer in the Indian film industry, he was (2008). born in Karimnagar district of Telangana. • Films produced by Kantha Rao are;• Nightingale of India Sarojini Naidu is the 1. Sapta Swaralu (this film was made during maternal aunt of Jairaj. 1969 Telangana movement).• He made his acting debut in 1930 with the 2. Gandara Gandadu 3. Prema Jeevulu. silent film “Star Kling Youth”.• In the same year, he acted in the film “Triumph Awards received by Kantha Rao are: of Love” as hero. • In 1963, he was awarded Rashtrapati Award• His first talkie film was – Shikari (Urdu film). (President Award) for the role of Lakshmana in Lava Kusha movie.• Later, he acted in many Hindi, Urdu, Marathi and Gujarathi films. B. Narsing Rao:• He became famous due to his acting in the • The cinema director B. Narsing Rao was characters of historical importance such Tippu the one to bring recognition for Telangana Sultan, Rana Pratap, Allauddin, Shah Jahan. cinemas among world film industry.• In 1980 Central Government had given Dada • Bongu Narsing Rao was born in the year 1946 Saheb Phalke award to Jairaj for his services at Pragnapur, Medak district. in Indian film industry. • He produced films on the issues such as• First Telangana person to be awarded the Telangana movement, atrocities of Razakars highest award in cinema i.e; Dadasaheb and Landlords, on the conditions of Phalke Award is “Paidi Jairaj”. construction labours. Hence, he was called as• Other films in his direction are: Pratima, Saagar, “The Killer of Kitsch”. Mohar. • B. Narsing Rao was the public artist, his filmsKatthi Kantha Rao (1923 – 2009): mainly on the lives of the Telangana people. Films directed by B. Narsing Rao are;• His full name – Rangula Kala (1983) Tadepalli Lakshmi Kantha Rao Daasi (1988)• He was born at Gudibanda Village, Kodada Matti Manushulu (1990) of Nalgonda district (Present Kodada in • All the above three films won Best feature film Suryapet district). in Telugu at National film awards.• He acted in many Telugu films and became • Maa Ooru (Documentary 1987): this film won known as the incomparable hero in sword National film award for Best Anthropological fights and became known as Katthi Kantha / Ethnographic film. Rao. PNR Publications 513 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Harivillu (2003 – children’s film): for this • Shankar directed a Kannada film – movie, B. Narsing Rao won Nandi award in “Nammanna”. Best director category. Shyam Benegal:• Films produced by B. Narsing Rao: • He is a popular Indian film director and Maa Bhoomi (1979) – this movie won Nandi award in Best feature film category. screenwriter. Daasi (1988). • He was born in the year 1934 at Trimulghery, Secunderabad.R. Nageshwar Rao: • He pursued M.A. Economics from Osmania• He was a well-known Telugu film actor. He University. mainly played Villain characters. • First movie in the direction of Shyam Benegal• R. Nageshwar Rao full name was Rajanala was “Ankur” (Hindi movie) – 1974. Nageshwar Rao. • Due to his four films, Ankur (1974), Nishant• He was born in 1925 at Secunderabad. (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika• He was a versatile actor who gave new (1977), he created a new genre known as the meaning to the role of Villain. “Middle cinema” in India.• R. Nageshwar Rao’s famous dialogues are; 1. “Babulu gadi debba ante Golkonda Manthan (1976): abba anali” – (Film: Donga Ramudu). • This film is about rural awareness. Directed 2. “Bhale mama ….ade mana takshana by Shyam Benegal. This movie is produced kartavyam” - (Film: Mayabazar). by the money donated by the 5 lakh Gujarat Note: R. Nageshwar Rao played the role of famers at Rs. 2 each. “Dushasana” in the film Mayabazar (1957). • Shyam Benegal made a serial “Bharat EkN. Shankar: Khoj” with 53 episodes, based on• N. Shankar directed the movies in the “Discovery of India” book written by commercial main stream format with his Jawaharlal Nehru. commitments to bring about awareness among • He made numerous documentaries: the public. His surname is Nimmala. 1st Documentary – Close to Nature (1967)• He was born in Chirumarthy village of Another Documentary – A child of the Nalgonda district. Street (1967)• First film directed by N. Shankar was “Encounter (1997)”. • He directed many Doordharshan serials. Such as• In 2011, he directed a film on the issues of Telangana movement i.e; Jai Bolo Telangana. Yatra (Hindi)• Other movies in the direction of Shankar are: Amaravathi Kadhalu (Telugu). Sri Ramulayya Bhadrachalam • Awards received by Shyam Benegal: Yamajathakudu Aayudham 2005 – Dada Saheb Phalke Award. Jayam Manade Raa Ram 1976 – Padma Shri 1991 – Padma Bhushan.514 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & CultureM. Prabhakar Reddy: Pratyusha:• He belongs to Tungathurthi of Suryapet • She was born in Bhuvanagiri, Telangana. district. • She made her acting debut with the movie• He made his debut in “Chivaraku Migiledi” “Rayudu”. She appeared in Telugu and Tamil movie and there by acted in 472 movies. movies.• Prabhakar Reddy was a doctor by profession. Chandala Kesavadasu: But because of his interest he entered into •He is the first Telugu lyricist. cinema industry and played many roles as villain and story writer. • He was born in 1876 at Jakkepalli village of Kusumanchi Mandal, Khammam district.• The only movie which he directed was – Comrade. • He has written a song “Parithaapabarambu Pariyimpa thaguna…” in the movie• Prabhakar Reddy won Nandi award for Best “Bhakta Prahlada”, which was the 1st talkie Actor in films. movie in Telugu. 1. Yuvatharam Kadhilindhi – 1980 • “Parabrahma Parameshwara”, an 2. Palle Pilichindi 1981. invocation song for most of the Telugu Street dramas, is also written by him.Shabana Azmi: • The popular song “Bhale manchi chowka• Shabana Azmi was born in Hyderabad. Beramu…” in the movie “Sri Krishna• She made her acting debut in the year 1974 in Tulabaram” is also written by him. “Ankur” film directed by Shyam Bengal. Other works:• In Ankur film, Shabana Azmi played the role Kanakatara (Drama) of “Lakshmi”. She won National award for her performance. Kesava Shatakam• In 1996, she acted as a lesbian in the movie Satyabhama Parinayam. “Fire”, directed by Deepa Mehta. Later, she Suddala Ashok Teja: acted in several Hindi films and received • He belongs to Suddala village in Jangaon numerous awards. district. He worked as a Government teacher• In 1997, she was nominated to Rajya Sabha before coming into film industry. on behalf of congress party. • He won the National Film award for Best Lyrics in the year 2003 for song “NenuAditi Rao Hydari: Saitham” written by him in the movie• She was born in an aristocratic family in “Tagore”. Hyderabad.• She was the grand daughter of Wanaparthy Chandra Bose: Raja Rameshwara Rao and Akbar Hydari. • His native place is Challagariga village in Warangal district.• In 2007, she made her acting debut in Tamil film “Sringaram”. • He wrote thousands of songs in Telugu movies.
• She earned good recognition by her • Awards: performance in the movie “ Yeh Saari 1. He received Nandi Award for best Lyricist Zindagi” in 2012. for the song “Nee Navvula Thelladanaanni” in the movie “Aadi”. PNR Publications 515 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 2. He won Filmfare award for Best Lyricist • They played major role in the development of Telugu for “Kanipenchina Maa Amma” sad music in India. song in the movie “Manam”. • In 1968, Central government awarded “Padma Shri” to Shankar & Jai Kishan.Chakri:• He belonged to Mahabubabad. He started Vijayshanti: his career as muic director with the movie • She belongs to Ramannagudem in Warangal “Bachi”. His last movie was “Erra bus”. district.• He won Nandi award in the best music • She began her acting career with the Tamil director category for the movie “Simha”. film “Kallukkul Eeram”.Tabu (Tabassum Hashmi): • Her first Telugu film – Kilaadi Krishnudu.• She was born in Hyderabad in the year 1971. • She won the National film award for Best She played a role as a child artist in the film actress for “Kartavyam” film. “Bazaar”, her first film as a actress was Rampyari: “Roop Ki Rani Choron Ki Raja”. • In 1927, Rampyari of Hyderabad was• Tabu 1st film in Telugu – Coolie. No.1. introduced to the film industry by playing a• She was awarded “Padma Shri” in 2011. supporting role in “Guna Sundari” film directed by Chandu Lal.Dia Mirza (Dia Handrich): • In 1930’s, she acted as a full – fledged heroine• She was born in Hyderabad in the year 1981. in many films.• She won “Miss Asia Pacific – 2000” title. Her production house is “Born free Few more Telangana film artists: entertainment”. • Nithin, Rosham Balu, Narsingh, Venu Madhav• Her first film as “Love Breakups Zindagi”. (Kodad), Dil Raju, Vamshi Paidipally (Adilabad), Sampath Nandi, Prem Raj,Dhiren Ganguly Surender Reddy (Warangal).(Dhirendra Nath Ganguly):• He belongs to West Bengal. In 1922, he Popular Painters of started a film production house by name Telangana “Lotus film company” at Hyderabad• In a short span of time, he produced “7 silent Kapu Rajaiah: movies” with the help of Nizam. • Kapu Rajaiah is a famous painter of Telangana. His native place is Siddipet.Shankar, Jai Kishan: • His early paintings were in the traditional old• The popular and successful Indian composer style. Later, he adopted “Nakashi” duo Shankar was born in Hyderabad and Jai technique. In this, he started using Tempara Kishan in Gujarat. colors.• Shankar is expert in plying “Tabla”, while Jai • He painted notable images, such as: Kishan is popular for playing “Harmonium” Bonalu, Bathukamma, Vasantha Keli, Krishna• Shankar & Jai Kishan worked as music Gopika, Telangana festivals, Yellamma Jogi, director for the film “Barsaat”. Kolatam and Veedhi Bhagavatam. 516 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Kapu Rajaiah’s “Bonalu” picture was Aelay Laxman: published as a cover photo of Studio • Aelay Laxman is the native of Magazine of London in 1956. Kadirenigudem (Yadadri Bhuvanagiri• He painted pictures by receiving “Tirumala district). Venkteshwara Swamy” as an object. • The main objects in his pictures are men• JNTU University honoured Kapu Rajaiah with fetching toddy from the trees, men & women honorary doctorate. in the streets, women fetching water near the wells.Kondapalli Seshagiri Rao • He designed the official logo of Telangana(Warangal): State.• His native place – • He also designed the official logo for Penugonda, Mahabubabad district. Telangana State Police and for many• He painted the pictures from the classics of government institutions and government Ramayana and Mahabharata. schemes.• He became popular due to his “Pothana” • In his “Yaadi and Malli” painting, he and “Abhigyana Shakuntalam” pictures. depicted the lives of Telangana region. In• During Telugu Mahasabha, he painted the 1995, he was awarded by “Hyderabad Art picture of “Telugu Thalli”. Society”.• Some pictures painted by him: Ramakrishna Vaman Devaskar: Harijanodyamam (Mural oil paintings) • He is known as the veteran of modern art in Dhamayanthi (oil painting) Hyderabad. Shakuntala • He is popular in portrait painting and Varudhini Pravarakya and portraiture. His artwork depicts life and Ramagiri Rallu beauty. • He was close associate of Salarjung -III andPakhal Tirumal Reddy first curator of the world famous Salarjung(Karimnagar): Museum.• He analysed trends in National & international paintings and drawn thousands of paintings Sukumar Devaskar: and made many sculptures. • Sukumar Devaskar is the son of Ramakrishna• In India, he was the first artist to exhibit the Vaman Devaskar. Sukumar worked as the artwork. He established a museum named principal of Hyderabad School of arts and “Sudharma Art Gallery” in his house at crafts and produced many young artists. Narayanaguda. • Sukumar painted the famous “Golconda• His notable paintings are: Nawabs” painting. Palleturi Badipanthulu Kumara Swamy: Chandramukhi • Kumara Swamy belongs to Karimnagar. On Modern Harbour the advice of prominent politician Raavi Gul Mahal tree Narayana Reddy, he went to Delhi to join the ashram of Thakkar Baba and practised the art. PNR Publications 517 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• Gandhiji used to attend this ashram to find out • He was congratulated by KCR by writing the welfare of the people in ashram. Once “KCR name, Jai KCR and Jai Telangana” on Gandhiji burst out into tears when he saw the hair – strand. He turned fingertip nail into Taj picture of a labourer carrying weights, Mahal and painted Mumtaz image on it. which was painted by Kumara Swamy. Vigneshwara Chary:• Kumara Swamy after being praised by • Native place – Nalgonda. His Brush name – Gandhiji went to Shanti Niketan for further Chitra. training. There he studied painting from a famous painter Nandlal Bose. • He painted more than 100 paintings on child labour.Badri Narayana: Jagan Mohana Chary:• He is noted painter, who belongs to • He belongs to Vemulawada. Secunderabad. • He is specialist in Thumnail art (Naka Chitra• He paints pictures based on Indian mythology Kala) and folklore. • Shishtha Rama Krishna, who did thumbnailLakshma Goud: art for the dolls of Sundarakanda in Ramayana• His native place – Nizampur (Medak) is the mentor of Jagan Mohana Chary.• His paintings depicts the innocence and the • He is specialist in drawing pictures of various weak bodies of the rural people. He painted Gods and different beautiful landscapes with in “Surrializam” manner. his nail on the empty cigarette boxes.• In 2016, the Central Government honoured Preethi Samyuktha: him with “Padma Shri” award. • Native place – Hyderabad.Surya Prakash: • She exhibited all the paintings drawn by• His native place is Khammam. women painters from 1940 to till 2010 with a• He was specialized in making untitled oil title “View Point”. paintings and used rusty objects as a medium • In 2010, she organized 11 large exhibitions in for painting. 5 cities with a name “Visual Conversation”.
Syed – Bin – Mohammed: Gouri Shankar:• His native place – Mahbubnagar. • Native place – Ghatkesar.• At present, his painting of “Gautami Putra • He draws pictures by taking ordinary people Shathakarni” is there on the walls of and lifestyle of Proletariat as objects. Parliament. Thota Vaikuntam:Munjampally Vidyadhar: • Thota Vaikuntam and his contemporary painter• He is a micro artist, belongs to Hyderabad. Chintala Jagadish are nationally acclaimed• He has written “APJ Abdul Kalam, President painters. of India” on a hair – strand and presented to • Vaikuntam is popular in drawing pictures of Kalam, when he visited Nalgonda district. Telangana women.• He created a Telangana map with 10 districts on a Sesame seed. 518 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Celebrities in Sports • Azharuddin was awarded: Arjuna Award (1986) Cricket Padma Shri (1988) andMohammad Azharuddin: Wisden Cricketer of the year (1991).• He was born in 1963 in Hyderabad. Ghulam Ahmed:• In Indian Cricket, he was named as “Wizard” • His native place – Hyderabad. (Manikattu Mantrikudu). • During 1948-49, he played 22 test matches• He grew up as a good cricketer when he was for India. at All Saints High School in Hyderabad. Popular Hyderabad Cricketers in this school • In 1952, India won its first test match against Venkatapathi Raju and Noel David were England team. Ghulam Ahmed was a member contemporaries of Azharuddin. of this Indian team, who played a key role for India’s success.• He completed graduation in Commerce at • During 1955-56, he captained India in Test Nizam College, Hyderabad. Series against New Zealand. This series was• Azharuddin is a right-handed batsman. won by India.• In 1984, Azharuddin started his International cricket career with a test match between India Abbas Ali Baig: and England at Eden Gardens (Kolkata). • Native place – Hyderabad.• He scored three centuries in his first 3 Test • During 1959-62, he played in Oxford matches. University Cricket matches and won the• In 1985, he made his ODI debut in ODI match “Country Cap”. in 1959, he played his first between India and England. Later, he was International match for Indian team in a Test Captain for Indian team for 47 Test matches. match against England. With his batting and bowling talent, he made • In this match, he scored century and became India win many matches. the youngest Indian cricketer to score a• He was captain for Indian team during century a debut. 1999 world cup match. M. L. Jaisimha:• He scored 22 centuries in Test matches and 7 • Native place – Secunderabad. centuries in one – day matches. • He was a right – handed batsman. In Indian• But in the year 2000, he faced allegations of cricket, he was popularly known as match – fixing and ended his cricket career. “Cultivated stylist” and “Brilliant Later, he entered into politics. Cricketer”.• In 2009, he was elected to parliament from • In 1959, he made his international debut by the Muradabad constituency of Uttar playing for India against England in a test Pradesh on behalf of Congress party. match.• In 2013, Azharuddin was elected as the President of Delhi Badminton Association Mithali Raj:• A Bollywood film “Azhar”, directed by Tony • She was born in the year 1982, in a Tamil D’ Souza was based on the life of Azharuddin, family in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. But she pursued in which Emraan Hashmi was featured as her education and cricket training at Azharuddin. Hyderabad. She resides in Hyderabad. PNR Publications 519 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• She made her one-day International debut in Foot Ball 1999 against Ireland.• She scored 114 runs in this match and not out. Syed Abdul Rahim: • During 1949-50, S.A. Rahim played a key• Mithali Raj led the Indian team to the finals in role in securing second place for Hyderabad 2005- and 2017-women’s cricket world cup. team in National Foot Ball Championship.• She became the first women player to score, • Later, he became coach and trained 6000 runs in the international cricket. Hyderabad youngsters in Foot Ball. Yusuf• Viacom 18 Motion pictures is producing a Khan and Balaram who received training near film on the life of Mithali Raj. S.A. Rahim won arjuna Award.• Awards won by Mithali Raj: • Team known as city Afghan team is Arjuna Award (2003) Hyderabad City police team. Padma Shri (2015) Yusuf Khan: • Native place – Hyderabad.Syed Mohammed Hadi (S. M.Hadi): • He was a member in Indian team, when India• Native place : Hyderabad. won gold medal in 1962 Asian Games.• He not only represented India in cricket, but • In 1965, he was selected to Asian Foot Ball also in tennis, hockey, soccer, table tennis, team, which was formed with the best football chess and polo. players from Asian countries.• He was nicknamed “Rainbow Hadi”, • In 1966, Indian government awarded him because of his expertise in these seven sports. Arjun Award for his excellence in football.• In 1934, when Ranji Trophy was instituted, T. Balram: Hadi played on behalf of Hyderabad and scored 132 runs & was not out. • Native place – Bollaram, Hyderabad. • In 1962, Indian football team won Gold medal• Hadi became the first batsman to score a in Asian sports held at Jakarta. T. Balram century in Ranji Trophy. played a key role for this success.• Along with cricket, he was a world-class • In 1962, Indian government awarded player in Tennis. “Arjuna Award”.• He represented India in the 1924-25 Davis Cup Tennis tournament. Nayeemuddin: • He was born in Hyderabad.Other notable Hyderabad Cricketers: • He was a captain for Indian team in some• Syed Abid Ali, Shivalal Yadav and V.V.S. football matches. In 1970, he was awarded Laxman. Arjuna award.• V.V.S. Laxman is popularly known as “very very special Laxman”. Peter Thangaraj: • Native place – Hyderabad.• In 2011, V.V.S. Laxman was awarded “Padma Shri”. • Thangaraj played for the Indian team as a goalkeeper in 1956 Melbourne Olympics.
520 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Telangana Celebrities in • In 1939, he was qualified for the finals of other games Wimbledon. • Ghouse Mohammed was the 1st Indian playerMulini Reddy (Volley Ball): to reach to the finals of Wimbledon.• Her Native place – Warangal. Sania Mirza (Tennis):• She is a member of the Indian Volleyball team, • She was born in 1986 in Mumbai. Shortly after which took part in Olympics. the birth of Sania, her family came and settled• In 1993, Indian Government awarded in Hyderabad. In 2003, Sania Mirza won “Arjuna Award” to Mulini Reddy. Wimbledon Championships Girl’s DoublesPichaiah (Ball-Badminton): title. She won six grand slam titles in women’s doubles and mixed doubles.• Jammala madaka Pichaiah was born in Krishna district, but he pursued his education • She was ranked 27 in W.T.F singles and th
in Warangal and worked in Azam Jahi mills. ranked no. 1 in doubles.• Pichaiah was responsible for the popularity of • Sania Mirza is the first Indian female player Ball – Badminton in India in the early 1950’s. to stand at number. 1 place in World double’s he was a member in the Hyderabad Ball – tennis. Badminton team and also a captain, who gave • In July 2014, Telangana Government many successes to the team. appointed Sania Mirza as Telangana Brand• In 1970, Indian Government awarded Ambassador. “Arjuna Award” to Pichaiah. • Awards: 1. Arjuna Award (2004)K. Satyanarayana (Hockey): 2. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award• Satyanarayana of Hyderabad was a popular (2015) Hockey player. He participated in many 3. Padma Bhushan (2016) international matches on behalf of India. • Sania Mirza biography was published in bookMukesh Kumar (Hockey): form titled as “Ace against Odds”.• He was born in 1970 in Hyderabad. He Mir Qasim Ali (Table Tennis): participated in three consecutive Olympics, since 1992 Olympics. • Mir Qasim Ali of Hyderabad is a popular table tennis player, who represented India in many Barcelona (1992) international matches. Atlanta (1996) • In 1969, he was awarded Arjuna Award. Sydney (2000)• Awards: Sayeed Sultana (Table Tennis): Arjuna Award (1993) • She won National Championship of table Padma Shri (2003) tennis in 1949 at a young age of 13 years.
Ghouse Mohammed (Tennis): Naina Jaiswal (Table Tennis):• He worked as a physical education teacher in • Naina Jaiswal was born in the year 2000 in Osmania University. Hyderabad is an international table tennis
PNR Publications 521 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture player and a child prodigy. She completed Notable Personalities in her 10th standard at the age of 8 years, and completed graduation at 13 years and doing Drama Ph. D at 17 years age. Adrak Ke Punjey (Drama):• She won many National and international titles • It is an Indian satirical play written by in table tennis. Babban Khan.• She is the first girl from India to be selected • “Adrak” means a piece of ginger in Telugu. for ITTF World Hopes team – 2011. • The drama is about the family – planning.Gagan Narang (Shooting): • The play depicts the struggle of a poor man• He was born in 1983 in Chennai. His family with several children and high debts and who settled in Hyderabad. tries to respond hilariously to these situations. • This show was first performed in 1965 and• Narang won Bronze medal in the 10m air rifle within a span of 50 years it has completed event at 2012 London Olympics. 10,000 shows all over the world.Dennis Swamy (Boxing): Nerella Venu Madhav:• Hyderabad’s famous Boxer Dennis Swamy • Nerella Venu Madhav of Warangal was an won Arjuna Award in 1968. Indian impressionist (a mimicry artist).• He was known as the “King of the Ring”. • He is known as the “Father of IndianMohammad Moinuddin (Boxing): Mimicry”.• In 1974, Mohammad Moinuddin founded • He was the first mimicry artist to perform at the United nations organization. “Hyderabad Boxing Association”. • JNTU and Kakatiya Universities conferredMalavath Purna (Adventure Sport): Honorary Doctorates to him.• She is a mountaineer from Nizamabad • He was awarded “Padma Shri” in 2001. district. She climbed Mount Everest in 2014 • An auditorium in Public gardens, at the age of 13 years and became the Hanumakonda is named in his honour as “Dr. youngest girl ever to climb Mt. Everest. Nerella Venu Madhav Kalaa Pranganam”.• A movie “Poorna” was released based on • In honour of his service to this field, his her life story. This movie was directed by birthday December 28th is celebrated as Rahul Bose. “World Mimicry day”. • Titles: Phonetic Samrat and Mimicry Ratna.
Harindranath Chattopadhyay: • Native place: Hyderabad. • In 1940, he formed a team named as “Sunitha Art Center”. • The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Bhushan in 1973.
522 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture France. He was awarded “Param Vishist Noted Personalities in Seva Medal”. other fields Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao:Zakir Hussain: • Subba Rao was a native of Anneparthy village• Born in 1897 in Hyderabad. in the Nalgonda district.• In 1926, he received his doctorate in • He was an author and a polyglot. In 1962, he economics from the University of Berlin. composed the National Pledge of India.• He served as the Third President of India • His notable works are; Compilation of stories from May, 1967 until his death on May, 1969. named “Ushasu”, Naukari story, Kalabhiravudu and Shtri Dharmam.• He was the first Muslim President of India and first President to die in office. Gajam Anjaiah:• He also held other Positions: • Native place – Puttapaka village of Yadadri 1962-67 as Vice-President of India. Bhongir district. 1957-62 as Governor of Bihar. • He is widely recognised in the handloom industry for his innovations and developments• He was the Co-founder of Jamia Milia of Tie and Dye handloom products and for University, which is present in New Delhi. Telia Rumal technique. Later, he served as its Vice-Chancellor. • He received Padma Shri from Government• In 1969, after his death he was buried in the of India under Art category in 2013. campus of Jamia Milia University. • The recent innovation of Anjaiah is the• In 1963, he was awarded “Bharat Ratna”, production of cotton saree with “16 India’s highest civilian honour. auspicious symbols” depicted in the Literature of Jainism.Fali Homi Major: • He introduced a new saree named as• His native place is Secunderabad. He served “Padmanjali”, which is a fusion of Ikat and as 21st Indian Air Chief Marshal from 31st Kanchi. March, 2007 to 31st May, 2009.• Rank: Air Chief Marshal. Bholekar Srihari:• Awards: Param Vishist Seva Medal, Shaurya • Native place – Bollakpalli of Kamareddy Chakra. district. • He is an expert in the field of painting.Idris Hasan Latif: • He obtained his diploma in drawing and• Native place : Hyderabad. painting from Sir J.J. School of Art, Mumbai• He served as the 10 Indian Air Chief th and worked as a Chief artist at Indian air force, Marshal from 1978 till 1981. Begumpet.• Idris was the 1 Muslim to hold the position st
of Indian Air force chief. Radha Reddy and Raja Reddy:• Later he was appointed as Governor of • Radha Reddy and Raja Reddy (wife & Maharashtra and as Ambassador of India to Husband) of Telangaan are notable Kuchipudi dancers. PNR Publications 523 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• They were the 1st Indians to perform in an International dance festival held in Europe. Literary Genres born in• Awards : Padma Bhushan (2000). Telangana• Hyderabad Central University conferred • First Story – Bruhat Katha doctorates to the couple. Author – GunadhyaBandi Rajan Babu: • First Purana – Vikramarjuna Vijayam• Native place – Korutla of Karimnagar Author – Pampanna district. • First Symbolic book –• Rajan of Telangana is a prominent Indian Kavijanasrayam (Lakshanika Grandham) photographer. Author – Malliya Rechana• He was the 1st Telugu photographer to be • First Kanda Padyam – honoured with the status of fellowship of Inscription of Jinavallabha Britain’s Royal Photographic society. • First symbolic Poetry• Initially, he worked as a lecturer at JNTU. (Lakshanika Kavyabasha) – Gudur inscription Later worked as scientific photographer for Author – Viriyala Kamasani ICRISAT. • First Ramayana Translation –Darshanam Mogilaiah: Ranganatha Ramayanam• He is an expert in Playing 12-step Kinnera Author – Gona Buddha Reddy (a string instrument). • First Purana Translation –• Native place – Mahabubnagar. Markandeya PuranaP. Shiva Shankar: Author – Ganna Senani (Kakatiya Senani)• Native place – Hyderabad. • First Yakshaganam (Ballad) – Sugriva Vijayam• He fought for backward classes and made Author – Kandukuri Rudra Kavi efforts for the division of BC category into A, • First Shathakam – Vrushadhipa Sathakam B, C, D sub-classes. Author – Palkuriki Somanatha• He served as: • First Couplet – Basava Puranam 1974 – 75 was Andhra Pradesh High Court Author – Palkuriki Somanatha Judge. • First example of poetry – Basavodhaharana 1979 – elected as M.P from Author – Palkuriki Somanatha Secunderabad constituency. • First Pure Telugu Poetry – Yayati Charitra 1980 – Law Minister in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet. Author – Ponnaganti Telagana CharyaKailasa Venkata Ramaiah: • First Thirunamamullu – Mariganti Lakshmana desikulu• Native place – Pengalapaadu Village of Khammam district. • First Prahari – Ashta Prahari Author –• He was the first Vice-Chancellor of Tamyala Laxmi Narsimha Charyulu Kakatiya University from 1976 – 1979. • First text on Indian dance – Nritya Ratnavali• He is the first person from Telangana to be the member of Union Public Service Author – Commission during the period of 1981-87. Jayappa Senani (Kakatiya Senani)524 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture• First Story Compilation poetry • First Inscription in Telugu (Katha Sankalana Kavyam) – Kalimella Inscription (B.C. 575) – Simhasana Dvatrimsika Dhanunjaya Author – Koravi Gopa Raju • Telugu language attained the status of classical• First Telugu Compilation – language in the year – 2008. Sakala Neeti Sammatamu • First collection of Telugu minority poetry – Author – Madiki Singana Jal jala• First Niroshtya Rachana – • Pioneer of Telangana Telugu stories – Dasharadh Rajanandhana Charitra Bandaru Achchamamba Author – • First story written in Telugu Asuri Maringanti Singana Charyulu with entire Telangana dialect – Garibonni• First Telugu Encyclopaedia – • First Dalit story in Telugu literature – Panditaradhya Charitra Vetti Madiga• First Verse Text – Prataparudra Charitra Author – Bhagya Reddy Varma Author – Ekamranadhudu • First Telugu Poetess – Kuppambika• First grammar book in Telugu (Vyakaranam) • First Telugu lyricist – – Andhra Basha Bhushanam Chandala Keshava Dasu Author – Ketana • First Novel written in Telangana dialect –• First Novel in Telangana – Chillara Devullu Kambukandara Charitra • First Telangana word – Gobada Author – Tadakamalla Krishna Rao • First Telugu literary magazine –• First Dalit Poet in Telangana – Dhuna Iddasu Sujana Ranjani• First Twin Poets – Kach Bhupathi, Vittal Raju • First newspaper in Hyderabad State –• First Urdu Poetess – Mah Laqa Bhai Chanda Risala Tabbi (1859)• First Modern Poetess in Telangana – • First English newspaper in Hyderabad State Ratnamamba Desai – Deccan Times (1864)• First Telugu Dhandakam – • First Telangana Newspaper – Bhogini Bhandakam Telangana Patrika (1942) Author – Bammera Pothana • First Dalit Newspaper in print media – Bhagya Nagar• First Telugu Verses (Vachanalu) – Simhagiri Narahari Vachanamulu • First Telugu Ghazals – Ghalib Geethalu Author – Krishnama Charyulu Author – Dasarathi Krishnama Charyulu• First Telugu Tyarthi Kavyam – • First Telugu Sisapadya Shatakam – Yadava Raghava Pandaviyam Chennamallu Sisamu Author – Yalakuchi Bala Saraswathi Author – Palkuriki Somanatha• First Telugu Dvarthi Kavyam – Raghava Pandaviyam Author – Vemulawada Bhima Kavi
PNR Publications 525 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Mukesh Kumar – Hockey Prominent Persons of Mithali Raj – Cricket Telangana – their Awards Sania – TennisBharat Ratna: Yousuf Khan – Foot Ball Zakir Hussain – 1963. Nayeemuddin – Foot Ball T. Balram – Foot BallPadma Vibhushan: Mir Khasim Ali – Table Tennis Mehdi Nawaz Jung Dennis Swamy – Boxing Ali Yavar Jung (1977) Padmaja Naidu (1962) Shanti Bhatnagar Prize (Science & Kaloji Narayana Rao (1992) Technology): C. Narayana Reddy (2000) Suresh Veenavalli Ravi Narayana Reddy (1972) (Mathematical Science)
Padma Bhushan: Dadasaheb Phalke Award: Shyam Benegal H. K. Sherwani • It is the highest award in the film industry. Harindranath Chattopadhyay Paidi Jairaj – 1980 Raja & Radha Reddy Jnanpith Award: D. Nageshwar Reddy • It is the highest award in the field of literature Saina Nehwal Sania Mirza in the country. • C. Narayana Reddy – 1988,Padma Shri: Book – Visvambhara. Nerella Venu Madhav Mohammad Zaki Telangana Sahitya Academy: Mukesh Kumar • In 2017, Telangana Government launched P.V. Sindhu Telangana Sahitya Academy. Gajam Anjaiah • The first President of Sahitya Academy – Lakshman Goud Nandini Sidda Reddy. Syed Ahmed Quadri Telangana Sahitya Academy Logo: Chintakindi Mallesham (2017) • Telangana Sahitya Academy Logo was Aekka Yadagiri Rao (2017) designed by a famous painter of Siddipet – Daripalli Ramaiah (2017) M. V. Ramana Reddy. A.A. Waheed (2017) • In the centre of the logo is the Swan in filigree style. In the place of Swan’s beak, a pen’s nib Chandrakant Pithawa (2017) is drawn. Down the book pages were paintedArjuna Award: as water waves. Mulini Reddy – Volley Ball • In the middle of the logo, a line from poet Mohammad Azharuddin – Cricket Palkuriki Somana’s poem, “Sarasamai Barigina Jannu Telugu” is inscribed. Pichaiah – Ball Badminton526 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
First Award Recipients among Telangana Celebrities Dasarathi Krishnamacharya 1st award – Tirumala Srinivasa Charya (2015) Kaloji Narayana Rao’s 1st award – Ammangi Venu Gopal (2015) Dasaradhi Rangacharya award – Ampasayya Naveen (2015) Acharya Devobhava (Prof. Jaya Shankar) 1st award – Prof. Kodandaram Suravaram Pratap Reddy 1st award – G. S. Varadacharya Burgula Ramakrishna Rao 1st award – Kaloji Narayana Rao
Telangana writers who won Kendra Sahitya academy award Author Name Name of the Book / Novel Suravaram Pratap Reddy – Andhrula Sangika Charitra (1955) C. Narayana Reddy – Mantalu – Manavudu (1973) Dasarathi Krishnamacharya – Timiramto Samaram (1974) Saraswati Devi – Swarnakamalalu (1982) N. Gopi – Kalanni Nidra Ponivvanu (2000) Chekuri Rama Rao – Smrithi Kinankam (2002) Utpala Satyanarayana – Sri Krishna Chandrodayam (2003) Ampasayya Naveen – Kalarekhalu (2004) Kendra Yuva Sahitya Award: Pasunuri Ravindar – Out of coverage area (2015) Mercy Margaret – Maatala Madugu (2017)
Telangana Poets – their Pen name Pen Name Poet Name Shakir – Nizam-Ul-Mulk Maanill – Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah Shad – Kishen Pershad Taqqalus – Mahlaqa Chanda Bai Chera – Chekuri Rama Rao Kara – Kashipatnam Rama Rao Papa – Palagummi Padmaraju Dharma Raju – Vattikota Alwar Swamy Sitara – Maringanti Sitha Rama Charya Gaddar – G. Vittal Rao Chitra Gupta – Suravaram Pratap Reddy Jangam Basavaiah – Suravaram Pratap Reddy Aarudhra – Siva Shankar Sastry
PNR Publications 527 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Telangana Prominent Persons – Original Names Name Original Name
1. Kaloji Narayana Rao – Raghuveer Narayan Laxmikanth Srinivasa Ram Raja Kaloji 2. Gaddar – Gummadi Vittal Rao 3. Ande Sri – Ande Yellaiah 4. Sahu – Shanigaram Venkateshwarlu 5. Sky Baba – S.K. Yusuf Baba 6. Jwala Mukhi – Veera Raghava Charya 7. Nikhileshwar – Yadava Reddy 8. Cherabanda Raju – Baddam Bhaskar Reddy 9. Ampasayya Naveen – Dongari Mallaiah 10. Jayadheer Tirumala Rao – Repalle Tirumala Rao 11. Yellakuchi Bala Saraswathi – Venkata Krishnaiah 12. Nagnamuni – M.H. Keshava Rao 13. B. N. Shastri – Bhinnuri Narasimha Sastri 14. Arutla Kamala Devi – Rukmini 15. Swami Ramananda Tirtha – Venkatesh Bhagvan Rao Khedgikar 16. B. S. Venkat Rao – Battula Ashaiah 17. Chukka Sattaiah – Chaudharapalli Sattaiah 18. Chindu Yellamma – Saraswati 19. Kishanji – Mallojula Koteswara Rao 20. Ganapati – Muppalla Lakshman Rao 21. White Man – Ekkaladevi Sambasiva Rao 22. Porakala Dora – Dasari Lakshmikantham 23. Bhagya Reddy Varma – Madari Bhagaiah 24. Kavi Raja Murthy – Sarvadeva Bhatla Narasimha Murthy 25. Kshetrayya – Movva Varadaiah 26. Chera – Chekuri Rama Rao 27. Ven Reddy – Vennamuddala Narsimha Reddy 28. Mahaswapna – Kammishetty Venkateshwara Rao
528 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
Titles Father of Telangana Nation (Jathipitha) – Prof. Jaya Shankar Father of Telangana (Pithamaha) – Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy Father of Telangana armed Struggle – Ravi Narayana Reddy Telangana Patel – Bommakanti Satyanarayana Telangana Tiger – Nalla Narasimhulu Telangana Gandhi – Bhupathi Krishna Murthy Telangana Frontier Gandhi – Sardar Jamalapuram Kesava Rao Telangana Bobbilli – Ravi Narayana Reddy Telangana Arthur Cotton – Ali Nawaz Jung Bahadur Telangana Bhishma – Adiraju Veerabhadhra Rao Hyderabad Lion – Pandit Narendraji Hyderabad Bhagat Singh – Narayana Pawar Hyderabad Ambedkar – B. S. Venkat Rao Hyderabad Prakasham – Swami Ramananda Tirtha Telangana Gorki – Vattikota Alwar Swamy Mr. Telangana – Keshava Rao Jadhav Telangana Shivaji – Sarvai Papanna Telangana Babai – Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy Telangana Adikavi – Palkuriki Somanatha Telangana Dialect Poet – Kaloji Abhinava Potana – Vanamalai Varadacharya Dalit Tiger – Bhagya Reddy Varma Dalit Rudramadevi – Eshwari Bai Telangana Avadhana Yuva Kesari – Ande Venkatarajam Kalaprapurna – Dasarathi Krishnamacharya Patrika Dheera – Suravaram Pratap Reddy Founder of Hyderabad City – Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah Hyderabad Modern City founder – Mir Osman Ali Khan Creator of Hyderabad Civil Services – 1st Salarjung Hyderabad’s first Hindu Graduate – Rai Balmukund
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Words used in the Kitchen: Sarva – used to drink water and to take Buvva – Food / Rice water to the fields Ganji – Porridge Jalligante – Spoon with holes (Skimmer) Yesaru – Water used to cook rice & pulses Elapita – used for cutting vegetables Gatka – Food made with maize Muntha/ Kadava – Small mud vessels used to take water Puntikura – Gongura (Hibiscus Cannabinus) Mukkudu – used to make appalu (pies) Taidalu – Ragi Saddi – Lunch box Makkalu – Maize Mashkanta Bhatta – cloth used to hold vessels Piram – Costly Bhagara – Biryani Agguva – Less Price (Cheaper) Pulusu – soup Gilasa, Sembu – Used to drink water Situpa – Pieces of meat Gangalam – Big Vessel used to store water Golem – used to store water Parts of House: Dhupa – Thirsty Chettu Houses – Slab Houses Anda – Big cooking Vessel Dhulam – Kopu – a cup used to drink tea Beam which gives support to house Lota – a jug used to take water Arra – Room Posittulu - used for Tadaka Katka – Switch Gudalu – Recipe made by boiling horse Pankha – Fan gram, chick pea, pigeon pea Bugga – Bulb and seasoning it. Akilli – Place in front of the House Kudumulu – made with the rice flour Garishe – Used to store Paddy Pasipovadam – To get spoiled Tenellu / Arugulu – Kallemaku – Curry leaves Area used to sit in front of the house Salla – Butter milk Gollem / Bedam – Nastha – Breakfast Used to lock the door from inside/outside Varugullu – Raw Vegetables are cut into Tantelu – Stairs small pieces and dried. Ganaram – Clock Garjalu – Kajjikayalu Tanabi – A kind of shelf Ambali – Ambali is made by boiling grinded Moguram – Structure made up of sticks jowar with salt and water to support the house Kanchudu – Vessel made up of mud Ganuma – Near the door (For Curry) Darwaza – Door530 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Surru (Roof) – Akurai – used to sharpen the sickle the part that is bent forward in huts Dabbudam – used to stitch gunny bags Gummi – Suthili – thin rope made up of hemp Stick structure used to store grains Paggam – Rope Kotte – Structure made up of mud to Olapata – Right Side store grains Dapata – Left Side Nuluka/ Namaru – used to weave the bed Madugu – Water pit (camp bed) Modha – Heap (pile) Jaga – Place Moppu – Collection of some heaps (pile) Paikana – Toilet Nuthi – well Bungwai – wooden cradle Kallam – a place used to separate grass Sata – used for winnowing rice and pulses from grains Gumal – used to carry sand and clay Thallu – Poor quality crop (Paddy) Guthpa Katte – Thin and long stick Thavudu – Fine powder obtained by Gaikatte – Thin and long stick grinding the paddy (Guthpa Katte) with strings. Kottam – A place where cattle are tied Gadi – Arrangement made to lay fodderAgriculture related words: in front of cattle Evusam – Agriculture Thatta – Basket Mogulu – Cloudy Chata – used for winnowing the grains Vana musuru – Drizzling Achukattu – the place constructed to store Madi – Area of paddy crop water to change metta land (high lying land) Chelka – into magani land (wet land). Fields where rainfed crops are grown Muddera – Marking with ashes around the Kunta – place of water retention, which is pile of grains smaller than pond Mota (Lift) – Providing water to the crop Thumu – Made to flow water from ponds from well / kunta when required Kacchuram – Bullock cart Alugu – Made to drain out the water when Munja – Thati Kayalu tank is full (Palmyra Palm fruits) Gettu – Boundary arranged in the farms Saalu – Row (Line) Vaddiselu – throwing a stone by tying to a Mandekattadam – the process of rope to avoid birds in paddy field germinating the grains Guleru – hitting the birds with a stone or Vorupu – when it calms down after the rain marbles using “Y” shaped structure stops Araka – Plough Mota (lift) – Providing water for crop by Para (shovel) – used to pick up the soil digging from a place from fields and canals Kacchudam – Bullock cart Kodavali (Sickle) – used to harvest crops Danthe Kottadam – To remove weeds from chilli and cotton crops PNR Publications 531 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Dhepati Vana – Heavy rain Kurusa – short Karigeta – Ploughing the field, ready for Saakuta – To nourish Paddy sowing Batuvu – Finger ring Lagodi – investment for agriculture Dommarigadda – Flipping Rainu – Kowlu (Lease) Lolli – NoisyOther words: Tathaparam – Slow Kuthi – Strong desire Jada, Patha – Address Kalebhaduta – Quarrelling Ambattalla – Afternoon Shatranji – Corpet Poddumiki – Night Mabbula – Early morning Korkasu – Burning firewood Tovva – Way Uddhera – Credit Gondu – Gum / Glue Surma – Pen refill Barkath – Profit Muliki – Pen nib Nukuta – To Push Thathillu – Holidays Voyyilu – Books Aitaram – Sunday Lottapitta – Camel Adhvanam – Injustice Gurigi – Clay Vessel / Mud Vessel Apati – Danger Chebadulu – Transfer Sopati – Friendship Arusukonu – to know the well – being Payilam – Beware / Careful Tasveerulu – Photographs Nakaralu – Drama Takkeda – Weighing Scale Ikamatu – Idea Kuthi – Interest, Desire Yeruka – Awareness Gasam – Grains Ijjathi – Respect Gottu – Tough Eguram – Skill Tokku – Pickle Yethulu – Greatness Rumalu – Cloth used as turban Sokkampusa – Honesty Dasti – Handkerchief Pikaru – Sad Laggam – Marriage Nakkaralu – Dramas Pendlam – Wife Ravuthu – stone Penimiti – Husband Payya – Wheel Poddulu – Settiri – Umbrella Days nearing to delivery of a baby Ruvvidi – Evidence Nilladu – to give birth Arigosa – Big risk / loss Ayirendlu – Takke – Pillow Mud pots used during marriage Baraf gadda – Ice pieces Mailapolu, Edhurukolu, Odi Biyyam, Uruku – Run Ambadi Kondalu – Gunjadam – To pull Ceremonies conducted during marriage.
532 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Pullu pandlu – Engagement Guddelugu – Bear Dadi – Tadaka Sayamanu – Pathara – Reputation Front part of the house built with pillars Alkaga – Light weight Bana – Big Pot Tarkari – Vegetables Malguzari – Collection of Land tax Kathima – Remaining Poramboku – Non-Cultivable government land Gammathi – Strange Daibandi – Second crop Angadam – area in front of the house Pouthi – Details of the dead Kapillu – Note books Naksha – Map Randhi – Sadness Juvvadi – A spice Dabbuna – Immediately Mohalla – Street Peyyi – Body Barakasu – Gattara – Cholera Military camps in Hyderabad area Toluchuri – First Delivery Janana – A place reserved for women in Kuthike – Throat / Neck the house Umu – Saliva Koppera – A long bras vessel with handles Gadhuma – Lower Jaw Bedhakal – Susthu – Illness taking away the rights of land and house Bingill – Sit – Ups Jamabandi – Calculation of revenue – Mori – Drainage expenditure of land tax, which is done once Ningalam / Ingalam – Fire in a year Avvujju – Water trough Congar – worker Sadaku – Road Kanumullu – Blouse pieces Faidha – Profit Sheda – Pest Thodak – Peel of a fruit Deepantha – Small mud pottery, in which oil is poured to lit a lamp Pokka – Hole Atike – Mud Vessel used for cooking curry Baskillu – Sit-Ups Chippa – Lid for Atike (Mud Vessel) Kiri Kiri – Conflicts Sidde – A pottery that is round with a Motebari – Elder person / Gentle man sssmall opening. Used in transportation of Budubunga – A kind of bird toddy Pidukalu – Lotti – Cylindrical Pottery Cow dung which are dried on the wall Ottu Kunda – It is placed on the wood Maila – Impure stove (matti poyyi) to heat water. Galla Gurigi – Box for hiding money Kaissu – Likeliness Yadi – Remember Patuwa / Patva – Clay pot Soyi – Concern Silkoyya – Nail (Small Metal Spike). Gampa, Gulla – used to transport grains from one place to another PNR Publications 533 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Previous Papers12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
This is the only book which covered 32 questions out of 34 in Sub Inspector mains exam which is held on 21-04-2019 and covered 20 questions out of 22 in Constable Mains exam which is held on 28-04-2019 conducted by TSLPRB.
Sub Inspector Mains Paper 4. The Parakala massacre that occurred on 2nd (21-04-2019) September 1947 is often said to be another Jallianwala bagh incident. What was the aim1. who among the following tribes in of the protestors at Parakala? (Page No.113) Telangana celebrates the festival of Theej? 1) To hoist the National Flag (Page No.185) 2) To boycott the foreign cloth 1) Banjaras 2) Koyas 3) To protest against the Nizam 3) Gonds 4) Kolams 4) To protest against the British dominance2. During the period of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao as Chief Minister, a judicial inquiry was 5. Who among the following gave the features instituted by the government to examine the of the Telangana Thalli Statue? implementation of Mulki rules. Who among (Page No.438) the following conducted the enquiry? 1) B. Venkataramana Chari (Page No.245) 2) Yekka Yadagiri Rao 1) O. Chinnappa Reddy 3) Goreti Venkanna 2) Pingali Jaganmohan Reddy 4) K.V. Ramana Chari 3) O. Pulla Reddy 6. Match the following folk songs with those 4) K.V. Ranga Reddy who sang them.3. Assertion (A) : The people of Andhra List – I (Songs) List – II (Singer) region started “Jai Andhra Movement” as a. Amma Telangana, i. Abhinaya Srinivas they thought Mulki rules were against them. Podusthunna Reason (R): in 1972 the Supreme Court Poddu meeda upheld the Mulki rules as constitutional. b. Nageti Sallalla ii. Nandini Sidda (Page No.331) Na Telangana Reddy The correct answer is: c. Jai Kottu iii. Gaddar 1) (A) is true but (R) is false. Telangana 2) (A) is false but (R) is true d. Osmania Campus lo iv.Pasunuri Ravinder 3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the Udainchina Kiranama correct explanation of (A) (Page No.442,443,452,454) 4) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not The correct answer is: the correct explanation of (A) a b c d 1) iii ii iv i 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.1534 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 2) iii iv i ii 10. Assertion: The Mulki regulations were 3) iii iv ii i openly violated after the accession of 4) iv ii iii i Hyderabad state into Indian Union in 1948.7. During the Telangana peasants armed Reason (R): Many employees belonging struggle, the communists, in order to to civil and police administration were motivate the people and to improve the brought to Hyderabad State from other political understanding, started recruiting states in the name of improving the law and willing youth. What was the name of youth order situation. The correct answer is: force? (Page No.159) (Page No.231, 232) 1) Guerilla Armed Squads 1) (A) is true but (R) is false. 2) Free Will Contingents 2) (A) is false but (R) is true 3) Destruction Contingents 3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the 4) Self Protection Squads correct explanation of (A)8. Match the following places in Telangana 4) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not with the traditional products in those places: the correct explanation of (A) List – I (Place) List – II (Products) 11. Arrange the following agitations in the sequence of their occurrence. a. Siddipet i. Khaddar (Page No.478 to 486) b. Korutla ii. Pearls Boring a. Million March c. Chandampeta iii. Gollabhama Sarees b. Sansad Yatra d. Metpalli iv. Paper Making c. Palle Palle Pattala Paiki (Page No.196, 197) d. Sadak Bandh The correct answer is: 1) c, a, d, b 2) b, c, d, a a b c d 3) a, d, c, b 4) d, c, b, a 1) iii iv i ii 12. S. Jaipal Reddy as a student leader in 1968 2) ii iv iii i led an agitation of Osmania University. 3) iii iv ii i Students against the Chief Minister on the 4) iv iii i ii issue of the Vice-Chancellor’s (V.C).9. Which of the following was the main aim Appointment who at that time was the V.C. of Sansad Yatra Agitation? (Page No.486) of Osmania University? (Page No.274) 1) To do Satyagraha protest when the 1) D.S. Reddy 2) P.M. Reddy Parliament session was taking place. 3) Ravada Satyanarayana 2) To march to the house of the Chief 4) Pinnamaneni Narasimha Rao Minister in Hyderabad. 13. The Government of India formed the States 3) To march to Jantar Mantar in Delhi. Reorganisation Commission (SRC) in 4) To attack Assembly Hall in Public December 1953. Who among the following gardens. was not connected with the commission? (Page No. 247, 248)
7.1 8.3 9.1&3 10.3 11.1 12.1 13.1 PNR Publications 535 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1) Justice Bhargava 3) To have a common Governor for both 2) Saiyid Fazal Ali the States. 3) H.N. Kunzru 4) Andhra Pradesh to have districts 4) K.M. Panikkar mentioned in Section-3.14. In 1971 election, the Telangana Praja 18. Who among the following led the Mulki Samithi (T.P.S) contested and on 11 out of Agitation in 1952 - 53 with the slogan “Idly 14 seats for Parliament. Under whose Sambar Go Back”?. (Page No.244) leadership T.P.S. was formed? 1) Intellectuals 2) Lawyers (Page No.288) 3) Peasants 4) Students 1) K.V. Ranga Reddy 19. The then Chief Minister N.T. Rama Rao 2) Madan Mohan appointed the three member committee with 3) P.V. Narasimha Rao Jayabharata Reddy as the convenor to report on which of the following aspects in 4) Marri Chenna Reddy Telangana? (Page No.339)15. In 1950 Hyderabad State Cabinet appointed 1) The Census of government employees a committee to make suggestions for reorganization of administrative and 2) Utilisation of temple lands economic system in the state. Name the 3) Irrigation facilities Chairman of that committee. (Page No.236) 4) Industrial Progress 1) Digambar Rao Bindu 20. Who among the following depicted the 2) J.P.L. Gwinn Telangana way of life through his paintings? 3) V.P. Menon (Page No.518) 4) A.D. Gorwala 1) B.V.R. Chari 2) Midde Ramulu16. Who among the following introduced the 3) Kanta Rao 4) K. Lakshman Goud Andhra Pradesh Re-organisation Bill – 21. After Ramachandra Reddy of Pochampalli 2013 in the Parliament? (Page No.493) donated land for Bhoodan Movement, 1) Sushil Kumar Shinde Vinoba Bhave constituted a three member committee for judicious distribution of lands 2) A.K. Anthony among the poor. Who among the following 3) Manmohan Singh was a member in that committee? 4) P. Chidambaram (Page No.240)17. Which of the following statements was not 1) S. Yaganti true regarding the Andhra Pradesh Re- 2) D. Lakshman Rao organisation Act-2014? 3) V. Veerabhadram (Page No.496 to 503) 4) Ummethala Kesava Rao 1) Amaravathi as capital for Andhra Pradesh. 22. Who among the following was the Vice- President of Telangana Praja Samiti during 2) A.P and Telangana to have powers to change boundaries of districts. 1969 Telngana Movement? (Page No.291) 1) Madan Mohan
14.2 15.4 16.1 17.1 18.4 19.1 20.4 21.4 22.4536 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 2) Sumitra Devi 3) ii iv iii i 3) Konda Laxman Bapuji 4) iv iii i ii 4) Sada Laxmi 26. Who among the following carved the “Gun23. Which among the following was not part of Park Martyrs Stupam” at Hyderabad in the Gentlemen’s Agreement? memory of those killed during 1969 (Page No.259) agitation? (Page No.317) 1) Telangana Students had 3:1 share in 1) B. Venkataramana Chari educational institutions. 2) Ekka Yadagiri Rao 2) Surplus revenue from Telangana to be 3) Pushpa Narayana spent for its own development. 4) Ambati Surendra Raju 3) Continued Mulki rules in government 27. Which one of the following statements is jobs. true with regard to All Party Accord that 4) Sale of landed property was controlled arrived in January, 1969 at the initiatives by Telangana Regional Council. of the Chief Minister Brahmananda Reddy24. When the Telangana Political Joint Action on Mulki Rules? (Page No.281) Committee with all Pro – Telangana Parties 1) Those who obtained jobs by using fake was formed with Prof. Kodanda Ram as the Mulki certificates were to be transferred. convener, which of the following parties did 2) G.O.No. 36 was issued to retain all Non- not join in it. (Page No.420) Mulki as Andhra employees. 1) C.P.I (M) 2) T.R.S 3) Persons employed in Telangana against 3) Congress 4) T.D.P the Mulki rules were to be regularized.25. On 28 December, 2012 U.P.A. th 4) Mulki rules were to be applied even to government convened an All Party Meeting autonomous organisations besides in Delhi on Telangana. Match the following government departments. parties with their leaders. (Page No.491) 28. Assertion (A): There was great jubiliation List – I (Parties) List – II (Leaders) of the people of Telangana over the a. Congress i. K. Narayana & Supreme Court Judgement on the status of Gunda Mahesh Hyderabad city. b. Y.C.P ii. Raghavulu & Reason (R) : In October 2009 the Supreme Julakanti Raga Reddy Court ruled that Hyderabad should be treated as “Free Zone”. (Page No.414) c. C.P.I iii. Mysora Reddy & K.K. Mahendra Reddy The correct answer is: d. C.P.M iv. Suresh Reddy & 1) (A) is true but (R) is false. Gade Venkata Reddy 2) (A) is false but (R) is true The correct answer is: 3) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the a b c d correct explanation of (A) 1) iii iv ii i 4) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not 2) i iii iv ii the correct explanation of (A)
23.1 24.1 25.4 26.2 27.4 28.2 PNR Publications 537 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture29. In whose administration Telugu and English Constable Mains Paper Languages were introduced as official (28-04-2019) languages in the place of Urdu in Hyderabad? (Page No.232) 33. The warrior who tried to liberate Telangana 1) K.M. Munshi from the Mughal rule after the defeat of 2) Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Golconda by making Khilaspur as the centre 3) J.N. Chowdhary of activities was: (Page No.83) 4) M.K. Vellodi 1) Rustum dil Khan30. Name the Asafzahi prints who in 1839 2) Sarvai Papanna headed the Wahabi conspiracy against the 3) Addanki Rajanna British in Hyderabad. (Page No.89) 4) Soma Gauda 1) Mauzam Jah 2) Mubarez-ud-Daulah 34. After Operation Polo, Hyderabad armies 3) Turrebaz Khan 4) Azam Jah surrendered to the Indian Union on 17th31. In the administrative system of the Qutub September, 1948. Who among the Sahis ‘Meer-Jumla’ was an important following was the Chief of Nizam’s forces officer. What was his main duty? at that time? (Page No.166) (Page No.75) 1) General J.N. Choudhuri 1) to head the finance department 2) Osman Ali Khan 2) to supervise the mosques 3) El. Edroos 3) to look after irrigation department 4) Philip M. Taylor 4) to supervise the religious officers 35. As there was a great demand from the32. Match the following festivals with their Legislative Assembly of Telangana region significance: for the implementation of G.O. 610, the government under Chief Minister Chandra List-I (festivals) List-II (Significance) Babu Naidu appointed a commission in A. Moharram i. 1st day of Shawal 2001. What was this commission known as? B. Id-ul-Fitr ii. Sacrifice of (Page No.340) Goat or Sheep 1) Justice Bhargava Commission C. Id-u-Zuha iii. New persian year 2) J.P.L. Gwin Commission D. Nau-roz iv. Tazia procession 3) Girglani Commission (Page No.187, 188) 4) K. Achyut Reddy Commission The correct answer is: 36. In April 1969 the government appointed a a b c d committee to make suitable recommen- 1) ii iii iv i dations for Constitutional Amendments to 2) iv i ii iii continue Mulki rules. Who was the 3) ii i iv iii Chairman of that Committee? (Page No.294) 4) i iv iii ii 1) Pingali Jaganmohan Reddy 2) Kumar Lalith 29.4 30.2 31.1 32.2 33.2 34.3 35.3 36.4 538 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 3) G.N. Waghre c. Ghanapur tank iii. Ganapathi deva 4) K.N. Wanchoo d. Bayyaram tank iv. Recharla Rudra37. Who among the following Telangana leaders (Page No.49) undertook Satyagraha at Jantar Mantar in The correct answer is: Delhi in 2012? (Page No. 488) a b c d 1) K. Chandra Shekhar Rao 1) ii iv i iii 2) Kishan Reddy 2) ii i iv iii 3) Konda Laxman Bapuji 3) i ii iv iii 4) Kodanda Ram 4) ii iv iii i38. Assertion (A): The seeds of the Telangana 41. Which of the following was not a part of movement were sown at the time of the the Six point formula that was signed in formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 itself. September 1973 ? (Page No.335) Reason (R): 1) A state level Planning Board to be The Political domination of Andhra ruling constituted. class gradually reduced the people of 2) A Central University to be established Telangana to passive recipients. in Hyderabad. (Page No.258 to 272) 3) Two separate High Courts to be The correct answer is: established, one for Andhra another for 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the Telangana. correct explanation of (A). 4) Local candidates to be given preference 2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not in appointments and promotions. the correct explanation of (A). 42. Match the following organisations with the 3) (A) is true but (R) is false. names of the founders. 4) (A) is false but (R) is true. List – I List – II39. Telangana poets, artists, teachers and (Organisations) (Founders) journalists formed the “Sahithi Mitra a. Telangana NGO i. Akula Bhumaiah Mandali” (SMM) and conducted a huge b. Telangana Study ii. Ale Narendra meeting in March 1997, where was this Circle meeting held ? (Page No.390) c. Telangana Ikya iii. Gade Innaiah 1) Warangal 2) Karimnagar Vedika 3) Bhuvanagiri 4) Khammam d. Telangana iv. Amos K.R40. Match the following famous tanks with Sadhana Samithi those who built them during the Kakatiya (Page No.272, 397, 366) period. The correct answer is: List – I (Tanks) List – II (Builders) a b c d a. Kesamudram i. Mailaba 1) i iii iv ii b. Ramappa Cheruvu ii. Prolaraju I 2) iv iii i ii
37.3 38.1 39.3 40.4 41.3 42.2 PNR Publications 539 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 3) iii iv ii i 1) Sarbasta 2) Shikimdari 4) iv i iii ii 3) Watandari 4) Ijara43. Match the following Jataras with their 48. By what name the high Court was called places. during Asaf Jahi period? (Page No.95) List – I (Jatara) List – II (Places) 1) Majlis-i-Murafa a. Nagoba Jatara i. Mutyampeta 2) Buzung b. Edupayala Jatara ii. Keslapur 3) Mahakama-i-Sadar c. Sammakka, iii. Medaram 4) Diwan-i-Adalat Saralakka Jatara 49. Assertion (A): The relationship of the d. Kondagattu iv. Nagasanipalle students and the Telangana agitation has Anjanna Jatara been inseparable. (Page No.188 to 193) Reason (R): On 28 November 2009, the The correct answer is: police officials reached North Telangana a b c d Bhavan in Karimnagar to arrest K.C.R. 1) iv iii ii i (Page No.415, 460) 2) ii iv iii i The correct answer is: 3) iii ii i iv 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 4) iv i ii iii 2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not44. Who is the presiding deity in the thousand the correct explanation of (A). pillar temple at Hanumakonda? (Page No.56) 3) (A) is true but (R) is false. 1) Nameswara 2) Someswara 4) (A) is false but (R) is true. 3) Rudreswara 4) Bhimeswara 50. Who among the following was not connected with Telangana peasants armed45. Which among the following places was struggle? (Page No.156 to 162) famous for diamond polishing during Qutub 1) Arutla Ramchandra Reddy Shahi period? (Page No.78) 2) Chandra Rajeswara Rao 1) Karwan 2) Kurnool 3) Konda Venkat Ranga Reddy 3) Guntur 4) Masulipatnam 4) Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao46. The inscriptions issued by Naganika speak 51. During the Kakatiya period, lands were of of the Aswamedha and Rajasuya sacrifices several divisions. What were the “Acchu conducted by Satavahana king. Who among Kattu Lands”? (Page No.48) the following was that King? (Page No.9) 1) Dry lands 2) Irrigated lands 1) Simukha 2) Satakarni I 3) Garden lands 4) Pasture lands 3) Apilaka 4) Hala 52. Who is remembered as the person who47. Which among the following land tenure was started Telangana Armed Struggle between introduced by Salar Jung – I? 1946-1951? (Page No.157) (Page No.123) 1) Shanthi Soudarajan
43.2 44.3 45.1 46.2 47.4 48.3 49.2 50.3 51.2 52.2540 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 2) Chityala Ailamma 57. Match the following: 3) Varala Pochamma Programme Organisation 4) Devaki Yashoda a) “Telangana Poruyatra” (i) BJPSub Inspector Prelims (26-08-2018) b) “Telangana Prajayatra” (ii) CPI53. K. Achuta Reddy was elected as first c) “Telangana Vidyarthi (iii) ABVP Chairman for the Telangana Regional Ranaberi” Council by defeating: (Page No.262) d) “Telangana Yuddaberi” (iv) Telangana 1) B. V. Gurumurthy Sangarshana 2) Mir Mohammad Ali Khan Samithi 3) Ravi Narayan Reddy (Page No.462, 474) 4) Baddam Ella Reddy The correct Match is:54. Which one of the following statements is 1) a-i, b-ii, c-iv, d-iii not correct? (Page No.251, 264, 276, 392) 2) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv 1) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar favoured smaller 3) a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv states. 4) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i 2) Masuma Begum was the first Vice- 58. The 1969 agitation for separate statehood Chairman of the “Telangana Regional began on the issue of employment at: Committee”. (Page No.277) 3) Telangana Mahasabha was formed in 1) Kothagudem Thermal Power Plant 1957. 2) Singareni Coal Mines 4) K.R. Amos was the founder President 3) Nizam’s Sugar Factory of the “Telangana Non-gazetted 4) Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Officer’s union”. Corporation55. Dr. Burgula Rama Krishna Rao wrote a 59. Arrange the following in chronological lengthy letter making his stand on Separate order: Telangana to the Congress President. Who among the following was the then President a) “Telangana Praja Front” was formed by of Congress? (Page No.257) Gaddar. 1) D. K. Baruvah 2) H. N. Bahuguna b) “Telangana Dhoom Dham” was held at Kamareddy for the first time. 3) J. B. Kripalani 4) U.N. Debhar c) Communist Party of India organised56. After Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy was arrested “Telangana Poru Yatra” from Jodeghat under the Preventive Detention Act in July to Hyderabad. 1969 who among the following women, led the T.P.S. agitation: (Page No.291) d) Bharatiya Janata Party organised “Poru Telangana” from Hyderabad to 1) Durga Bhaktavatsalam Bhadrachalam. 2) Sadalakshmi (Page No.430, 433, 435, 439) 3) Roda Mistry Choose the correct answer: 4) Sangam Lakshmi Bai
53.2 54.3 55.4 56.2 57.2 58.1 59.1 PNR Publications 541 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1) b, a, c, d 2) b, a, d, c 3) Devulapalle Ramanuja Rao 3) a, b, c, d 4) c, d, b, a 4) K.V. Rang Reddy60. Match the following: 64. The two Political parties which did not List – I List – II support the agitation for separate statehood a) Ampasayya i) Pantulamma in Telangana were: (Page No.427 to 434) Naveen 1) BJP and S.P b) Sangishetti ii) Veguchukkalu 2) CPI (M) and BJP Srinivas 3) CPI (M) and MIM c) Devulapalli iii) Kalarekhalu 4) CPI (M) and BSP Ramanuja Rao 65. The Linguistic Provinces Commission set d) Madireddy iv) Shabnavis up by the Government of India in June 1948 Sulochana was headed by: (Page No.246) (Page No.150, 449, 451) 1) S.K. Patil 2) S.K. Dhar The correct Match is: 3) Pataskar 4) P.N. Haksar 1) a–iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i 66. Assertion (A): In 2001 local body 2) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i elections, the T.R.S. made an impressive 3) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv show by getting 18 percent of votes in the 4) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii Telangana region.61. On which of the following dates Pandit Reason (R) : Because of the growing Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone official neglect towards Telangana region for the construction of the great Nagarjuna in United Andhra Pradesh State K. Sagar Project? (Page No.237) Chandrashekar Rao Left “Telugu Desam 1) 1 August 1955 2) 11 December 1955 Party” and formed “Telangana Rastra Samithi”. 3) 1 October 1956 4) 1 November 1956 (Page No.400, 401)62. Which one of the following Commissions The correct answer is: was appointed in 2002 by the State Government to study on the implementation 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the of G.O. No. 610? (Page No.340) correct explanation of (A) 1) Jaya Bharatha Reddy Commission 2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) 2) J.M. Girglani Commission 3) (A) is true but (R) is false 3) K.R. Amos Commission 4) (A) is false but (R) is true 4) Purushottama Rao Commission 67. Identify the Wrong pair:63. Who among the Telangana leaders was the (Page No.442 to 448) first to suggest Vishalandhra? (Page No.255) 1) Palle Kanneru – Goreti Venkanna Pedutundi 1) Gulam Rasool Khan 2) Jaya Jaya he – Andesri 2) J.V. Narasinga Rao Telangana
60.1 61.2 62.2 63.3 64.3 65.2 66.2 67.3 542 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 3) Urumandira – Chada Anjaiah 3) Increased agricultural income Telangana 4) Made the people of Telangana as passive 4) Amma – Gaddar recipients Telanganama 71. Identify the Wrong pair: (Page No.313)68. According to Gentlemen’s Agreement two 1) Telangana Martyrs day - 17 May, 1969 out of the following Portfolios were to be 2) Telangana Protest day - 2 June, 1969 assigned to ministers from Telangana. They 3) Telangana Betrayal day- 20 April,1969 were: (Page No.260) 4) Telangana Women’s day - 17 June, 1969 1) Home, Finance, Revenue, Education, Commerce and Industries 72. Assertion (A): The fruits of new market economy unleashed from the 1990s were 2) Home, Revenue, Industry, Education enjoyed mostly by the Andhra ruling class. and Planning Reason (R): The pitfalls of development 3) Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning and were borne by the people of Telangana. Development and Commerce and (Page No.373 to 380) Industry The correct answer is: 4) Finance, electricity, Industry, education and Rural Development 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)69. Which one of the following statements is not related to the all party meeting organised 2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not by Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, the Chief the correct explanation of (A) Minister of Andhra Pradesh? (Page No.281) 3) (A) is true but (R) is false 1) All party meeting was held at Ananda 4) (A) is false but (R) is true Nilayam on 18th and 19th January 1969. 73. Arrange the following important Agitations 2) To implement all party meeting in chronological order under the leadership decisions the G. O. No. 39 was issued of Students of Osmania and Kakatiya by Government of Andhra Pradesh. Universities. 3) I.J. Naidu and R. Vittal Rao were a) “Telangana Vidyarthi Garjana” appointed to implement the decisions of b) “Chalo Assembly” all party Meeting. c) “Telangana Vidyarthi Mahagarjana” 4) The State Government appointed Kumar d) “Vidyarthula Polikeka” by Kakatiya Lalith Committee to estimate surplus University Students reserves of Telangana. (Page No.460 to 463)70. The political domination of Andhra ruling Choose the correct answer: class over Telangana resulted in: 1) a, b, c, d 2) b, a, d, c (Page No.265 to 272) 3) c, b, a, d 4) c, d, b, a 1) Both the regions enjoyed the fruits of development 74. Which one of the following statements made in A.P. Legislative Assembly in June 1961 2) Establishment of Separate Economic Development zones is not correct? (Page No.267, 268)
68.3 69.2 70.4 71.3 72.2 73.4 74.4 PNR Publications 543 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1) “If the Government takes immediate List – I List – II steps to provide basic necessities to the a. Deshmukhs i. Revenue Contractor people of Telangana, then there is every b. Sarbastadars ii. Revenue Collector possibility of emotional integration of c. Sadar-us-Sudur iii. Civil and Criminal both the regions at the earliest” – P. V. Administration Narsimha Rao. d. Quazi-e-Subah iv. Eccliastical 2) “The Securities and Revenue surplus of Department Telangana has been spent on Andhra (Page No.124) region. If only that amount and another four to five crores were spent on The correct match is: Telangana, it would have developed a b c d well” – P. Sundarayya. 1) ii i iv iii 3) “It is five years since Vishalandhra was 2) ii iii i iv formed. But there has been no 3) ii iii iv i emotional integration. The policies of 4) i ii iii iv N. Sanjeeva Reddy were responsible for it” – Ravi Narayana Reddy. 77. On which date the “Telangana Sayuda Porata Committee” withdrew its armed 4) “No one wanted to rob Telangana struggle? (Page No.160) money. We are Just thinking as to how to solve the problem” – Chief Minister 1) 21 October, 1951 st
N. Sanjeeva Reddy. 2) 4th August, 1951 3) 20th January, 1951 Constable Prelims (30-09-2018) 4) 15th December, 195075. Match the following: 78. When did the Nizam government lift the ban List – I List – II on Hyderabad State Congress?a. Vikar–Ul–Umra i. Purani Haveli (Page No.115)b. Kamal Khan ii. Falaknuma Palace 1) March 1946 2) June 1946c. Salar Jung-I iii. Diwan Devidi 3) July 1946 4) February 1946d. Mahboob Ali Khan iv. King Kothi 79. Quazi Abdul Ghaffar, who reported the (Page No.88, 99, 106) Indian government about the massacre inThe correct match is: Hyderabad State after Police action, worked with which of the following newspapers? a b c d (Page No.145) 1) iv ii iii i 1) Raiyyat 2) Imroz 2) ii iv iii i 3) Hyderabad Chronicle 4) Payam 3) iv ii i iii 80. Mahalqa Bai Chanda was a famous court 4) iii iv i ii dancer of which Nizam? (Page No.108)76. Match the following officials and their duties 1) Nizam Afzal ud daulah in Nizam administration: 2) Mir Mahboob Ali Khan
75.2 76.1 77.1 78.2&3 79.4 80.4544 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 3) Osman Ali Khan c. N. Gopi iii. Salam Hyderabad 4) Nizam Ali Khan d. P. Lokeshwar iv. Thangeti Poolu81. Identify the pair which is not correct: (Page No.450, 451, 464) (Page No.313) The correct match is: 1) Telangana - 22 April, 1969 a b c d Vanchana Dinam 1) ii iii i iv 2) Telangana Pataka - 12 July, 1969 2) iv ii iii i Dinam 3) i iii iv ii 3) Telangana Porata - 7 March, 1969 4) ii i iv iii Dinostavamu 84. Match the following persons with the places 4) Telangana - 1 May 1969 of their martyrdom: Korikala Dinam List – I List – II82. Which one of the statement is not correct a. Yadi Reddy i. Shastri Bhavan, regarding Boodhan movement in New Delhi Telangana? (Page No.239 to 241) b. Sri Kantha Chari ii. Ambedkar Statue, 1) To distribute the gift land collected L.B. Nagar under Boodhan movement Vinoba Bhave established an association called c. Yadaiah iii. O.U. Campus “Boodhan Yagna Samithi” and d. Ishan Reddy iv. N.C.C. Gate Ummethala Keshava Rao was (Page No.436, 437) appointed as its Convener. The correct match is: 2) The second trip of Vinoba Bhave started a b c d in 1954 from Ramannagudem of 1) i ii iv iii Khammam District. 2) iii iv ii i 3) To support Boodhan movement, the 3) iv i ii iii students organized a procession and also held a Meeting at V.V. College on 6th 4) i iii iv ii February 1956. 85. On which date Telangana Praja Samithi 4) Acharya Vinoba Bhave started this decided to change the scope of its movement and started his tour of organisation from non-political to political Telangana from Shivarampally village body? (Page No.320) on 15thApril, 1951. 1) July 1970 2) May 197083. Match the following authors with the books 3) April 1970 4) June 1970 they wrote: 86. Which one of the following statements is List – I List – II not correct? (Page No.490 to 494)a. Allam Narayana i. Telangana Jaitra 1) Article 3 of the Constitution Parliament Yatra may by law form a new state.b. Ghanta Chakrapaniii. Pranahita 2) V. Narayan Swamy was a special invitee for Group of Ministers (GOM).
81.3 82.2 83.4 84.1 85.1 86.3 PNR Publications 545 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 3) On July 20th, 2013 Congress Working The correct match is: Committee Passed a resolution on a b c d creation of separate Telangana State. 1) ii iv iii i 4) On July 30 , 2013 the Congress th 2) i ii iii iv leadership constituted a committee 3) iv i ii iii headed by A.K. Antony to talk to all 4) i iv ii iii Congress MLAs and MPs from the State 89. Which of the following statements are to explain to them why C.W.C. had correct? (Page No.508 to 512) passed the decisive resolution on A) B.S. Narayana Rao directed the film Telangana. Nimajjanam.87. Match the following Political organisations B) Shyam Benegal was the producer of with the names of the founders: Nishanth. List – I List – II C) Oka Oori Katha cinema was directed bya. Nava Telangana i. Indra Reddy Mrunal Sen. Party D) Maa Bhoomi cinema was directed by B.b. Telangana ii. Nagam Janardhan Narsinga Rao. Sadhana Samithi Reddy 1) A, B & C 2) A & Bc. Jai Telangana iii. T. Devendar Goud 3) B & D 4) A & C Party 90. Match the following:d. Telangana iv. Ale Narendra List – I List – II Nagara Samithi a. Keshavaneni Temple i. Gangapuram (Page No.366) b. Taraka Brahma Temple ii. AlampurThe correct match is: c. Sitaramaswamy Temple iii. Dichpalle a b c d d. Ramalingeswara Temple iv. Nandi Kandi 1) ii i iv iii (Page No.180 to 188) 2) iv ii iii i The correct match is: 3) i iii iv ii a b c d 4) iii iv i ii 1) i ii iii iv88. Match the following: 2) ii iii iv i List – I List - II 3) ii i iv iii a. Baindla i. Jamidika 4) i iii iv ii 91. Which of the following statements are b. Budabukkala ii. Dhamaruka correct? c. Padmasali iii. Sadanasurulu A) During Satavahana rule agriculture was d. Koyas iv. Rela Dance the main source of the income. (Page No.202 to 207) B) Half of the agriculture produce was collected as land tax. 87.4 88.2 89.4 90.1 91.2 546 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture C) Early Satavahanas followed Vedic A) Agriculture was the main profession religion. during Kakatiya rule. D) The later Satavahanas patronized B) Forests cleared and new areas were Buddhism. brought under cultivation. (Page No.13, 16) C) Land Revenue was collected both in 1) B & C 2) A, C & D cash and kind. 3) A, B, C & D 4) A & B D) Irrigation was not given importance.92. Assertion (A): Satavahana society was (Page No.48) Patriarchal in nature. 1) A & B 2) A, B & C Reason (R): Some of the later Satavahana 3) A, B, C & D 4) A only rulers used their mother name as Prefix. 95. Identify the pair which is correct: (Page No.11, 16) (Page No.56, 57) The correct answer is: 1) Thousand Pillar - Ganapatideva 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not Temple the correct explanation of (A) 2) Padmakshi - Rudreshwara 2) (A) is true but (R) is false. Temple 3) (A) is false but (R) is true 3) Chitrasala - Machaladevi 4) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the Temple correct explanation of (A) 4) Ramappa - Rudramba93. Match the following: Temple List – I List – II 96. Match the following:a. Nanaghat Inscription i. Pulomayi III List – I List – IIb. Nasik Inscription ii. Kharavela a. Motupalli i. Ketanac. Hathigumpha Inscription iii. Naganika Inscriptiond. Myakadoni Inscription iv. Goutami b. Chandupatla ii. Rudradeva Balasri Inscription (Page No.9, 11, 12) c. Nitisara iii. GanapatidevaThe correct match is: d. Andhrabhasha iv. Puvvula a b c d bhushanam Mummadi (Page No.41, 42, 44, 56) 1) iv iii ii i The correct match is: 2) ii i iii iv a b c d 3) i ii iii iv 1) iii iv ii i 4) iii iv ii i 2) iv iii ii i94. Consider the following statements with regard to Kakatiyas and select the correct 3) ii i iii iv answer: 4) i ii iii iv
92.1 93.4 94.2 95.3 96.1 PNR Publications 547 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture97. Consider the following statements with 1) A, C, B, D 2) D, A, C, B regard to Qutubshahis and select the correct 3) D, A, B, C 4) A, D, C, B answer: 100.Identify the following statement which is A) According to Tavernier there were not correct? (Page No.93, 103, 107, 110) twenty thousand prostitutes in 1) Basheer-ud-Daula was the minister for Hyderabad city. law during Mahaboob Ali pasha reign. B) Land Revenue collection was auctioned. 2) Salar Jung Museum was opened to the C) The Puranapul was a model for a bridge public on 16th December 1951 by Pandit in London. Jawahar Lal Nehru. D) Abul Hasan tanasha granted three villages to Rama temple at 3) Raja Bahadur Venkat Rama Reddy was Bhadrachalam. the Police Commissioner of Hyderabad. (Page No.70, 74) 4) Ali Nawaz Jung was the Chief Engineer 1) B & C 2) A, B & C during the reign of Nizam Ali Khan. 3) A, B, & D 4) A & B 101. Which of the following statements is NOT98. Match the following: correct? (Page No.85, 86) List – I List – II 1) Muzafar Jung gave the title “Nawab a. Kollur mines i. Movva Zafar Jung” to the French Governor b. Hyderabad city ii. Kohinoor Dupleix. c. Kancharla iii. Mir Momin 2) Muzafar Jung was killed by Arcot Gopanna Astrabadi Nawab Anwar-ud-Din. d. Kshetrayya iv. Dasarathi 3) The Northern Circars were handed over Satakam to the French in 1753 by Salabath Jung. (Page No.73, 74, 78, 81) 4) After the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf The correct match is: Jah his son Nasir Jung became the ruler. a b c d 102.Match the following: 1) i ii iii iv List – I List - II 2) ii iii i iv a. Ikat i. A dance form 3) iii ii iv i b. tee*z ii. Festival of a tribe 4) ii iii iv i c. Paya iii. Technical knowledge of99. Arrange them in Chronological order: colour printing A) Ibrahim Qutubsha on cloth B) Abdulla Qutubsha d. Perini iv. A special dish/soup C) Mohammad Qutubsha of Hyderabad D) Jamsheed (Page No.185, 196, 200) (Page No.69 to 73) The correct match is:
97.3 98.4 99.2 100.4 101.2 102.2548 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture a b c d 3) Nuh-siphir - Ferishta 1) iii i ii iv 4) Hamsa - Ayylaraju 2) iii ii iv i Vimsathi Narayanamatya 107.Identify the work of Qutubshahi agr which 3) i iv iii ii was NOT properly matched with its author. 4) iv ii i iii (Page No.70, 71, 80) Book Author TSPSC VRO (16-09-2018) 1) Yayathi Charitram - Ponnaganti Telanganarya103.Identify the inscription, which is not correctly matched with this year of issuing: 2) Vaijayanthi - Addanki Vilasam Gangadhara (Page No.68) 3) Kukutsa - Matla Anantha Inscription Year Vijayam1) Miyan– 1681 CE 4) Sugreeva - Kandukuri Rudra Mishque epigraph Vijayam Kavi2) Gazinagar epigraph 1576 – 77 CE 108.Match the following:3) Warangal epigraph 1509 CE Organisations Persons4) Badhshahi 1592 – 96 CE A. Telangana Prantiya Samithi 1. P. V. Giri Ashurkhana epigraph B. Telangana Non–Gazitted 2. Kolishetti104.“Simhasana Dwatrimshika” a telugu work Officers Union Ramadas written by Koravi Goparaju was regarded C. Telangana Rakshana 3.T. Purusho- as “First Encyclopedia in Telugu”. Whose Samithi ttam Rao court poet was Koravi Goparaju? D. Kothagudem Thermal 4. K. R. (Page No.66) Power Station Employees Amose 1) Rana Mallu Union 2) Raja Kirthivarma (Page No.276, 277, 278, 279) Choose the correct pairs/answer 3) Rana Madhanayaka 1) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 4) Abhinava Chandra 2) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4105.According to French Jeweller Tavernier, the world famous Kohinoor diamond was 3) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 found in the mine of: (Page No.78) 4) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 1) Kollur 2) Kolar 109.Which one of the following statements is 3) Ramallakota 4) Gandikota NOT correct? (Page No.406, 423, 492)106.Which one of the following books was 1) The then President, APJ Abdul Kalam NOT correctly matched with its author? addresses the joint houses of the (Page No.68, 80) Parliament and repeated the national Book Author common minimum programme formulation of Telangana issue. 1) Sukasaptati - Palavekirikadiripati 2) On 5th February, 2010, the Government 2) Tariq–e– - Zia–ud–Din Barani of India constituted the Srikrishna Ferozshahi
103.3 104.1 105.1 106.3 107.2 108.1 109.2 PNR Publications 549 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Committee to examine the issue of Choose the correct order/answer: bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. 1) A, C, D, B 2) C, A, B, D 3) A group of ministers (GOM) was 3) A, B, C, D 4) A, C, B, D constituted on 8th October, 2013 to 112.Examine the following statements: prepare Legislation to give effect to the cabinet decision at 3rd October,2013. A. The cinema censorship in Hyderabad was originated in the year 1924. 4) On 12 th December, 2013, the then President, Pranab Mukherjee refered the B. Chatrapathi Shivaji visited Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill to in 1687. the Andhra Pradesh Legislature. C. The duo Akkanna – Madanna were110.Match the following: killed by the army of Aurangazeb on 25th March, 1676. Book Writer (Page No.74) A. Gidi Telangana 1. D. Satyanarayana Choose the correct answer: B. Telangana 2. K. Dileep 1) A only 2) C only March 3) A & B only 4) B & C only C. Jalasadana 3. Cartoonist Shekar Samaramu 113.Examine the following pairs: D. A Rebuttal to 4. Pittala Ravinde A. Adilabad Dokra - G.I. tag in Vishalandhra Metal Craft 2017-18 Gobles Propaganda B. Limbadri Gutta, - Laxmi (Page No.465, 471, 487) Nizamabad Narasimha Choose the correct pairs/answer Swamy Temple 1) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 C. Pochampally - G.I. tag in 2) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 Ikkat Sarees 2004-05 3) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 D. Warangal Durries - Sheet metal art (Page No.193, 196, 197) 4) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 Choose the correct answer:111.Arrange the following incidents on the basis of their occurrence in in a chronological 1) A & C only 2) B & D only order: 3) B, C & D only 4) A, B & C only A. The death of Y.S. Rajashekar Reddy, 114.During the period of which of the following Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in Satavahana kings, Sanskrit replaced Prakrut helicopter crash. as Royal language? (Page No.10) B. Srikrishna Committee submitted its 1) Gautami Putra Satakarni report to the government. 2) Yagnasri Satakarni C. K. Chandrashekhar Rao went on 3) Kuntala Satakarni hunger strike demanding the creation of 4) Satakarni-II Telangana state. 115.In the initial years, Kolanupaka was famous D. K. Roshaiah resigned as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. for which religious centre? (Page No.35) (Page No.413, 415, 423, 429) 1) Shaiva 2) Jaina 3) Vaishnava 4) Buddha
110.3 111.1 112.1 113.4 114.3 115.2 116.2 550 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture116.Match the following: Choose the correct order/answer: Waterfalls District 1) A, C, D, B 2) A, B, D, C A. Bogatha Waterfalls 1. Nagarkurnool 3) D, A, C, B 4) B, C, A, D B. Gayatri Waterfalls 2. Jayashankar 119.Match the following: Bhupalpally Person Organisation C. Mallela Theertham 3. Bhadradri A. A.D. Gorwala 1. Telangana Waterfalls Kothagudem Regional Committee D. Munuguru Waterfalls 4. Adilabad B. Sundarlal 2. State Re- 5. Khammam organisation (Page No.217, 218) Commission Choose the correct pairs/answer C. K.M. 3. Committee for 1) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-5 Panikkar Administrative and 2) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 Re-Organisation 3) A-5, B-4, C-2, D-1 of Hyderabad Economy 4) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 D. J. Chokka Rao 4. Excess of military in TSPSC Group – IV (07-10-2018) Hyderabad117.P.Venkatnarayana, an advocate from (Page No.167, 236, 248, 264) Vishakapatnam, raised a petition in High Choose the correct pairs/answer Court to stop “Sakala Janula Samme”. 1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 Whom he made respondents? 2) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 A. K. Chandrashekar Rao 3) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 B. Kodanda Ram 4) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 C. Mallepally Laxmaiah 120.Chronologically arrange the following D. Swami Goud protests organized by Telangana Joint E. Srinivas Goud Action Committee: (Page No.482) A. Walk for Telanganna Choose the correct answer: B. Palle Palle Pattala Paiki 1) A, B and D only 2) C and E only C. Sagaraharam 3) A, B and C only 4) C, D and E only D. Sakala Janula Samme begins118. Arrange the following in a Chronological (Page No.478 to 489) order: Choose the correct order/answer: A. Eight point formula. 1) A, B, C, D 2) A, B, D, C B. Supreme court judgement on Mulki rules. 3) B, A, C, D 4) C, B, D, A C. Constitutional amendment 32 to Article 121.Match the following: 371-D. Event Date D. Six point formula. A. Annabathula 1. 10-01-1969 (Page No.291, 328, 335, 336) Ravindranath
117.1 118.2 119.3 120.2 121.1 PNR Publications 551 Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture “fast unto death C. Bruhath Katha 3. Samala Sadasiva at Khammam” D. Yadi 4. PalkurikiB. Potu Krishnamurthy 2. 08-01-1969 Somanathudu “Fast unto Death” 5. Palkuriki Srinathudu at Palvancha (Page No.10, 11, 54, 450)C. Telangana convention 3. 25-03-1969 Choose the correct pairs/answer at Reddy Hostel, Hyderabad 1) A-2, B-5, C-3, D-1D. Foundation of 4. 08-03-1969 2) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 Telangana Praja Samithi (Page No.279, 285) 3) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 Choose the correct pairs/answer 4) A-5, B-1, C-2, D-3 1) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 126.Match the following Geographical indica- tion tags with their places in Telangana: 2) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 G.I. Tag Places 3) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 A. Silver Filigree 1. Warangal 4) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 B. Scroll painting 2. Pochampally122.To discuss the recommendations of Srikrishna Committee, the all party meeting C. Ikat 3. Nirmal was convened by the Union Home Minister. D. Dhurries 4. Karimnagar Which political parties boycotted the 5. Cheriyal meeting? (Page No.423) (Page No.194 to 197) 1) BJP and TRS Choose the correct pairs/answer 2) BJP,TDP and TRS 1) A-2, B-5, C-3, D-1 3) BJP, TDP, TRS and AIMIM 2) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 4) BJP, TRS, TDP, AIMIM, CPI and CPI(M) 3) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2123.Who is the author of “Out of Coverage 4) A-5, B-1, C-2, D-3 Area”, a collection of short stories? 127.Match the following: (Page No.450) Organisation President 1) Pulugu Srinivas A. Bhavasamaikyatha 1. Achyuta Reddy 2) Pasunuru Ravinder Praja Sanghatana. 3) Kasula Pratapa Reddy B. Telangana Praja 2. Smt. Eshwari bai 4) K.V. Narender Samithi124.Name the Sufi saint that gave name to Abul C. Republican Party 3. T. Madan Mohan Hassan Taneesha? (Page No.73) D. Telangana Udyama4. Ramananda Tirtha 1) Shirajuddin 2) Moinuddin Chisty Samanvaya Sangham 3) Shah Raju Qattal 4) Ahmed Patel (Page No.288, 290, 315, 324)125.Match the following: Choose the correct pairs/answer Book Author 1) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4A. Gatha Sapthasathi 1. Gunadyudu 2) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1B. Panditharadhya 2. Haludu 3) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 Charitra 4) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 122.2 123.2 124.3 125.2 126.1 127.2552 PNR Publications Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture
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